1. This document discusses the basic principles of amputations and disarticulations of the upper and lower extremities. It covers indications for amputations such as trauma, tumors, and vascular diseases. 2. Classification of amputations include primary, secondary, and re-amputation. Levels and types of amputations as well as steps in the amputation procedure are described. 3. Common complications include hemorrhage, infection, skin issues, and phantom pain. Mistakes can result in problems like conical stumps or bone necrosis. Successful amputation requires proper technique and aftercare.

1. Basic Surgical Principles of
Amputations and Disarticulations of
the Upper and Lower Extremities
Associate-professor Kovryha M. F.

2. Indications to Amputations
1. Trauma and its complications
(anaerobic infection,
osteomyelitis)
2. Malignant tumors of skeleton
and soft tissues of limbs
3. Vascular diseases (thrombosis,
diabetic angiopathy,
obliterating endarteritis)

3. Classification of Amputations
• Primary amputation (within first 24 hours)
• Secondary amputation (7-8 days after injury)
• Re-amputation (repeated amputation)

4. Levels of Amputations

5. Steps of Amputation
I. Cutting of soft tissue
II. Treatment of periosteum and cutting of
bone
III. Stump treatment

6. Types of Amputations
(according to soft tissues cutting)
1. Flap amputations:
- single-flap amputation
- double-flap amputation
2. Circular amputations:
- one-step (guillotine) amputation
- two-step amputation (variety – “cuff”
method of forearm amputation)
- three-step (conical-circular)
amputation

7. Standard Above-knee Amputation (AKA)

8. Stages of Transfemoral Amputation

9. Transfemoral amputation – Above-knee
Amputation: marking-out of skin flaps

10. Creating of Flaps and Cutting of Soft
Tissues

11. Methods of Periosteum Treatment
1. Periosteal
2. Aperiosteal
3. Subperiosteal

12. Treatment of Periosteum and Cutting of
Bone

13. Exposure and Ligation of Main Vessels

14. Arrest of Bleeding from Small Vessels by
Electro coagulation after Removing of
Tourniquet

15. Exposure and Cutting of Nervous Trunks

16. Stitching of Soft Tissues above Bone Stump
and Draining of Wound

17. Aseptic Bandage and Immobilization of the
Limb Stump

18. The most common complications of
amputation are:
• massive haemorrhage that occurs when a
suture becomes loose
• infection
• rash, blisters, and skin breakdown caused by
immobility, pressure, and other sources of
irritation
• pneumonia, blood clots, and breathing problems
associated with immobility
• formation of nerve cell tumors (neuromas) at
severed nerve endings

19. Complications of Amputation
• Mistakes of I step of amputation:
1. conical stump
2. mace-shaped stump
• Mistakes of II step of amputation:
3. terminal necrosis of bone
4. forming of large osteophytes
• Mistakes of III step of amputation:
5. forming of trophic ulcers
6. phantom pain
• 7. Chronic osteomyelitis caused by secondary infection
inside a wound

20. Osteo-plastic Amputations
(Gritti-Stokes and Sabanajeff amputations)

21. Pirogoff Amputation

22. Callander Amputation
(this gives an excellent end-bearing stump)

23. Below-knee Amputation

24. Amputation in Middle Third of Leg

25. Schemes of Foot Amputations

26. Syme Amputation

27. Sites of Election for Amputations of Upper
Extremity

28. Finger Amputation

29. Different Types of Prosthesis

30. Thank You for Attention!