1) The ant Ectatomma tuberculatum was observed employing an ambush predation strategy on the nest guards of the stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula.
2) E. tuberculatum would stand motionless near the nest entrance in a waiting posture for periods of time, then rapidly lunge to capture hovering or standing guards that came too close.
3) Over observation periods totaling 4 hours, E. tuberculatum captured 3 prey items including 2 aerial captures of guards, representing a success rate of about 1 capture per 50 minutes spent in ambush posture.
Life history of the Hog Plum Beetle, Podontia quatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus,...Open Access Research Paper
Hog plum beetle (Podontia quatuordecimpunctata) is a serious pest of hog plum tree and both their adults and larvae defoliate the hog plum tree. However, its developmental information and proper identification as well as precise photographs of each developmental stages have not been well studied and recorded. Thus, the goal of this research was to establish the developmental characteristics of P. quatuordecimpunctata. Life history was conducted in laboratory conditions at an average temperature 28 °C ± 1.2 an average 65 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a light: dark ratio (12L : 12D). The female beetles were laid clusters of eggs in numerous layers, with 9 to 53 eggs in each cluster. The durations of each developmental stage were 6.16±0.93, 3.16±0.24, 3.29±0.25, 3.21±0.33, 4.54±0.33, 5.54±0.49, and 20.92±2.7 days for the incubation, 1st instar, 2nd instar, 3rd instar, 4th instar, pre pupa, and pupa, respectively. The longevity of male and female adult beetles was found to be 42.33±6.6 days and 50.66±9.8 days, respectively. Results revealed that this study will be a valuable source of biological information for a better understanding and management of this pest species. Check out more by following link https://innspub.net/life-history-of-the-hog-plum-beetle-podontia-quatuordecimpunctata-linnaeus-1767-coleoptera-chrysomelidae-with-photographs-of-each-developmental-stage/
Importance of study of immature stages of insects in agricultureSanju Thorat
The type of life cycle will vary with the insect-pest. However, most pests have certain weak points during their life cycle when they are the most vulnerable to manage. Some insect are predators, either as larvae or in both larval and adult stages. The decomposition of organic waste, such as dung and manures are an important ecosystem process which is largely provided by insects. Insect as food for animals and human being. The knowledge regarding immature stages of insect-pests and understand site of oviposition, site of pupation and larval behaviour can allow for timely and effective management, thus we can reduction in the qualitative and quantitative losses of yield and increase the profit.
Elucidation of cow tick Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus...Innspub Net
Ticks comprise one of the most significant groups of arthropods in terms of effects on animal health. They incapacitate the host by feeding on it. The cattle tick, economically impact cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is a cautiously serious external parasite affecting, primarily, cattle. These ticks are adapted to the advantages of specialising to feed on cattle and with all the feeding stages occurring on one individual host in a rapid sequence of reproduction. Cattle tick’s reproduction and life cycle occurs on body of only one host. This stage takes approximately 21 days, during which the tick changes from a minute larva to a nymph and finally an adult. With the use of a thin-tipped tweezers or forceps with a steady even pressure, ticks were removed straight upward from different body parts of cattle. Ticks were identified to the species level based on their morphologic features under a dissecting microscope and their genus and species were identified under the stereo microscope in the laboratory. Several parameters were taken as to with its life cycle. As observed, the period of tick’s life cycle varies due to some factors. This study aims to elucidate the reproduction process and life cycle of cattle ticks to serve as a guide in controlling and managing these parasitic creatures. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Life history of the Hog Plum Beetle, Podontia quatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus,...Open Access Research Paper
Hog plum beetle (Podontia quatuordecimpunctata) is a serious pest of hog plum tree and both their adults and larvae defoliate the hog plum tree. However, its developmental information and proper identification as well as precise photographs of each developmental stages have not been well studied and recorded. Thus, the goal of this research was to establish the developmental characteristics of P. quatuordecimpunctata. Life history was conducted in laboratory conditions at an average temperature 28 °C ± 1.2 an average 65 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a light: dark ratio (12L : 12D). The female beetles were laid clusters of eggs in numerous layers, with 9 to 53 eggs in each cluster. The durations of each developmental stage were 6.16±0.93, 3.16±0.24, 3.29±0.25, 3.21±0.33, 4.54±0.33, 5.54±0.49, and 20.92±2.7 days for the incubation, 1st instar, 2nd instar, 3rd instar, 4th instar, pre pupa, and pupa, respectively. The longevity of male and female adult beetles was found to be 42.33±6.6 days and 50.66±9.8 days, respectively. Results revealed that this study will be a valuable source of biological information for a better understanding and management of this pest species. Check out more by following link https://innspub.net/life-history-of-the-hog-plum-beetle-podontia-quatuordecimpunctata-linnaeus-1767-coleoptera-chrysomelidae-with-photographs-of-each-developmental-stage/
Importance of study of immature stages of insects in agricultureSanju Thorat
The type of life cycle will vary with the insect-pest. However, most pests have certain weak points during their life cycle when they are the most vulnerable to manage. Some insect are predators, either as larvae or in both larval and adult stages. The decomposition of organic waste, such as dung and manures are an important ecosystem process which is largely provided by insects. Insect as food for animals and human being. The knowledge regarding immature stages of insect-pests and understand site of oviposition, site of pupation and larval behaviour can allow for timely and effective management, thus we can reduction in the qualitative and quantitative losses of yield and increase the profit.
Elucidation of cow tick Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus...Innspub Net
Ticks comprise one of the most significant groups of arthropods in terms of effects on animal health. They incapacitate the host by feeding on it. The cattle tick, economically impact cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is a cautiously serious external parasite affecting, primarily, cattle. These ticks are adapted to the advantages of specialising to feed on cattle and with all the feeding stages occurring on one individual host in a rapid sequence of reproduction. Cattle tick’s reproduction and life cycle occurs on body of only one host. This stage takes approximately 21 days, during which the tick changes from a minute larva to a nymph and finally an adult. With the use of a thin-tipped tweezers or forceps with a steady even pressure, ticks were removed straight upward from different body parts of cattle. Ticks were identified to the species level based on their morphologic features under a dissecting microscope and their genus and species were identified under the stereo microscope in the laboratory. Several parameters were taken as to with its life cycle. As observed, the period of tick’s life cycle varies due to some factors. This study aims to elucidate the reproduction process and life cycle of cattle ticks to serve as a guide in controlling and managing these parasitic creatures. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Insect order collembola are also known as Springtails. here the detail about this order mentioned like what are its families and what are its economic importances.
2013 lima & antonialli junior foraging strategies of the ant ectatomma vizott...Luan Lima
Foraging activity may be limited by
temperature, humidity, radiation, wind, and other abiotic factors, all of which can affect energy costs during foraging. Ectatomma
vizottoi’s biology has only recently been studied, and no detailed information is available on its foraging patterns or diet in the field.
For this reason, and because foraging activity is an important part of the ecological success of social insects, the present study aimed
to investigate E. vizottoi’s foraging strategies and dietary habits. First, we determined how abiotic factors constrained E. vizottoi’s
foraging patterns in the field by monitoring the foraging activity of 16 colonies on eight different days across two seasons. Second,
we characterized E. vizottoi’s diet by monitoring another set of 26 colonies during peak foraging activity. Our results show that E.
vizottoi has foraging strategies that are similar to those of congeneric species. In spite of having a low efficiency index, colonies
adopted strategies that allowed them to successfully obtain food resources while avoiding adverse conditions. These strategies
included preying on other ant species, a foraging tactic that could arise if a wide variety of food items are not available in the
environment or if E. vizottoi simply prefers, regardless of resource availability, to prey on other invertebrates and especially on other
ant species.
ABSTRACT- The many exotic species introduction has been causing chaos in biological world as they turned in to invasive species by making interspecific competition stronger mentioned by Darwin in theory of natural selection. Effect of Parthenium spp. of plant and Clarias gariepinus of fish in India has been one of the problems in the same terms. In the present study we have noted the effect of a new exotic animal emu Dromaius novaehollandiae, fish Clarias gariepinus and plant Parthenium spp. collectively in the region, indicating its effect on other life forms because of absence of natural predators for the same.
Key-words- Exotic species, Invasive species, Emu, Clarias gariepinus, Parthenium spp., Dromaius novaehollandiae
Carpenter ants seminar work by Uwamose martinsUwamose MNO
Carpenter ants are social insects, with colonies made up of several different forms or “castes”. They are so-called carpenter ants because of their habit of chewing wood to create nest sites. They do not eat wood, like termites, but excavate it with their strong, saw-like jaws to create random galleries where they nest. They play ecosystem roles particularly by aiding in the decomposition of decaying tees. Carpenter ants belong to the subfamily Formicinae (Genus: Camponotus)
Using ultraviolet “A” light (400 to 315 nm wavelength) found in a typical commercially available fluorescent black light, hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) predator activity could be detected on infested hemlocks because of different characteristic glows of color. Under ultraviolet ‘A‘ light, an undamaged HWA ovisac’s honeydew glows bluish-white; a predator-damaged HWA’s oozing hemolymph has an intense chartreuse color; damaged HWA eggs glow bright yellow; and adelgid predator frass of Laricobius nigrinus and Sasajiscymnus tsugae both glow brilliant orange. This UV viewing technique can be used in the field or laboratory to rapidly determine the presence of adelgid predators and the extent of adelgid predation
American History paper on Explain what transcendentalism is and how .docxADDY50
American History paper on Explain what transcendentalism is and how you have seen it displayed in the writings of Thoreau and/or Emerson. Why is transcendentalism important to the story of America and its history? What influence did transcendentalists like Thoreau and Emerson have on later movements in American culture
.
AMobile devices have become the de facto standard for communic.docxADDY50
A
Mobile devices have become the de facto standard for communication. Almost all adults in first world countries use one or more mobile devices for work, entertainment, and communication. This means that there are many more devices on a given network and the Internet as a whole, further establishing the fact that there are many more opportunities for hackers to gain access to personal and private information. Mobile devices come with their own ways of protecting personal resources. Describe at least four different types of network security defenses that mobile operating systems provide in order to keep personal data safeguarded. Also, answer the question of who is ultimately responsible for securing personal data: the operating system vendor, or those who own the device hosting the operating system?
B
With mobile operating system attacks on the rise, it is going to be necessary to develop new solutions to mitigate cybersecurity threats. Most solutions that exist take on the form of pre-existing solutions that were meant to be used with desktop and server type operating systems. Thus, embedded operating systems are only just now starting to see their own utilities and solutions being born out of necessity. Describe some of the tools used to protect embedded operating system assets, and add your own personal opinion of how you feel embedded operating system security should be handled in the future.
.
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Insect order collembola are also known as Springtails. here the detail about this order mentioned like what are its families and what are its economic importances.
2013 lima & antonialli junior foraging strategies of the ant ectatomma vizott...Luan Lima
Foraging activity may be limited by
temperature, humidity, radiation, wind, and other abiotic factors, all of which can affect energy costs during foraging. Ectatomma
vizottoi’s biology has only recently been studied, and no detailed information is available on its foraging patterns or diet in the field.
For this reason, and because foraging activity is an important part of the ecological success of social insects, the present study aimed
to investigate E. vizottoi’s foraging strategies and dietary habits. First, we determined how abiotic factors constrained E. vizottoi’s
foraging patterns in the field by monitoring the foraging activity of 16 colonies on eight different days across two seasons. Second,
we characterized E. vizottoi’s diet by monitoring another set of 26 colonies during peak foraging activity. Our results show that E.
vizottoi has foraging strategies that are similar to those of congeneric species. In spite of having a low efficiency index, colonies
adopted strategies that allowed them to successfully obtain food resources while avoiding adverse conditions. These strategies
included preying on other ant species, a foraging tactic that could arise if a wide variety of food items are not available in the
environment or if E. vizottoi simply prefers, regardless of resource availability, to prey on other invertebrates and especially on other
ant species.
ABSTRACT- The many exotic species introduction has been causing chaos in biological world as they turned in to invasive species by making interspecific competition stronger mentioned by Darwin in theory of natural selection. Effect of Parthenium spp. of plant and Clarias gariepinus of fish in India has been one of the problems in the same terms. In the present study we have noted the effect of a new exotic animal emu Dromaius novaehollandiae, fish Clarias gariepinus and plant Parthenium spp. collectively in the region, indicating its effect on other life forms because of absence of natural predators for the same.
Key-words- Exotic species, Invasive species, Emu, Clarias gariepinus, Parthenium spp., Dromaius novaehollandiae
Carpenter ants seminar work by Uwamose martinsUwamose MNO
Carpenter ants are social insects, with colonies made up of several different forms or “castes”. They are so-called carpenter ants because of their habit of chewing wood to create nest sites. They do not eat wood, like termites, but excavate it with their strong, saw-like jaws to create random galleries where they nest. They play ecosystem roles particularly by aiding in the decomposition of decaying tees. Carpenter ants belong to the subfamily Formicinae (Genus: Camponotus)
Using ultraviolet “A” light (400 to 315 nm wavelength) found in a typical commercially available fluorescent black light, hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) predator activity could be detected on infested hemlocks because of different characteristic glows of color. Under ultraviolet ‘A‘ light, an undamaged HWA ovisac’s honeydew glows bluish-white; a predator-damaged HWA’s oozing hemolymph has an intense chartreuse color; damaged HWA eggs glow bright yellow; and adelgid predator frass of Laricobius nigrinus and Sasajiscymnus tsugae both glow brilliant orange. This UV viewing technique can be used in the field or laboratory to rapidly determine the presence of adelgid predators and the extent of adelgid predation
American History paper on Explain what transcendentalism is and how .docxADDY50
American History paper on Explain what transcendentalism is and how you have seen it displayed in the writings of Thoreau and/or Emerson. Why is transcendentalism important to the story of America and its history? What influence did transcendentalists like Thoreau and Emerson have on later movements in American culture
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AMobile devices have become the de facto standard for communic.docxADDY50
A
Mobile devices have become the de facto standard for communication. Almost all adults in first world countries use one or more mobile devices for work, entertainment, and communication. This means that there are many more devices on a given network and the Internet as a whole, further establishing the fact that there are many more opportunities for hackers to gain access to personal and private information. Mobile devices come with their own ways of protecting personal resources. Describe at least four different types of network security defenses that mobile operating systems provide in order to keep personal data safeguarded. Also, answer the question of who is ultimately responsible for securing personal data: the operating system vendor, or those who own the device hosting the operating system?
B
With mobile operating system attacks on the rise, it is going to be necessary to develop new solutions to mitigate cybersecurity threats. Most solutions that exist take on the form of pre-existing solutions that were meant to be used with desktop and server type operating systems. Thus, embedded operating systems are only just now starting to see their own utilities and solutions being born out of necessity. Describe some of the tools used to protect embedded operating system assets, and add your own personal opinion of how you feel embedded operating system security should be handled in the future.
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Amy Tan is an American writer whose novels examine family rela.docxADDY50
Amy Tan is an American writer whose novels examine family relationships, especially those of mothers and
daughters. She has written several bestselling novels, such as The Joy Luck Club and The Kitchen God’s Wife.
Tan has a BA and MA from San Jose State University.
Mother Tongue
by Amy Tan
I am not a scholar of English or literature. I cannot give you much more than personal
opinions on the English language and its variations in this country or others. I am a writer. And
by that definition, I am someone who has always loved language. I am fascinated by
language in daily life. I spend a great deal of my time thinking about the power of language—the
way it can evoke an emotion, a visual image, a complex idea, or a simple truth. Language is the
tool of my trade. And I use them all—all the Englishes I grew up with.
Recently, I was made keenly aware of the different Englishes I do use. I was giving a talk
to a large group of people, the same talk I had already given to half a dozen other groups. The
nature of the talk was about my writing, my life, and my book, The Joy Luck Club. The talk was
going along well enough, until I remembered one major difference that made the whole talk
sound wrong. My mother was in the room. And it was perhaps the first time she had heard me
give a lengthy speech, using the kind of English I have never used with her. I was saying things
like, “The intersection of memory upon imagination” and “There is an aspect of my fiction that
relates to thus-and-thus”—a speech filled with carefully wrought grammatical phrases, burdened,
it suddenly seemed to me, with nominalized forms, past perfect tenses, conditional phrases, all
the forms of standard English that I had learned in school and through books, the forms of
English I did not use at home with my mother.
Just last week, I was walking down the street with my mother, and I again found myself
conscious of the English I was using, the English I do use with her. We were talking about the
price of new and used furniture and I heard myself saying this: “Not waste money that way.” My
husband was with us as well, and he didn't notice any switch in my English. And then I realized
why. It’s because over the twenty years we’ve been together, I’ve often used that same kind of
English with him, and sometimes he even uses it with me. It has become our language of
intimacy, a different sort of English that relates to family talk, the language I grew up with.
So you'll have some idea of what this family talk I heard sounds like, I’ll quote what my
mother said during a recent conversation which I videotaped and then transcribed. During this
conversation, my mother was talking about a political gangster in Shanghai who had the same
last name as her family's, Du, and how the gangster in his early years wanted to be adopted by
her family, which was rich by comparison. Later, the gangster became more powerful, far richer.
America” by Claude McKay and We Wear the Mask” by Paul Laurence D.docxADDY50
“America” by Claude McKay and “We Wear the Mask” by Paul Laurence Dunbar
Analyze the writers’ use of extended metaphors to discuss racial prejudice and the struggle for equality in each poem. Compare/contrast their views on the topic.
1. Your essay must cover the topic you are writing about.
2. Your essay must have a central idea (stated in your thesis) that governs its development.
3. Your essay must be organized so that every part contributes something to the reader’s understanding of the central idea.
4. Your essay must be between 1000 - 1250 words in MLA format.
.
American Police Departments have evolved through several eras in whi.docxADDY50
American Police Departments have evolved through several eras in which the police had different orientations or emphasized different aspects of their overall mission. The 9/11 terrorist attacks have substantially changed policing. However it has been several years since the attacks and the United States has not experienced another significant attack.
In what direction do you this the American police should proceed? How much emphasis should the police place on homeland security given that citizens and communities have numerous expectations that must be met?
Sources.
.
American Greed AnalysisPrepare both a presentation (PowerPoint).docxADDY50
American Greed Analysis:
Prepare both a presentation (PowerPoint) and a written 3-page paper, based on an episode of
American Greed
. Both the presentation and the paper are to be posted on Canvas.
The following information is required:
1. Date episode was originally aired
2. Name of the episode
3. Name of the business, product, or service that was being sold
4. Problems the business was having? Or how was the scam be operated? Detailed
explanation required.
5. How could the public have known that fraud was being perpetrated?
6. How did the business hide the fraud from its clients/the public?
7. What were the reactions from the owner/owners?
8. How much was invested/lost by the clients? Were there any special conditions?
9. Where did the business start to unfold/unravel?
10. How was the fraud eventually discovered?
11. What were the legal results?
12. What is the Christian World View surrounding this business/fraud? What is the
biblical justification for either the business or its clients?
13. Conclusions: Include any theory or principles learned in the course.
Your paper should be written using complete paragraphs in response to the above questions.
You may include photos or graphics from the show. It should be written in the APA Style.
.
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American Management Association • www.amanet.org
H
as this ever happened to you? You are embroiled in an argument
about a matter that is important to you and also to an employ-
ee. After several back-and-forth exchanges, you finally say,
“Okay, then, we’ll do it your way.” You do what you can to give that
employee exactly what he is asking for, only to find out later that he is
still ticked off. You are left wondering, “What is his problem? Isn’t he
ever satisfied?”
On the other hand, you may have had another experience as well. An
employee storms into your office, upset about a policy that, as far as she
is concerned, just isn’t working. You listen. She continues talking; you
continue to listen. In the back of your mind, though, you are thinking, “I
don’t know what we can do to fix that. It is what it is … nobody else has
complained.” She keeps talking and you keep listening. Finally she looks
at you with relief and says, “Thanks for listening. I feel better. I’ll talk to
you later.” You didn’t do anything, and somehow the situation is now
okay. You are left wondering what happened.
Usually in a conflict or disagreement, as we look for an acceptable
solution, we focus on the substance of the outcome. Everyone wants
39
What We Need:The
Satisfaction Triangle
C H A P T E R 3
www.amanet.org
40 UNDERSTANDING THE DYNAMICS OF CONFLICT
American Management Association • www.amanet.org
something. The conventional wisdom tells us that getting that something
means that the conflict is dissolved. Did you get what you asked for?
If so, then you are happy. If you did not get what you wanted, then
you are not happy. In the first scenario, your expectation is that, when
you finally decide on a solution, the employee will be satisfied. In the
second scenario, you do not expect the employee to leave your office
satisfied unless you take some action that is acceptable to her. But the
reality is often more complex than that. Just as important—sometimes
more important—are the other two sides of the satisfaction triangle,
shown in Figure 3-1: process satisfaction and emotional satisfaction.
Understanding all three sides of the satisfaction triangle can provide
managers with a more extensive set of tools for resolving conflicts.
Figure 3-1. Satisfaction triangle.
The head of the Finance Office sent an urgent e-mail to therest of the members of the executive leadership team. With
only three months left in the fiscal year, the agency was facing a
serious budget crisis, a $9 million shortfall. First, the team need-
ed to understand where the money had gone; then, they would
have to make hard decisions about how to reallocate funds to
cover critical needs. For three weeks, they were in and out of
meetings, gathering numbers, analyzing reports, looking for solu-
tions. The meetings were long and the tensions ran high as each
person protected his or her own department’s priorities and
looked for ways to cut back on expenditures. Keeping the goals of
the age.
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Amazon HQ2 Research Project, BUS 163
Professor Cuadra, Tacoma Community CollegeResearch Assignment, Part 2:
Be sure to read through all of the questions, completely, before beginning your research. You don’t want to have to keep going back to the same subject. However, you may have to do that to some degree – that is one of things about research. That is why it is critical to keep track of your source.
Please research the following questions/areas for your assigned city. BE SURE TO KEEP TRACK OF YOUR SOURCES. You will have to provide a list of references, and in-text citations, in submitted research. Every fact or piece of information you provide must have a citation and the full reference for that source included at the end in a reference list.
This set of research is the briefest one and should not take you too much time.
Be sure to check out the BUS 163 Library Guide on the left side of your Canvas screen and use the resources listed there to help you with your research.Income/Wages (50 points)
1. Try to find the average area salaries for:
a. Executives (this one will vary widely, and you may get a huge range. If so, just put in the range)
b. Software development engineers/software engineers
c. Accountants – you may find pay rates for a wide variety of accounting jobs. You might find information for some of these:
i. Accounts payable
ii. Accounts receivable
iii. Payroll specialists
iv. Controller
d. Human resource specialists (sometimes listed as HR managers)
e. Non-executive management positions (project managers, program managers, supervisors)
f. Administrative assistants
2. Area minimum wage (you may be surprised how low it is in some areas).
3. Overall prevailing wage – this may be hard to find. What it means is what the labor department and/or unions require to be paid. For instance, if you are doing construction work on a highway, your company has to pay you and your employees the “prevailing wage” for that work. In this area, people who pour concrete and do paving get $52/hour because that is the prevailing wage.
a. Try looking at several sources, but if you cannot find the information, just list where you looked and say you could not find it.
4. Find out the median income for your city/area.
5. Find out the average household size. It is good to check out the US Census Bureau site for this kind of information.
6. Look and see if you can find out if your city/area has required sick leave, like we do in Washington now. If so, what are the details?
7. What is the average home price in the area? What is the range of home prices?
Your information can just be bullet points for this.
Be sure to use AT LEAST three different sources. You might want to see what different information you get for any one category. If you get different information, please note that. A good practice is to look into the source for your source – where did THEY get this information. Also, check the dates and you will likely want to use the most recent informatio.
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Always Fresh allows external users, such as vendors and business partners, to access the Always Fresh Windows environment. You have noticed a marked increase in malware activity in the test environment that seems to originate from external users. After researching the likely source of new malware, you conclude that allowing external users to connect to your environment using compromised computers exposes Always Fresh to malware vulnerabilities.
(please see attachment and and follow all requirements)
.
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Alvin Ailey "Revelations" Analysis
The purpose of this assignment is to view Alvin Ailey's iconic choreography "Revelations" and identify themes expressed in the work that reflect life events/emotions. Dance comes from life, as we have been exploring in class, and this piece illustrates how themes in pre-history continue to be relevant throughout time.
Please watch the entire video that we started viewing in class:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RrPJ4kt3a64&t=1647s
Revelations is a 3 part suite. Each of the three sections contains various scenes. You may use this listing of the musical pieces to guide you in identifying the scenes.
Music
PILGRIM OF SORROW
I Been 'Buked - Music arranged by Hall Johnson*
Didn't My Lord Deliver Daniel - Music arranged by James Miller+
Fix Me, Jesus - Music arranged by Hall Johnson*
TAKE ME TO THE WATER
Processional/Honor, Honor - Music adapted and arranged by Howard A. Roberts
Wade in the Water - Music adapted and arranged by Howard A. Roberts
"Wade in the Water" sequence by Ella Jenkins / "A Man Went Down to the River" is an original composition by Ella Jenkins
I Wanna Be Ready - Music arranged by James Miller+
MOVE, MEMBERS, MOVE
Sinner Man - Music adapted and arranged by Howard A. Roberts
The Day is Past and Gone - Music arranged by Howard A. Roberts and Brother John Sellers
You May Run On - Music arranged by Howard A. Roberts and Brother John Sellers
Rocka My Soul in the Bosom of Abraham - Music adapted and arranged by Howard A. Roberts
For this assignment, please identify the themes expressed in each of the three sections, 1)Pilgrim of Sorrow, 2)Take me to the Water, 3)Move, Members, Move
Describe how these themes are developed in the scenes that comprise each section. Include descriptions of costuming, lighting, music, and composition (solo, duet, trio, ensemble, etc) that help create these themes.
Use the listing above as a guide to organize your paper. Create a document in Word, 12pt font, 1"margins, no more than two pages, double spaced. Separate title page, please.
Please view the video and begin your assignment. You can bring any questions regarding this assignment to our next class.
.
AMMS company they have an issue with closing petty cash every month .docxADDY50
AMMS company they have an issue with closing petty cash every month
some petty cash its take a long time to git bill
Example :
AMMS company they have a metro project, the budget is 10,000$ per month maximum
the budget report must send a monthly update
Q1- need a plan to how to spend petty cash, close monthly budget, explain than on excel sheet
.
An American psychologistRobert V. Guthrie, one of the most inf.docxADDY50
An 'American psychologist'
Robert V. Guthrie, one of the most influential and multifaceted African-American scholars of the century, wants to be remembered only as 'an American psychologist.' In an interview with the Monitor, he recollects the barriers he overcame to claim that title.
By EILEEN M. O'CONNOR
Monitor
Staff
November 2001, Vol 32, No. 10
In 1955, when Robert Guthrie, PhD, enrolled in a master's program at the University of Kentucky, he was a singular dark face against a backdrop of white.
"I remember one of my white professors eyeing me as if I were an anthropological specimen and remarking, 'You are from one of our Negro schools,'" Guthrie recalls.
His fellow white students didn't offer much support, either, he says, though he once attended a football game after a white student begged him. But when the band played "My Ol' Kentucky Home," a song that at the time included favorable portrayals of slavery, Guthrie knew he had to "get my education, then get the hell off campus."
Despite the discomfort and frustration he felt, however, Guthrie always knew he had a right to be there. That sense of confidence is what propelled him to pursue a degree in psychology when few blacks could, to go on to teach at the University of Pittsburgh, to study multicultural issues as a senior research psychologist in Washington, D.C., and to pen the now-classic tome, "Even the Rat Was White: A Historical View of Psychology."
Last spring, the National Archives of American Psychology honored Guthrie as the first African-American psychologist to deposit his papers there. Asking Guthrie to contribute was a natural choice for the archives because he has worn almost every one of psychology's hats, from research to teaching to government service, says director David Baker, PhD.
"We know almost nothing about the development of psychology at historically black colleges and universities, and only Bob Guthrie's work examines this in detail," Baker explains. "African Americans have much to be proud about their struggle against adversity, like the fact that in my lifetime they were not allowed to attend many grad schools simply because of their race. There are stories of inspiration, courage and strength, and also of anger, frustration and hurt."
First chapters
Guthrie and his twin brother were born in Chicago on Feb. 14, 1932. Weeks later, his father, a school principal, picked up the family and moved to Richmond, Ky., then to Lexington, Ky., towns in great need of teachers for African-American schools.
Growing up in the segregated South left an indelible mark on Guthrie's career outlook. "I did not think I would have an outstanding career," he says. "I was simply growing up in segregated Kentucky, and as at that time black colleges were training teachers to operate primarily in the Southern schools, I figured I might be a public school teacher. I did not know much about psychology. No one did."
He was able to attend Florida A&M University in 1948 by.
Amazon is one of the worlds most popular online retailers. The co.docxADDY50
Amazon is one of the world's most popular online retailers. The corporation provides its services on an online platform that enables many users in many parts of the world to have access to these services. Amazone company has undertaken massive investments in technology innovations. Amazone has a large base of customers who access the online service offered by the corporation. A large number of online users require that the company adopts the use of cloud computing and ERP systems in its operations.
Modern business organizations heavily rely on cloud computing technology in their operations. Cloud computing refers to the process of delivering computer services, which are on-demand from storage applications. Cloud computing happens both over the internet and also on a pay as you go basis. Companies in the modern world prefer not to have their computing infrastructure. They opt to rent access to anything from the use of applications to the storage capacity from a cloud service provider. It is costly for companies to own their cloud computing services. The Maintenace of the infrastructure is expensive too. Companies save operational expenses by renting the infrastructure.
Cloud computing enables companies to incur expenses of the only service they use, and they can pay for it only at the instance of use. The companies which engage in the provision of cloud computing services, in turn, make profits from the sale of the services to many users. (Yang et al, 2017). Cloud computing offers a wide range of services today. Through computer networking, companies can get storage space for their information and data. Cloud computing also enables networking and enhances processing power through the use of computer languages and artificial intelligence. Cloud computing also offers ideal office applications. The services do not require the users to be at the computer hardware physically. Individuals today make use of cloud computing technology.
Cloud is a term that could, in other words, mean the internet. The information stored in the cloud is information stored on the internet. There are three main models of cloud computing. The first model is the Infrastructure-as-a-service. This term refers to the units that build up the computer service that is possible to lend, such as the storage service, networking service, virtual, or even physical servers. The second model is Platform-as-a-service. The building blocks that makeup Cloud computing are in layers. The next layer up and the layer underlying is what is referred to as platform-as-a-service.
Amazon uses Enterprise resource technologies. Enterprise resource planning allows Amazon to integrate various business practices. ERP provides ideal solutions to various organizations. It will enable Amazon Corporation to optimize the use of resources with more significant innovation. Regardless of the size of the organization, ERP helps to reduce the waste of time. ERP heavily makes use of modern technology in enhan.
American Academy of Political and Social Science Woun.docxADDY50
American Academy of Political and Social Science
Wounded: Life after the Shooting
Author(s): JOOYOUNG LEE
Source: The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 642,
Bringing Fieldwork Back In: Contemporary Urban Ethnographic Research (July 2012), pp.
244-257
Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. in association with the American Academy of
Political and Social Science
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23218475
Accessed: 01-10-2017 09:45 UTC
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Wounded: Life
after the
Shooting
By
JOOYOUNG LEE
Most gunshot victims do not die. In some estimates, 80
percent live to see another day. Yet social scientists
continue to focus on gun homicide. What happens to
individuals who get shot and survive? How do they
experience life after the shooting? This article examines
how gunshot injuries transform the lives of victims. In
practical ways, gunshot injuries complicate sleeping,
eating, working, and other previously taken-for-granted
activities. These disruptions also have much larger exis
tential significance to victims. Indeed, daily experiences
with a wounded body become subjective reminders that
individuals are no longer who they used to be. Ironically,
in some interactions, being wounded becomes attrac
tive and advantageous to victims. Together, these
themes illustrate the need for more sustained ethno
graphic work on the foreground of violent crime vic
timization.
Keywords: gun violence; health; identity; injury; crime
Jooyoung Lee is an assistant professor of sociologi) at
the University of Toronto. He conducted this research
as a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health 6
Society Scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. He is
currently writing two books. The first is an ethno
graphic study on the careers of aspiring rappers from
Los Angeles. The second is an ethnographic study on
the individual- and community-health effects of gun
shot victimization in Philadelphia.
NOTE: This research was funded by the Robert Wood
Johnson Foundation when I was a Health & Society
Scholar at the University of Pennsylvania; the project
received a grant from die Research & Education Fund. I
.
American Apparel Submit your completed strategy and change ma.docxADDY50
American Apparel:
Submit your completed strategy and change management plan. It should include all critical elements of the final project, incorporating all feedback and knowledge gained in the course.
1 Assignment:Economic Environment
In 2018 I worked in a soft drinks company where they adopted the recent technology in the production to increase the production rates and the accuracy of the quality of the products. After the introduction of the technology in the company, a large number of people lost their jobs since the tech replaced the labour and was cheaper than the manual production that involved individuals directly. The technological factors are one of the external factors that are increasingly affecting the business organization. The business changes relate to the presence and the development of technology.
The technology increases the supply of the products. The increase in the supply enables the company to keep up with the demand for the soft drinks. The technology enables the company to increase the productivity and the communication between the suppliers and the consumers. The company can cut down the waste as well as keep up with the demands due to technological advancement. The technology also increased the accuracy in production due to the machinery that was more accurate than the human labour and the company was able to cut down the waste again. The company reduced its expenditure in terms of the losses incurred due to poor production.
It is important to consider the environment while thinking about the strategy change. The supply and demand within the business affect organizational ability. The demand and the supply stimulate each other impacting the prices of the goods and services in the budget. The customer's interest in specific products exhausts the supply available and increases demand. The demand and supply of goods and services have a high influence in determining the prices of goods and services. The prices of the product are likely to fall if the supply keeps on growing and if the supply keeps on decreasing the prices are likely to keep on growing (Becker, 2017). However, with the market economy, the interest consumers, as well as the companies, produce limits product that matches the demand and the supply and it is used in determining the product development and production.
References
Becker, G. S. (2017).
Economic theory
. Routledge.
Introduction to Economics; Market Equilibrium and Market Forces
Macroeconomics: Crash Course Economics #5
2 Assignment: American Apparel
American Apparel Company is a clothing Manufactures Company. The company designs its clothing distributes and markets its products. It is situated in North America. It is one of the largest marketing companies situated in Northern America. The mission declaration of American Apparel Firm declares that the company is dedicated to high-quality yields, underling care, confines in the business and art, project and tech. The missi.
American Government Policy PaperThis project is an opportuni.docxADDY50
American Government Policy Paper
This project is an opportunity to carefully examine a contemporary foreign policy issue between the United States government and one other foreign government.
Completing this activity is a mandatory component of this course. It serves as the standard course assessment for all GOVT 2305 students and is a college requirement. Failure to submit and complete this project in its entirety will result in a failing grade for the course.
There are four steps to completing this project:
Step 1 – Identifying the Issue
The policy paper will address a US foreign policy concern toward a country or specific topic.
Only
one of the topics listed below may be selected. Pick one and begin your research immediately:
• The future of the NATO alliance
• Deforestation of the Amazon
• Political development in Afghanistan
• The use of sanctions as an effective tool of diplomacy
• Political development in Venezuela
• The threat of nuclear proliferation
• The status of Palestinian refugees
• Nigerian political instability
• Economic development in El Salvador
• Support for Saudi Arabia in light of human rights concerns
• Military aid to Egypt
• Military aid to Ukraine
• Turkey’s membership in NATO
Step 2 - Gathering Sources
Conduct research to locate
three academic journal articles
(aka: peer-reviewed or scholarly sources) that specifically address issues within the foreign policy relationship you selected and meet the following criteria:
•
The articles must be no more than ten (10) years old
.
•
The article must have more than five (5) pages of actual content (without graphs, charts, footnotes, citations, etc.).
•
Books will not count toward the scholarly source minimum requirements.
• Carefully choose sources that provide a variety of perspectives on your selected topic.
• In addition to the minimum research requirements, you should use high quality sources for essential current events information relevant to your topic. These may include academic sources that are not peer-reviewed (position papers), newspaper articles, magazine articles, and other quality or reputable sources.
• The course textbook, encyclopedias (including Wikipedia), and almanacs, are reference materials and are
not to be listed as sources on the collegiate level
.
Step 3 – The Proposal
Submit a one to two page proposal to the appropriate dropbox by the date specified in the course calendar. The proposal must:
• Identify the topic in one or two paragraphs:
Summarize the foreign policy topic you will be addressing
Describe the current status of the policy or topic
Describe why this policy is important to the United States
Cite each of your academic journal articles at least once in the paragraph using correct MLA in-text citations.
• Include the Works Cited or Reference section with the three (at a minimum) peer-reviewed academic journal articles that will .
Although ADHD is often associated with children, this disorder is di.docxADDY50
Although ADHD is often associated with children, this disorder is diagnosed in clients across the lifespan. While many individuals are properly diagnosed and treated during childhood, some individuals who have ADHD only present with subsyndromal evidence of the disorder. These individuals are often undiagnosed until they reach adulthood and struggle to cope with competing demands of running a household, caring for children, and maintaining employment. For this Discussion, you consider how you might assess and treat individuals presenting with ADHD.
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all work will be APA Format. the assignment requires a contemporary .docxADDY50
all work will be APA Format. the assignment requires a contemporary approach addressing race, gender, and crime. All work will include an introduction and a cogent thesis. The literature review will include a body of knowledge inclusive of in text citations, and supporting relevant references. The paper should end with discussions that highlight the future of the CJS. The assignment will consist of 2000 words. A reference page along with 6 peer reviewed references.
.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ambush Predation of Stingless Bees (Tetragoniscaangustula) b.docx
1. Ambush Predation of Stingless Bees (Tetragonisca
angustula) by the Solitary-Foraging Ant
Ectatomma tuberculatum
Madeleine M. Ostwald1 & Selina A. Ruzi2 & Kaitlin M.
Baudier1
Received: 30 June 2018 /Revised: 12 August 2018 /Accepted:
15 August 2018 /
Published online: 29 August 2018
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer
Nature 2018
Abstract
Social insect colonies are high-value foraging targets for
insectivores, prompting the
evolution of complex colony defensive adaptations as well as
specialized foraging
tactics in social insect predators. Predatory ants that forage on
other social insects
employ a diverse range of behaviors targeted at specific prey
species. Here, we describe
a solitary foraging strategy of the ant Ectatomma tuberculatum,
on nest guards of the
stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula. We observed multiple
instances of
E. tuberculatum ambushing and successfully capturing the
hovering and standing
guards of T. angustula near nest entrances. The unique hovering
behavior of the guard
caste of this bee species, an adaptation to frequent
cleptoparasitism by other stingless
2. bees, may make these guards particularly vulnerable to ground-
based, ambush attacks
by E. tuberculatum. Likewise, the behavior of the foraging ants
appears to adaptively
exploit the defensive formations and activity patterns of these
bees. These observations
suggest an adaptive and targeted predatory strategy aimed at
gathering external guard
bees as prey from these heavily fortified nests.
Keywords Sit-and-wait . bee eating . selva ant . jataí . abejas
angelitas
Introduction
Predatory foraging strategies can broadly be placed into two
categories based on the
energy expended while looking for food: sit-and-wait versus
active foraging (Schoener
1971). Social insects further vary in active foraging strategies
by either foraging
Journal of Insect Behavior (2018) 31:503–509
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-018-9694-9
* Kaitlin M. Baudier
[email protected]
1 School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe,
AZ, USA
2 Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology,
University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10905-018-
9694-9&domain=pdf
3. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8450-3788
mailto:[email protected]
solitarily or using mass recruitment to overcome either large or
numerous prey
(Gotwald Jr 1995; Matsuura and Sakagami 1973; O'Donnell et
al. 2005). However,
such group-foraging behaviors often preclude these species
from successfully preying
upon a vigilant and well-defended target. Many social insects
that rely on solitary
stealth maneuvers have evolved behavioral strategies for
overcoming this challenge
(Matsuko 1984; Gronenberg 1996; Jackson and Pollard 1996;
Murphy and Patek
2012). For example, Ectatomma ruidum are facultatively
solitary foragers, enabling
the use of a prolonged stealth approach to capture food items
from heavily defended
colonies of other social insects (Lima and Antonialli-Junior
2013; McGlynn et al. 2015;
Schatz and Wcislo 1999).
Ectatomma tuberculatum hunt for a wide variety of live insects,
with social insects
comprising a large portion of returning forager prey items
(Wheeler 1986). This
apparent preference for feeding on social insects is also
common in other species of
Ectatomma (Lima and Antonialli-Junior 2013; Schatz and
Wcislo 1999). Individual
behavioral specialization on different foraging strategies has
been demonstrated in
Ectatomma ruidum, where foragers may preferentially perform
either Btypical
4. foraging^ or Bthievery^ (McGlynn et al. 2015). Ambush
predation entails similar
behaviors and may represent another valuable foraging strategy
employed by a behav-
ioral sub-caste of Ectatomma foragers. Though ambush
predation at the nest entrances
of social insects has been observed for at least one other
Ectatomma species (Schatz
and Wcislo 1999), this behavior is previously unreported at the
heavily defended nests
of the stingless bee, Tetragonisca angustula.
Social insect nests can be a high-quality resource for
insectivores, selecting for
strong nest defense in many species (Shorter and Rueppell
2012; Tian and Zhou 2014).
Specialized nest-entrance guarding in the stingless bee T.
angustula is also selected for
by inter-colonial cleptoparasitism by both conspecific and
heterospecific bees (Bowden
et al. 1994; Grüter et al. 2011, 2016, 2017; van Zweden et al.
2011; Wittmann 1985;
Wittmann et al. 1990). However, the environments in which
these nest-guarding
behaviors evolved are biodiverse and include ground-based
threats as well as airborne.
Colonies of T. angustula defend themselves from insect
invaders at night by physically
closing their wax and resin nest-entrance tubes (Roubik 2006).
During the day,
T. angustula colonies deploy a mixture of standing and hovering
guard bees to defend
the open tube when the colony is actively foraging (Hammel et
al. 2016; Kärcher and
Ratnieks 2009). Here we present novel observations of E.
tuberculatum ambushing and
5. capturing winged prey at the heavily-defended nest entrances of
the stingless bee
T. angustula. We further discuss how predation by solitary
ambush predators such as
E. tuberculatum may be an under-evaluated cost of foreign-bee
nest guarding by
T. angustula.
Observations
Ambush Tactics
Ectatomma tuberculatum foragers were observed at two nests of
T. angustula. The first
nest was located in a gap in the trunk of a tree approximately 1
m above the ground
near Agua Salud, in Soberania National Park, Panama (09.217°,
−79.783°), and was
504 Journal of Insect Behavior (2018) 31:503–509
observed on 17 January 2013. During a 5-min observation
period, two to three workers
of E. tuberculatum stood close to the T. angustula nest entrance
tube (Fig. 1a). These
workers stood upright (front legs extended) with their
mandibles open and antennae
Fig. 1 a Two Ectatomma tuberculatum foragers in waiting
posture at the nest entrance of Tetragonisca
angustula colony in Agua Salud. b An E. tuberculatum forager
gradually approaching standing guards of
T. angustula from the side of the nest entrance in Gamboa. c A
single E. tuberculatum in waiting posture near
6. the nest entrance of the Gamboa colony. d A forager of E.
tuberculatum returning to the nest while carrying a
captured T. angustula hovering guard
Journal of Insect Behavior (2018) 31:503–509 505
raised and extended in what will henceforth be referred to as
Bwaiting posture^ (Fig. 1
a&c). All workers angled their head away from the tree trunk
and one to two workers
stood with heads angled toward the standing guards. During the
short observation
period, beginning at approximately 14:00, ants did not attack or
capture bees.
The second colony was located 1.8 m above the ground in a
concrete electric meter
housing amidst a stand of trees along a fence line in Gamboa,
Panama (09.1164°,
−79.6991°), and was observed from 12 to 18 January 2018. On
all days when this
colony was observed, 1–2 workers of E. tuberculatum were
within 10 cm of the nest
entrance tube. Additionally, on several occasions, a third E.
tuberculatum could be seen
transiently walking on a vine approximately 15–20 cm above
the nest entrance tube.
These actively foraging ants would approach the nest gradually,
then stand for minutes
to hours within a few centimeters of the T. angustula nest
entrance tube with open
mandibles, antennae extended, and heads angled upwards
towards the flying hovering
guards or nearby standing guards. If a passing hovering guard
7. neared one of these ants in
waiting posture, the ant would lunge forward, rapidly closing its
mandibles. Twice on 12
January and twice on 13 January, E. tuberculatum were
observed slowly approaching
and making contact with the wax and resin nest entrance tube in
an apparent attempt to
retrieve one of the standing guards on the exterior of the tube.
Most of these attempts
were unsuccessful due to the evasion of T. angustula standing
guards, as they tempo-
rarily retreated into the nest or to the other side of the tube in
response (Fig. 1b).
Prey Capture
We observed four successful prey capture events at the Gamboa
colony; two of
guarding bees, one of a forager, and one scavenging of a dead
bee.
At 17:20 on 12 January 2018, two E. tuberculatum workers had
been intermittently
standing near the entrance tube for over 30 mins when a T.
angustula hovering guard
landed near the nest entrance tube and then proceeded to walk
towards the two ants.
The nearest ant ran towards the guard bee and grasped hold of
its thorax. This was
quickly followed by the E. tuberculatum stinging the guard bee
twice, immobilizing it,
and then retreating with this captured prey (Fig. 1d).
At 11:30 on 15 January 2018, during a period of heightened
flight activity near the
entrance of the T. angustula nest, the entrance tube was being
8. patrolled by approxi-
mately 10 hovering guards. A lone E. tuberculatum worker in
waiting posture approx-
imately 1.5 cm from the nest tube began lunging and biting at
the hovering guard bees.
Eventually, one hovering guard strayed too near to the waiting-
postured ant and was
grasped by the thorax, stung, and carried away.
At 13:40 on 18 January 2018, a T. angustula forager was blown
to the side of the
nest entrance tube by a sudden gust of wind while returning to
the colony, causing
increased proximity to the wall beside the tube. A nearby E.
tuberculatum worker in
waiting posture lunged forward, grasped the forager out of the
air, then proceeded to
sting and carry away the immobilized bee.
At 11:08 on 15 January 2018, a lone E. tuberculatum forager
approached the nest
entrance tube, which was devoid of standing guards at the time.
The ant antennated the
tube at its base, rapidly locating and retrieving a single dead T.
angustula hanging from
the side of the tube. We speculate that this dead bee was
incompletely removed from
the nest by an undertaker.
506 Journal of Insect Behavior (2018) 31:503–509
Diurnal Foraging Pattern and Success Rate
To quantify ant and bee activity at the Gamboa colony, we
9. recorded the number of
E. turberculatum and T. angustula present every two hours from
08:00 to 18:00 on 12
January 2018, and from 07:00 to 21:00 on 13 January 2018.
Ectatomma tuberculatum
presence at the nest coincided with mid-day peak diurnal T.
angustula activity, with
foraging ants reliably appearing at the stingless bee nest
entrance from 11:00 to 15:00
each day. However, only one or two E. tuberculatum were
present within 10 cm of the
stingless bee nest entrance at any given point in time.
We also recorded four hours of high resolution video of the
Gamboa colony nest
entrance from 11:00 to 13:00 on 15 January 2018 and from
12:18 to 14:18 on 18
January 2018. Ectatomma tuberculatum foragers were within 10
cm of the nest for a
total of 1.84 h out of this 4 h of observation. Ants were only
observed in waiting
posture within 10 cm of the nest. Length of time an individual
spent motionless in a
single waiting posture position varied from 49 s to 28 mins,
with average waiting
posture duration of 6.77 mins. 1.69 cumulative hours across
ants was spent motionless
in waiting posture, resulting in the capture of 3 prey items (1
scavenged dead bee, 2
aerial live captures; the fourth capture was observed but not
video recorded). We
therefore observed a success rate of approximately 1 live bee
capture per every
50.8 min an ant spent in waiting posture.
Following the end of these observations, we paint marked two
10. E. tuberculatum
foragers seen simultaneously in waiting posture at the Gamboa
T. angustula nest
entrance using oil-based paint pens (Sharpie®). We observed
only unmarked ants
foraging at similar mid-day frequencies on three subsequent
days, indicating either that
our markings did not persist, or that foraging at this one
stingless bee nest was
accomplished by groups of E. tuberculatum larger than two.
Lack of Threat Detection by Bees
We never observed a stingless bee attacking E. tuberculatum.
However, on 15 January
2018 at 11:00, we observed standing guards avoid contact with
an approaching
E. tuberculatum forager at the nest entrance. As the foraging ant
contacted the base
of the nest entrance tube, 4 standing guards on the side of the
tube near the ant either
retreated into the nest or moved to the other side of the tube.
Application of a freeze-
killed E. tuberculatum to a naïve colony elicited a behavioral
response in only one of
two colonies tested. In the case of the responsive colony, two
standing guards retreated
into the nest following contact of the dead E. tuberculatum with
the tube. However, a
similar proportion of bees retreated into the nest of the reactive
colony when the nest
tube was contacted with a bit of wire or forceps. This did not
suggest olfactory
recognition of ant E. tuberculatum threat so much as response to
vibrational disturbance
of the nest tube.
11. Interpretations and Implications
Defense tactics of T. angustula are adapted to identify and
neutralize aerial nest-
invasion threats, presumably due to nest robbing by
conspecifics as well as various
Journal of Insect Behavior (2018) 31:503–509 507
other species (Grüter et al. 2011, 2017). However, by sending in
ambush parties in
small numbers, and by attacking guard bees rather than
attempting nest invasion,
E. tuberculatum ambush predators appear to go relatively
undetected. The behavior
represents a potentially important cost to nest guarding for T.
angustula and is an
especially effective strategy for E. tuberculatum foraging at
stingless bee nests.
The foraging of E. tuberculatum at nest entrances of T.
angustula appears to be
generally a low-cost strategy. While standing in waiting posture
for long periods of time
is not an overtly energetically expensive behavior, time
investment of individual
E. tuberculatum workers is substantial. However, it may be
advantageous for a small
number of unoccupied foragers to wait at social insect nest
entrances for infrequent but
high pay-offs as opposed to similarly standing still within the
nest. Additionally,
although E. tuberculatum is reported to be a predominantly
12. nocturnal forager in the
region of this study (McCluskey 1987; Wheeler 1986), we
observed diurnal predation
that coincided with bee flight activity. This pattern suggests
that E. tuberculatum
feeding at T. angustula nests is unlikely to be the result of an
opportunistic encounter,
and instead likely represents a targeted foraging strategy.
This time investment in solitary ambush foraging for social
insect prey is not without
precedent in the genus Ectatomma. For example, Ectatomma
ruidum foragers that
similarly wait at nest entrances of the sweat bee Lasioglossum
umbripenne have
approximately a 35% success rate per hour (Schatz and Wcislo
1999), substantially
lower than the hourly success rate estimated here. Even so,
sweat bees make up as
much as 48% of prey intake for E. ruidum colonies in close
vicinity of nests (Schatz
and Wcislo 1999). Stingless bees may similarly be an important
source of nutrition to
E. tuberculatum colonies when available. Although E.
tuberculatum have been ob-
served previously in waiting posture at nest entrances of the
sweat bee Megalopta
genalis (Smith et al. 2003), there have been no previous
accounts of successful prey
capture, likely due to the relatively larger size of M. genalis.
Together with our reports
of E. tuberculatum successfully capturing both standing and
flying prey at T. angustula
nests, these observations suggest that ambush predation of
tropical bee nests may
represent an adaptive and highly successful foraging strategy
13. for E. tuberculatum
colonies.
Acknowledgments We thank the Smithsonian Tropical Research
Institute and the community of Gamboa,
particularly Hermogenes Fernandez-Marin, for field support and
access to nests; Stephen Pratt, Ted Pavlic,
Jennifer Fewell and David Roubik for useful discussion; and
Andrew Suarez for comments on an earlier
version of the manuscript. Permits for this work were issued by
the Panamanian Ministry of the Environment
(MIAMBIANTE) to KMB. Funding was provided by contract
number FA8651-17-F-1013 from the United
States Air Force/Eglin AFB/FL.
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Ambush Predation of Stingless Bees (Tetragonisca angustula)
by the Solitary-Foraging Ant �Ectatomma
tuberculatumAbstractIntroductionObservationsAmbush
TacticsPrey CaptureDiurnal Foraging Pattern and Success
RateLack of Threat Detection by BeesInterpretations and
ImplicationsReferences
17. Project 2: Accounting for Managers
Step 5: Prepare Executive Summary
INBOX (1 NEW EMAIL)
From: Frank Marinara, MCS Senior Partner
To: You
Now that you’re at the end of your project with Choice Hotels,
please prepare an executive summary based on your analysis
and recommendations from the previous steps. This executive
summary, along with citations for any sources you use, should
be about one page in length. Within your executive summary,
you may also want to include an optional reflection on what you
could have done better on the Choice Hotels project and how
you plan to improve on future projects.
Post your executive summary in the submission folder located
in the final step of this project.
The executive summary should demonstrate your ability to think
critically. This is your chance to be recognized for your
knowledge in the accounting and finance field.
Thanks for your continued efforts.
Best,
Frank