This document discusses amputations, including definitions, goals, types, indications, and complications. Amputation involves surgically removing a limb or part of a limb through the bone or joint. It is performed to reduce pain, provide independence, and restore function. The main goals of amputation are to preserve functional length and sensation while preventing issues like neuromas or contractures. Major types include open/guillotine and closed amputations. Common indications are non-viable or dangerous limbs due to issues such as gangrene. Risk factors often involve vascular insufficiency. Potential complications range from early issues like hemorrhage to longer-term problems such as infection, contracture, or phantom limb sensations.

1. AMPUTATIONS
DRKAPAMBWECHRISPINED
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3. DEFINATION
 Amputation is the surgical removal of a limb or part of the
limb through the bone or joint
Amputations are done urgently and electively to reduce pain,
provide independence, and restore function
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4. THE GOALS OF AMPUTATION
preserve functional length
preservation of useful sensibility
prevention of symptomatic neuromas
prevention of adjacent joint contractures
early prosthetic fitting
early return of patient to work and recreation
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5. RISK FACTORS
 80% of amputations are performed for vascular insufficiency
TWO MAJOR TYPES OF AMPUTATIONS
Open (Guillotine) Amputation
Closed Amputation
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6. INDICATIONS
1. Vitality of the part is destroyed by injury or disease dead limb
2. Life of patient is threatened by spread of a local condition deadly
dangerous limb . Examples: Gas gangrene, extensive melanoma
3. Patient may be better served by an artificial limb because of damn
nuisance,
deformity or paralysis-deformed limb. In such cases better to
amputate and fit in an artificial limb.
4. Dying limb -acutely ischaemic limb, late presentation.
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7. ASSIGNMENT
List at least five ( diseases)
associated with each ‘D’
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8. VARIETIES OF AMPUTATIONS ON UPPER LIMB
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9. VARIETIES OF AMPUTATIONS ON LOWER LIMB
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10. TREATMENT
Pain management.
Wound care.
Antibiotics to prevent infection
Stump revision or Normalisation
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11. EARLY COMPLICATIONS.
Associated with spinal anaesthesia ,hypotension, failure to breathe
because the phrenic nerve is affected.
Compression of the nerve causing paralysis.
Reactionary haemorrhage , heamatoma.
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12. INTERMEDIATE COMPLICATIONS
Wound infection
Abscess formation.
Wound dehiscence.
Gangrene.
DVT.
Pulmonary embolism.
Depression.
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13. COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING AMPUTATION
• 1. Wound infection (OSTEOMYELITIS): Especially it is common in
amputations done for
diabetic gangrene cases. Stitches may have to be opened to
release pus followed by secondary suturing at a later date.
• 2. Flap necrosis: It is a common complication because of several
reasons important one being decreased blood supply to the limb
either due to arterial occlusive disease or due to diabetes
• 3. Stump ulcers are common in the initial stages of wearing artificial
limbs.
• 4. Contracture: If the artificial limb is not fitted, the stump will
develop flexion contracture.
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14. • 5. Amputation neuroma: This is an end neuroma. The cut end of the
nerve is entrapped in the scar tissue and gives rise to pain.
• 6. Phantom limb: A phantom limb is the sensation that a missing limb
is attached to the body.
• 7. Bone spur.
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15. UPPER & LOWER LIMB PROSTHESIS
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