Amoxicillin Capsule is used to treat infections in different parts of the body caused by bacteria. It is also used to stop infections when you have a tooth removed or other surgery. Amoxicillin Capsule may also be used in combination with other medicines to treat stomach ulcers.
This is my first word document, converted into pdf format!
This document deals with AMOXICILLIN drug profile in brief.
It includes significant pharmacological headings, including an additional heading, stating important catchpoints with respect to amoxicillin!
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
In this presentation, mainly I concentrated on Metronidazole, which is an anti-biotic; and talking about it's pharmacokinetics, drug indication, contraindication, adverse drug reactions and taking the drug during pregnancy and lactation, finally I hope you enjoy it as much as I DID, SALAAM.
This is my first word document, converted into pdf format!
This document deals with AMOXICILLIN drug profile in brief.
It includes significant pharmacological headings, including an additional heading, stating important catchpoints with respect to amoxicillin!
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
In this presentation, mainly I concentrated on Metronidazole, which is an anti-biotic; and talking about it's pharmacokinetics, drug indication, contraindication, adverse drug reactions and taking the drug during pregnancy and lactation, finally I hope you enjoy it as much as I DID, SALAAM.
Rabeprazole sodium and domperidone capsules.pdf.pdfSumit Sharma
Here, we will discuss rabeprazole sodium and domperidone capsule’s uses, dosage, mechanism, side effects, warnings or precautions.
Rabeprazole is an anti-ulcer drug, whereas domperidone comes in the anti-emetic (or prokinetic) category. This combination of rabeprazole and domperidone medicines reliefs in stomach related problems like acidity, ulcer & gas.
Rabeprazole belongs to the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) class. This medicine suppresses the excess acid in your stomach by inhibiting the proton pump.
Rabeprazole is a newer proton pump inhibitor drug that strongly stops gastric acid secretion. This medicine is a potent and fastest acid suppression than other PPIs. It starts to work within 5 minutes.
The combination of rabeprazole and domperidone is commonly used for treating ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Rabeprazole is usually preferred for an empty stomach. Because it is more effective if you take an empty stomach once daily in the morning.
When you take a Rabeprazole sodium tablet or capsule on an empty stomach, it goes into your bloodstream. And it gets converted into the active form of sulphenamide (sulfenamide).
This active form inhibits the proton pump H+K+ ATPase enzyme. In this way, it helps in acid suppression.
The use of rabeprazole sodium is not recommended in pregnancy and breastfeeding. It should be used if clearly needed. On the other hand, domperidone has shown teratogenicity in pregnant animals. So, the use of domperidone should be avoided during pregnancy.
Although, all proton pump inhibitor (PPI) drugs have almost similar efficacy and safety profile. But clinically, rabeprazole has shown better results than other PPIs.
Rabeprazole sodium is a well-tolerated, effective and safe proton pump inhibitor.
Based on clinical experience and few clinical trials, rabeprazole is considered stronger and more powerful than other PPIs.
In addition to providing satisfying relief of symptoms of GERD, rabeprazole sodium and domperidone capsules are also well tolerated.
The use of rabeprazole sodium and domperidones capsules are not recommended in children, the elderly, liver disease, heart disease, pregnancy, and breastfeeding.
Since it is a prescription-based medicine, so you don’t take self-medication. You must consult your doctor before taking a rabeprazole sodium and domperidone capsules.
Practice management in paediatric dentistry deepak chawhanDeepak Chawhan
A thorough knowledge of practice management in today’s paediatric dental set up is a very important, more so because the entire outlook has shown a radical shift. From inception as a branch dealing with extraction of baby teeth which were decayed, today’s Pedodontists practice prevention and preservation.
Clarithromycin is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. This medication can also be used in combination with anti-ulcer medications to treat certain types of stomach ulcers. It may also be used to prevent certain bacterial infections. Clarithromycin is known as a macrolide antibiotic. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria.
Amoxicillin 250 mg capsules - summary of product characteristicsBrown & Burk UK Ltd
Amoxicillin Capsule is used to treat infections in different parts of the body caused by bacteria. It is also used to stop infections when you have a tooth removed or other surgery. Amoxicillin Capsule may also be used in combination with other medicines to treat stomach ulcers.
Amoxicillin 500 mg capsules smpc taj pharmaceuticalsTaj Pharma
Amoxycillin (Trihydrate) 500mg Capsules Taj Pharma : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Amoxycillin Dosage & Rx Info | Amoxycillin Uses, Side Effects - Amoxycillin : Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Amoxycillin - Drug Information - Taj Pharma, Amoxycillin dose Taj pharmaceuticals Amoxycillin interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Amoxycillin contraindications, Amoxycillin price, Amoxycillin Taj Pharma Antibiotic Amoxycillin (Trihydrate) 500mg Capsules SMPC- Taj Pharma . Stay connected to all updated on Amoxycillin Taj Pharmaceuticals Taj pharmaceuticals Hyderabad.
Rabeprazole sodium and domperidone capsules.pdf.pdfSumit Sharma
Here, we will discuss rabeprazole sodium and domperidone capsule’s uses, dosage, mechanism, side effects, warnings or precautions.
Rabeprazole is an anti-ulcer drug, whereas domperidone comes in the anti-emetic (or prokinetic) category. This combination of rabeprazole and domperidone medicines reliefs in stomach related problems like acidity, ulcer & gas.
Rabeprazole belongs to the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) class. This medicine suppresses the excess acid in your stomach by inhibiting the proton pump.
Rabeprazole is a newer proton pump inhibitor drug that strongly stops gastric acid secretion. This medicine is a potent and fastest acid suppression than other PPIs. It starts to work within 5 minutes.
The combination of rabeprazole and domperidone is commonly used for treating ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Rabeprazole is usually preferred for an empty stomach. Because it is more effective if you take an empty stomach once daily in the morning.
When you take a Rabeprazole sodium tablet or capsule on an empty stomach, it goes into your bloodstream. And it gets converted into the active form of sulphenamide (sulfenamide).
This active form inhibits the proton pump H+K+ ATPase enzyme. In this way, it helps in acid suppression.
The use of rabeprazole sodium is not recommended in pregnancy and breastfeeding. It should be used if clearly needed. On the other hand, domperidone has shown teratogenicity in pregnant animals. So, the use of domperidone should be avoided during pregnancy.
Although, all proton pump inhibitor (PPI) drugs have almost similar efficacy and safety profile. But clinically, rabeprazole has shown better results than other PPIs.
Rabeprazole sodium is a well-tolerated, effective and safe proton pump inhibitor.
Based on clinical experience and few clinical trials, rabeprazole is considered stronger and more powerful than other PPIs.
In addition to providing satisfying relief of symptoms of GERD, rabeprazole sodium and domperidone capsules are also well tolerated.
The use of rabeprazole sodium and domperidones capsules are not recommended in children, the elderly, liver disease, heart disease, pregnancy, and breastfeeding.
Since it is a prescription-based medicine, so you don’t take self-medication. You must consult your doctor before taking a rabeprazole sodium and domperidone capsules.
Practice management in paediatric dentistry deepak chawhanDeepak Chawhan
A thorough knowledge of practice management in today’s paediatric dental set up is a very important, more so because the entire outlook has shown a radical shift. From inception as a branch dealing with extraction of baby teeth which were decayed, today’s Pedodontists practice prevention and preservation.
Clarithromycin is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. This medication can also be used in combination with anti-ulcer medications to treat certain types of stomach ulcers. It may also be used to prevent certain bacterial infections. Clarithromycin is known as a macrolide antibiotic. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria.
Amoxicillin 250 mg capsules - summary of product characteristicsBrown & Burk UK Ltd
Amoxicillin Capsule is used to treat infections in different parts of the body caused by bacteria. It is also used to stop infections when you have a tooth removed or other surgery. Amoxicillin Capsule may also be used in combination with other medicines to treat stomach ulcers.
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Amoxycillin (Trihydrate) 500mg Capsules Taj Pharma : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Amoxycillin Dosage & Rx Info | Amoxycillin Uses, Side Effects - Amoxycillin : Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Amoxycillin - Drug Information - Taj Pharma, Amoxycillin dose Taj pharmaceuticals Amoxycillin interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Amoxycillin contraindications, Amoxycillin price, Amoxycillin Taj Pharma Antibiotic Amoxycillin (Trihydrate) 500mg Capsules SMPC- Taj Pharma . Stay connected to all updated on Amoxycillin Taj Pharmaceuticals Taj pharmaceuticals Hyderabad.
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Cefuroxime Taj Pharma : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Cefuroxime Dosage & Rx Info | Cefuroxime Uses, Side Effects -: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Cefuroxime - Drug Information - Taj Pharma, Cefuroxime dose Taj pharmaceuticals Cefuroxime interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Cefuroxime contraindications, Cefuroxime price, Cefuroxime Taj Pharma Cefuroxime 250 mg Tablets SMPC- Taj Pharma . Stay connected to all updated on Cefuroxime Taj Pharmaceuticals Taj pharmaceuticals Hyderabad.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
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Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
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Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
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Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
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Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
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In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Amoxicillin 250 mg Capsules-Summary of Product Characteristics
1.
2. 1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Amoxicillin 250 mg Capsules
2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each Filled capsule contains Amoxicillin Trihydrate BP/EP equivalent to Amoxicillin 250 mg.
For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Capsules:
Amoxicillin 250 mg Capsules : Red / Buff coloured size ‘2’ capsules containing white to off white
powder printed with ‘AMOXY 250’ in black ink.
3. 4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Amoxicillin is indicated for the treatment of the following infections in adults and children
(seesection 4.2, 4.4 and 5.1):
§ Acute bacterial sinusitis
§ Acute otitis media
§ Acute streptococcal tonsillitis and pharyngitis
§ Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
§ Community acquired pneumonia
4. § Acute cystitis
§ Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy
§ Acute pyelonephritis
§ Typhoid and paratyphoid fever
§ Dental abscess with spreading cellulitis
§ Prosthetic joint infections
§ Helicobacter pylori eradication
§ Lyme disease
Amoxicillin is also indicated for the prophylaxis of endocarditis.
Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.
5. 4.2 Posology and method of administration
Posology
The dose of Amoxicillin that is selected to treat an individual infection should take into account:
§ The expected pathogens and their likely susceptibility to antibacterial agents (see section 4.4)
§ The severity and the site of the infection
§ The age, weight and renal function of the patient; as shown below
6. The duration of therapy should be determined by the type of infection and the response of the patient,
and should generally be as short as possible. Some infections require longer periods of treatment (see
section 4.4 regarding prolonged therapy).
Adults and children ≥40 kg
7. Indication* Dose*
Acute bacterial sinusitis 250 mg to 500 mg every 8 hours or 750 mg to 1 g
Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy every 12 hours
Acute pyelonephritis
Dental abscess with spreading cellulitis For severe infections 750 mg to 1 g every 8 hours
Acute cystitis Acute cystitis may be treated with 3 g twice daily for
one day
Acute otitis media 500 mg every 8 hours, 750 mg to 1 g every 12 hours
Acute streptococcal tonsillitis and
pharyngitis
For severe infections 750 mg to 1 g every 8 hours for
10 days
Community acquired pneumonia 500 mg to 1 g every 8 hours
8. Indication* Dose*
Typhoid and paratyphoid fever 500 mg to 2 g every 8 hours
Prosthetic joint infections 500 mg to 1 g every 8 hours
Prophylaxis of endocarditis 2 g orally, single dose 30 to 60 minutes before
procedure
Helicobacter pylori eradication 750 mg to 1 g twice daily in combination with a
proton pump inhibitor (e.g. omeprazole, lansoprazole)
and another antibiotic (e.g. clarithromycin,
metronidazole) for 7 days
Lyme disease (see section 4.4) Early stage: 500 mg to 1 g every 8 hours up to a
maximum of 4 g/day in divided doses for 14 days (10
to 21 days)
9. Indication* Dose*
Late stage (systemic involvement): 500 mg to 2 g
every 8 hours up to a maximum of 6 g/day in divided
doses for 10 to 30 days
*Consideration should be given to the official treatment guidelines for each indication
10. Children <40 kg
Children may be treated with Amoxicillin capsules.
Children weighing 40 kg or more should be prescribed the adult dosage.
Recommended doses:
Indication+ Dose+
Acute bacterial sinusitis 20 to 90 mg/kg/day in divided doses*
Acute otitis media
Community acquired pneumonia
11. Indication+ Dose+
Acute cystitis
Acute pyelonephritis
Dental abscess with spreading cellulitis
Acute streptococcal tonsillitis and pharyngitis 40 to 90 mg/kg/day in divided doses*
Typhoid and paratyphoid fever 100 mg/kg/day in three divided doses
Prophylaxis of endocarditis 50 mg/kg orally, single dose 30 to 60 minutes
50 mg/kg orally, single dose 30 to 60 minutes
before procedure
12. Indication+ Dose+
Lyme disease (see section 4.4) Early stage: 25 to 50 mg/kg/day in three divided
doses for 10 to 21 days
Late stage (systemic involvement): 100
mg/kg/day in three divided doses for 10 to 30
days
+ Consideration should be given to the official treatment guidelines for each indication.
*Twice daily dosing regimens should only be considered when the dose is in the upper range.
13. Elderly
No dose adjustment is considered necessary.
Renal impairment
GFR (ml/min) Adults and children ≥ 40 kg Children < 40 kg#
greater than 30 no adjustment necessary no adjustment necessary
10 to 30 maximum 500 mg twice daily 15 mg/kg given twice daily
(maximum 500 mg twice daily)
less than 10 maximum 500 mg/day 15 mg/kg given as a single daily
dose (maximum 500 mg)
# In the majority of cases, parenteral therapy is preferred.
14. In patients receiving haemodialysis
Haemodialysis
Adults and children over 40
kg
500 mg every 24 h.
Prior to haemodialysis one additional dose of 500 mg
should be
administered. In order to restore circulating drug
levels, another dose
of 500 mg should be administered after haemodialysis.
Amoxicillin may be removed from the circulation by haemodialysis.
15. Haemodialysis
Children under 40 kg 15 mg/kg/day given as a single daily dose (maximum 500 mg).
Prior to haemodialysis one additional dose of 15 mg/kg should be
administered. In order to restore circulating drug levels, another dose
of 15 mg/kg should be administered after haemodialysis. sis.
16. In patients receiving peritoneal dialysis
Amoxicillin maximum 500 mg/day.
Hepatic impairment
Dose with caution and monitor hepatic function at regular intervals (see sections 4.4 and 4.8).
Method of administration:
Amoxicillin capsules is for oral use
Absorption of amoxicillin is unimpaired by food.
17. Therapy can be started parenterally according to the dosing recommendations of the intravenous
formulation and continued with an oral preparation.
Swallow with water without opening capsule.
18. 4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance, to any of the penicillins or to any of the excipients listed in
section 6.1.
History of a severe immediate hypersensitivity reaction (e.g. anaphylaxis) to another beta-lactam agent
(e.g. a cephalosporin, carbapenem or monobactam).
19. 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Hypersensitivity reactions
Before initiating therapy with amoxicillin, careful enquiry should be made concerning previous
hypersensitivity reactions to penicillins, cephalosporins or other beta-lactam agents (see sections 4.3
and 4.8).
Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity reactions (including anaphylactoid and severe cutaneous adverse
reactions) have been reported in patients on penicillin therapy. These reactions are more likely to occur in
individuals with a history of penicillin hypersensitivity and in atopic individuals. If an allergic reaction occurs,
amoxicillin therapy must be discontinued and appropriate alternative therapy instituted.
20. Non-susceptible microorganisms
Convulsions may occur in patients with impaired renal function or in those receiving high doses or in
patients with predisposing factors (e.g. history of seizures, treated epilepsy or meningeal disorders (see
section 4.8).
Convulsions
Convulsions may occur in patients with impaired renal function or in those receiving high doses or in
patients with predisposing factors (e.g. history of seizures, treated epilepsy or meningeal disorders (see
section 4.8).
Renal impairment
In patients with renal impairment, the dose should be adjusted according to the degree of impairment
(see section 4.2).
21. Skin reactions
The occurrence at the treatment initiation of a feverish generalised erythema associated with pustula
may be a symptom of acute generalised exanthemous pustulosis (AEGP, see section 4.8). This reaction
requires amoxicillin discontinuation and contra-indicates any subsequent administration.
Amoxicillin should be avoided if infectious mononucleosis is suspected since the occurrence of a
morbilliform rash has been associated with this condition following the use of amoxicillin.
22. Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction has been seen following amoxicillin treatment of Lyme disease (see
section 4.8). It results directly from the bactericidal activity of amoxicillin on the causative bacteria of
Lyme disease, the spirochaete Borrelia burgdorferi. Patients should be reassured that this is a common
and usually self-limiting consequence of antibiotic treatment of Lyme disease.
23. Overgrowth of non-susceptible microorganisms
Prolonged use may occasionally result in overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms.
Antibiotic-associated colitis has been reported with nearly all antibacterial agents and may range in
severity from mild to life threatening (see section 4.8). Therefore, it is important to consider this
diagnosis in patients who present with diarrhoea during, or subsequent to, the administration of any
antibiotics. Should antibiotic-associated colitis occur, amoxicillin should immediately be discontinued,
a physician consulted and an appropriate therapy initiated. Anti-peristaltic medicinal products are
contra-indicated in this situation.
24. Prolonged therapy
Periodic assessment of organ system functions; including renal, hepatic and haematopoietic function is
advisable during prolonged therapy. Elevated liver enzymes and changes in blood counts have been
reported (see section 4.8).
Anticoagulants
Prolongation of prothrombin time has been reported rarely in patients receiving amoxicillin. Appropriate monitoring
should be undertaken when anticoagulants are prescribed concomitantly. Adjustments in the dose of oral
anticoagulants may be necessary to maintain the desired level of anticoagulation (see sections 4.5 and 4.8).
25. Crystalluria
In patients with reduced urine output, crystalluria has been observed very rarely, predominantly with
parenteral therapy. During the administration of high doses of amoxicillin, it is advisable to maintain
adequate fluid intake and urinary output in order to minimize the possibility of amoxicillin
crystalluria. In patients with bladder catheters, a regular check of patency should be maintained (see
section 4.8 and 4.9).
26. Interference with diagnostic agents
Elevated serum and urinary levels of amoxicillin are likely to affect certain laboratory tests. Due to the
high urinary concentrations of amoxicillin, false positive readings are common with chemical
methods.
It is recommended that when testing for the presence of glucose in urine during amoxicillin treatment,
enzymatic glucose oxidase methods should be used.
The presence of amoxicillin may distort assay results for oestriol in pregnant women.
27. 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Probenecid
Concomitant use of probenecid is not recommended. Probenecid decreases the renal tubular secretion
of amoxicillin. Concomitant use of probenecid may result in increased and prolonged blood levels of
amoxicillin.
Allopurinol
Concurrent administration of allopurinol during treatment with amoxicillin can increase the likelihood
of allergic skin reactions.
28. Tetracyclines
Tetracyclines and other bacteriostatic drugs may interfere with the bactericidal effects of amoxicillin.
Oral anticoagulants
Oral anticoagulants and penicillin antibiotics have been widely used in practice without reports of
interaction. However, in the literature there are cases of increased international normalised ratio in
patients maintained on acenocoumarol or warfarin and prescribed a course of amoxicillin. If coadministration
is necessary, the prothrombin time or international normalised ratio should be carefully
monitored with the addition or withdrawal of amoxicillin. Moreover, adjustments in the dose of oral
anticoagulants may be necessary (see sections 4.4 and 4.8).
29. Methotrexate
Penicillins may reduce the excretion of methotrexate causing a potential increase in toxicity.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity.
Limited data on the use of amoxicillin during pregnancy in humans do not indicate an increased risk of
congenital malformations. Amoxicillin may be used in pregnancy when the potential benefits
outweigh the potential risks associated with treatment.
30. Breast-feeding
Amoxicillin is excreted into breast milk in small quantities with the possible risk of sensitisation.
Consequently, diarrhoea and fungus infection of the mucous membranes are possible in the breast-fed
infant, so that breast-feeding might have to be discontinued. Amoxicillin should only be used during
breast-feeding after benefit/risk assessment by the physician in charge.
Fertility
There are no data on the effects of amoxicillin on fertility in humans. Reproductive studies in animals
have shown no effects on fertility.
31. 4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. However,
undesirable effects may occur (e.g. allergic reactions, dizziness, convulsions), which may influence the
ability to drive and use machines (see section 4.8).
32. 4.8 Undesirable effects
The most commonly reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are diarrhoea, nausea and skin rash.
The ADRs derived from clinical studies and post-marketing surveillance with amoxicillin, presented
by MedDRA System Organ Class are listed below.
The following terminologies have been used in order to classify the occurrence of undesirable effects
Very common (≥1/10)
33. common (≥1/100 to <1/10)
uncommon (≥1/1000 to <1/100)
rare (≥1/10,000 to<1/1000)
very rare (<1/10,000)
Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data)
Infections and infestations
Very rare: Mucocutaneous candidiasis
34. Blood and lymphatic system disorders
Very rare: Reversible leucopenia (including severe neutropenia or agranulocytosis), reversible
thrombocytopenia and haemolytic anaemia.
Prolongation of bleeding time and prothrombin time (see section 4.4)
Immune system disorders
Very rare: Severe allergic reactions, including angioneurotic oedema, anaphylaxis , serum sickness
and hypersensitivity vasculitis (see Section 4.4).
Not Known: Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (see section 4.4).
35. Nervous system disorders
Very rare: Hyperkinesia, dizziness and convulsions (see section 4.4).
Gastrointestinal disorders
Clinical Trial Data
* Common: Diarrhoea and nausea.
* Uncommon: Vomiting.
36. Post-marketing Data
Very rare:
§ Antibiotic associated colitis (including pseudomembraneous colitis and haemorrhagic colitis see
section 4.4).
§ Black hairy tongue
Hepatobiliary disorders
Very rare: Hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice. A moderate rise in AST and/or ALT.
37. Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Clinical Trial Data
* Common: Skin rash
* Uncommon: Urticaria and pruritus
Post-marketing Data
Very rare: Skin reactions such as erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal
necrolysis, bullous and exfoliative dermatitis, acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP)
(See section 4.4) and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS).
38. Renal and urinary tract disorders
Very rare: Interstitial nephritis, Crystalluria (see sections 4.4 and 4.9 Overdose)
*The incidence of these AEs was derived from clinical studies involving a total of approximately
6,000 adult and paediatric patients taking amoxicillin.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It
allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare
professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via Yellow Card Scheme Website:
www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
39. 4.9 Overdose
Symptoms and signs of overdose
Gastrointestinal symptoms (such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea) and disturbance of the fluid and
electrolyte balances may be evident. Amoxicillin crystalluria, in some cases leading to renal failure,
has been observed. Convulsions may occur in patients with impaired renal function or in those
receiving high doses (see sections 4.4 and 4.8).
Treatment of intoxication
Gastrointestinal symptoms may be treated symptomatically, with attention to the water/electrolyte
balance.
Amoxicillin may be removed from the circulation by haemodialysis.
40. 5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Penicillins with extended spectrum; ATC Code J01CA04
Mechanism of action
Amoxicillin is a semisynthetic penicillin (beta-lactam antibiotic) that inhibits one or more enzymes
(often referred to as penicillin-binding proteins, PBPs) in the biosynthetic pathway of bacterial
peptidoglycan, which is an integral structural component of the bacterial cell wall. Inhibition of
peptidoglycan synthesis leads to weakening of the cell wall, which is usually followed by cell lysis
and death.
41. Amoxicillin is susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamases produced by resistant bacteria and
therefore the spectrum of activity of amoxicillin alone does not include organisms which produce
these enzymes.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics relationship
The time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (T>MIC) is considered to be the major
determinant of efficacy for amoxicillin.
Mechanisms of resistance
The main mechanisms of resistance to amoxicillin are:
42. • Inactivation by bacterial beta-lactamases.
• Alteration of PBPs, which reduce the affinity of the antibacterial agent for the target.
Impermeability of bacteria or efflux pump mechanisms may cause or contribute to bacterial resistance,
particularly in Gram-negative bacteria.
Breakpoints
MIC breakpoints for amoxicillin are those of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility
Testing (EUCAST) version 5.0.
43. Organism MIC breakpoint (mg/L)
Susceptible ≤ Resistant >
Enterobacteriaceae 81 8
Staphylococcus spp. Note 2 Note 2
Enterococcus spp.3 4 8
Streptococcus groups A, B, C
and G
Note 4 Note 4
Streptococcus pneumoniae Note 5 Note 5
Viridans group steprococci 0.5 2
Haemophilus influenzae 26 26
45. Organism MIC breakpoint (mg/L)
Susceptible ≤ Resistant >
1Wild type Enterobacteriaceae are categorised as susceptible to aminopenicillins. Some countries
prefer to categorise wild type isolates of E. coli and P. mirabilis as intermediate. When this is the case,
use the MIC breakpoint S ≤ 0.5 mg/L.
2Most staphylococci are penicillinase producers, which are resistant to amoxicillin. Methicillin
resistant isolates are, with few exceptions, resistant to all beta-lactam agents.
3Susceptibility to amoxicillin can be inferred from ampicillin
4The susceptibility of streptococcus groups A, B, C and G to penicillins is inferred from the
benzylpenicillin susceptibility.
46. 5Breakpoints relate only to non-meningitis isolates. For isolates categorised as intermediate to
ampicillin avoid oral treatment with amoxicillin. Susceptibility inferred from the MIC of ampicillin.
6Breakpoints are based on intravenous administration. Beta-lactamase positive isolates should be
reported resistant.
7Beta lactamase producers should be reported resistant
8Susceptibility to amoxicillin can be inferred from benzylpenicillin.
9The breakpoints are based on epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFFs), which distinguish wild-type
isolates from those with reduced susceptibility.
10The non-species related breakpoints are based on doses of at least 0.5 g x 3or 4 doses daily (1.5 to 2
g/day).
47. The prevalence of acquired resistance may vary geographically and with time for selected species and
local information on resistance is desirable, particularly when treating severe infections. As necessary,
expert advice should be sought when the local prevalence of resistance is such that the utility of the
agent in at least some types of infections is questionable.
In vitro susceptibility of micro-organisms to Amoxicillin
Commonly Susceptible Species
Gram-positive aerobes
Enterococcus faecalis
Beta-hemolytic streptococci (Groups A, B, C and G)
Listeria monocytogenes
48. Species for which acquired resistance may be a problem
Gram-negative aerobes:
Escherichia coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Helicobacter pylori
Proteus mirabilis
Salmonella typhi
Salmonella paratyphi
Pasteurella multocida
Gram-positive aerobes:
Coagulase negative staphylococcus
Staphylococcus aureus*
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Viridans group streptococcus
51. 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption
Amoxicillin fully dissociates in aqueous solution at physiological pH. It is rapidly and well absorbed
by the oral route of administration. Following oral administration, amoxicillin is approximately 70%
bioavailable. The time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax) is approximately one hour.
The pharmacokinetic results for a study, in which an amoxicillin dose of 250 mg three times daily was
administered in the fasting state to groups of healthy volunteers are presented below.
† Natural intermediate susceptibility in the absence of acquired mechanism of resistance.
* Almost all S.aureus are resistant to amoxicillin due to production of penicillinase. In addition, all
methicillin-resistant strains are resistant to amoxicillin.
52. Cmax Tmax
* AUC (0-24h) T ½
(μg/ml) (h) (μg.h/ml) (h)
3.3 ± 1.12 1.5 (1.0-2.0) 26.7 ± 4.56 1.36 ± 0.56
*Median (range)
In the range 250 to 3000 mg the bioavailability is linear in proportion to dose (measured as Cmax and
AUC). The absorption is not influenced by simultaneous food intake.
Haemodialysis can be used for elimination of amoxicill
53. Distribution:
About 18% of total plasma amoxicillin is bound to protein and the apparent volume of distribution is
around 0.3 to 0.4 l/kg.
Following intravenous administration, amoxicillin has been found in gall bladder, abdominal tissue,
skin, fat, muscle tissues, synovial and peritoneal fluids, bile and pus. Amoxicillin does not adequately
distribute into the cerebrospinal fluid.
From animal studies there is no evidence for significant tissue retention of drug-derived material.
Amoxicillin, like most penicillins, can be detected in breast milk (see section 4.6).
Amoxicillin has been shown to cross the placental barrier (see section 4.6).
54. Biotransformation:
Amoxicillin is partly excreted in the urine as the inactive penicilloic acid in quantities equivalent to up
to 10 to 25% of the initial dose.
Elimination
The major route of elimination for amoxicillin is via the kidney.
Amoxicillin has a mean elimination half-life of approximately one hour and a mean total clearance of
approximately 25 l/hour in healthy subjects. Approximately 60 to 70% of the amoxicillin is excreted
unchanged in urine during the first 6 hours after administration of a single 250 mg or 500 mg dose of
amoxicillin. Various studies have found the urinary excretion to be 50-85% for amoxicillin over a 24
hour period.
Concomitant use of probenecid delays amoxicillin excretion (see section 4.5).
55. Age
The elimination half-life of amoxicillin is similar for children aged around 3 months to 2 years and
older children and adults. For very young children (including preterm newborns) in the first week of
life the interval of administration should not exceed twice daily administration due to immaturity of
the renal pathway of elimination. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal
function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
Gender
Following oral administration of amoxicillin to healthy males and female subjects, gender has no
significant impact on the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin.
56. Renal impairment
The total serum clearance of amoxicillin decreases proportionately with decreasing renal function (see
sections 4.2 and 4.4).
Hepatic impairment
Hepatically impaired patients should be dosed with caution and hepatic function monitored at regular
intervals.
57. 5.3 Preclinical safety data
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on studies of safety pharmacology,
repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity and toxicity to reproduction and development.
Carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted with amoxicillin.
58. 6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Each capsule contains :
Croscarmellose Sodium , Magnesium stearate.
Capsule shell components:
Cap:
Brilliant blue E133
Carmoisine E122
Sunset yellow E110
Titanium dioxide E171
61. 6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable
6.3 Shelf life
For blister packs : 36 months
For HDPE bulk pack : 18 months
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Store below 30°C
62. 6.5 Nature and contents of container
21 capsules packed in a blister pack containing PVC with a backing of Aluminium foil.
Pack sizes of 100 and 500 capsules are available in HDPE screw-top containers with an aluminium
tagger
6.6 Nature and contents of container
No special requirements.
63. 7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER
BROWN & BURK UK LIMITED,
5 Marryat Close, Hounslow West,
Middlesex, TW4 5DQ, United Kingdom
8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)
PL 25298/0088
9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION
11/03/2008