PREDATOR - Eocanthecona furcelluta

1. PRESENTED BY –
SHILPA C
BA1TAE071
Eocanthecona furcellata - THE PREDATOR
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2. WHAT IS A PREDATOR ????
An insect which feed upon other prey/pest
(egg/larvae/adult)that is usually smaller and weaker
than itself .
WHY DO WE NEED PREDATOR ????
These are entomophagous insects, benificial insects
(one of the component of IPM - biological
control),which by predatism kills the pest and put
down the pest population and protects the crop from
pest causing economic damage to crop.
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3. Eocanthecona furcellata - THE PREDATOR
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4. Preferred scientific name –
Eocanthecona furcellata (wolff)
Other scientific name –
Canthecona furcellata Wolff
Cantheconidea furcellata Wolff
Taxonomic Tree –
Domain :Eukaryota
Kingdom :Metazoa
Phylum :Arthropoda
Class :Insecta
Order:Hemiptera
Suborder :Heteroptera
Family : Pentatomidae
Genus : Eocanthecona
Species :furcellata
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5. DISTRIBUTION MAP –
South east Asian countries –India ,Thailand, Indonasia,
Taiwan and parts of Japan
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7. Eocanthecona furcellata is a polyphagous predator
Achaea janata Atlacus atlas
Euproctis similis Hyblaea purea
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8. Eutectona machaeralis Henosepilachna
vigintioctopunctata
Limacodid larva Omiodes indicata Maruca vitrata
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9. Orgyia
turbata
Pieris rapae Plutella xylostella
Spilarctia obliqua Trichoplusia
ni
Podontia
lutea
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Spodoptera
exiqua
Spodoptera
litura
Spodoptera
frugiperda
Helicoverpa
armigera
Spodoptera
littoralis

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TYPE OF MOUTH – PIERCING AND SUCKING
 In hemipterans , their is a beak which is modified mandibles and maxillae
form the stylets which is sheathed within labium
 Outer stylets are derived from mandibles –used for piercing
Inner stylets are derived from maxillae- used for sucking by inserting into
punctures caused by mandibles.
 Maxillae is double grooved on the inner surface , when held together froms
channel .
The ventral salivary channel - outward movement of saliva.
The dorsal food channel – inward movement of liquid food.
 Both the channels are powered by subsantial dilator muscles in the head.
 The beak is usually folded under the body when not in use
 They inject enzymes ( amylases ,polygalacturonase , proteinases)to begin
digestion extraorally.

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 By : C.J. Khune and D.R.Ganvir.
International Journal of Researches in Biosciences,Agriculture and
Technology , Vol II , Issue( 7 ), Nov 2015 : 234-238.
Topic : Biology and predatory nature of stink bug : E.furcellata a major
pest of tasar silkworm ,Antheraea mylitta , in Vidarbha region of
Maharastra ,India
 From this we can know the life cycle , biology of E.
furcellata
E.furcellata
Egg
Nymph
(V
instar)
Adult

19. Egg :
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 Freshly laid eggs are round in
shape , milky white in colour,
later upper portion turns silvery
in colour.
 Before hatching the eggs are
reddish in colour.
 Incubation period :8-10 days
 Single egg measured : 1 mm in
length.

20. Nymph : (15-25 days , Avg 20 days)
1 st instar
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 Duration : 3-5 days.
 Measures : 1 mm in length.
 Nymph hatched by breaking
the dorsal surface of egg.
 Newly hatched nymphs are
reddish yellow in colour,
which slowly turned to
blackish red.
 Neonates were gregarious in
nature.
 These feed on 1st and 2 nd
instar larvae.

21. 2 nd instar
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 Duration :3-5 days.
 Measures : 2.3 mm.
 Gregarious in nature.
 Red in colour.
 Feeds on 1 st and 2 nd
instar larvae till the
larvae die.

22. 3 rd instar
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 Duration : 2-4 days.
 Measures : 4.5 mm.
 Dark red in colour.
 Solitary in nature.
 Feed on 1 st, 2 nd , and 3rd
instar larvae .

23. 4 th instar
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 Duration : 3-5 days.
 Measures :7.3 mm.
 Solitary in nature.
 Dark red with some
yellow , white lining
observed on dorsal
surface.
 Suck from haemolymph
from 3rd and onwards
larvae.

24. 5 th instar
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 Duration : solitary in
nature.
 Measures : 8.2 mm.
 Feed more than other
instar , sometimes it feed
on larvae engaged with
cocoon formation/ going
to pupa stage.

25. Adult
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Male :
 Duration : 11-24 days ,
Avg 18 days.
 Measures : 10.7 mm.
 More active than female.
 Smaller than female.
Female:
 Duration : 24-32 days.
 Measures : 12.9 mm.
 Larger than males.

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 For sucking
haemolymph of the
host larvae the adult
of E.furcellata
approach slowly from
back side of larvae
and insect pierce the
rostrum and suck the
sap.

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Mating behaviour and oviposition
 Mating duration : 10-13 hr.
 Newly emerged adult cannot copulate
immediately, pre copulation period varied
from 5-7 days.
 Male adult responded to female call and
move slowly with vibrating wings.
 Male adult bug climb over on female with
vibrating wing.
 Then both the sexes remained stationary in
opposite direction in end to end direction
 Female mated only once in her lifetime, but
sometime twice.
 Female oviposited after sometime of
copulation.
 Eggs were laid in 3-4 rows in small batches
.
 Oviposition :11-19 days.
 Egg laying capacity : 17-45eggs /batch.
125- 384 eggs/female.

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Result :
 Total life span of male : 26-50 days
female : 39-58 days.
Advantages of E . furcellata
 Can be easily reared in the laboratory
 Nymph and adult live of long duration ,so they can feed
upon more pest population
 Has more egg laying capacity for building up population

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MASS REARING OF E .furcellata ( 1 )
Journal of entamology and zoology studies 2016:4(3):338-340
By E Arockia lenin and S Jesu rajan
Topic – Biology of predatory bug Eocanthecona furcellata Wolff on
Corcyra cephalonica Staintion ( Rice meal moth )
Biology of E.furcellata has been done on many insect pest ,but there is no report
on the laboratory host Corcyra cephalonica
Observation:
 Adult predators have not preferred more larvae than nymphal instar .
 Hence , Corcyra cephalonica can be used as an alternative host to rear
N1 ,N2, N3, N4, N5 instar than adult of E . furcellata when main host is not
available

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MASS REARING OF E .furcellata ( 2 )
Journal of entomology and zoology studies 2018:6(2):3007-3010
By K Vanitha ,T N Raviprasad , and V Shewtha
Topic – Life cycle of Eocanthecona furcellata Wolff a predatory
bug in cashew plantation, upon rearing on wax moth larvae.
Conclusion :
 That wax moth larvae can be very well used as prey insects for successful mass
rearing of E .furcellata.
 The characters like shorter life cycle , higher fecundity , high survival and
feasibility of group rearing of E. furcellata are favourable features for
biocontrol agents especially as predators.
 Hence , these are suitable for biological control programmes of leaf and
flower eating caterpillar of cashew and could be integrated in possible IPM .

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 By R Senrayan
Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.),vol.97,No. 4 ,July 1998, pp339-345
Topic – Functional response of E .furellata in relation to its prey density and defence with
reference to its prey Latoia lepida
1. Prey consumption rate by the predator at different prey densities.
2. Influence of prey defence on functional response of the predator.
Observation :
 E .furcellata is an active predator and it attacks the prey in spite of violent resistence of
prey
 Prey density – the total time (t) during which prey are exposed to predation
=20 days
the number of prey killed increases with the prey density (x) = 32
Prey
consumed(
y)
I instar II instar III instar IV instar V instar
Defenseless
prey
91 69 52 42 34
Free prey 90 68 45 35 29

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 Prey defence –
K – maximum predation at highest prey density
x –prey density
y –prey consumed at time t
x/y – attack ratio
b – total time taken by predator to consume its prey
a- searching time
• Unlike defenseless larvae the free larvae showed resistence
especially during mature stages.
• The b value increases from early to mature stage of the prey
and from defenceless to free larvae.(i.e .Greater time taken by
the predator to paralyse the larger prey )
• The a value is reduced in free prey as compared to defenseless
prey(i.e no movement /vibration is produced) and from early to
mature prey ( i.e preadtor search harder to find food at early
stages due to hunger)

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 By : Khin Thein Nyunt
Ph. D degree Georg –August University Gottingen , Germany
Topic – Potential of predatory pentatomid E .furcellata as biocontrol agent on
American bollworm in cotton in Myanmar
1. Testing the effect of host plant on the oviposition preference and larvae
performance of Helicoverpa armigera
 Chickpea, cotton tomato and wild cabbage plants were used
 Highest no. of eggs were laid on chickpea>tomato>cotton>cabbage.
 Best performance of H.a was recorded on
artificial diet>wild cabbage>cotton >chickpea > tomato.
2. Testing predation efficiency of E. Furcellata on H.armigera
 From different host plants cabbage , cotton ,chickpea tomato and larvae was
reared on artificial diet
 Majority of E .furcellata (30-60%) approached toward cotton plant for eating
H.a larvae.
 Diet >cabbage > cotton >chickpea>tomato

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3.Evaluating the effect of temperature and prey density on predation
efficiency E.furcellata.
 Development time and predation efficiency
 3 temperature (250c, 300c,350c)
8 prey density (1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10)
4 extreme temperature (150c,200c,370c,400c)
 Development time was shorter @ 350c
Highest predation rate @ 300c in 5 th instar
 Developmental time α prey density
 Prey consumption α I / prey density
 E.furcellata could not survive at extreme temperature 150c and 400c
 E.furcellata unable to lay eggs at 200c
 No viable offsprings were recorded in 4 extereme temperature.

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4.Testing the prey searching and feeding behavior of
E.furcellata under lab and greenhouse condition (on
DBM and ABW)
 3 condition –normal plan, wounded condition,insect
infected plant
 Searching time and feeding behavior ABM<DBM
5. Choice of E.furcellata - ABW is 43%
DBM is 30%

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 By :Kailiyarasi L, Ananthi Rachel Livingstone and Miracline S.F
International Journal of Recent Scientific Research , Vol.8,Issue,8,pp.19550-
19554,August,2017
Topic: The predatory behaviour of stink bug E . furcellata on eggs and grubs
of Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata .(hadda bettle)
Observation :
 When grubs were introduced into rearing cage of E.furcellata nymphs, the
process of feeding started by sucking the haemolymph of grubs continuously
skeletonising them.
 In case of prey egg ,holes were made at the top of egg surface and made them
into empty shell
 E.furcellata detected the prey by vibrations caused by feeding.
 E.furcellata responded to E- phytol ,which is produced by larvae when
feeding on the chlorophyll in their food plants.
 E.furcellata prefers to feed on larvae fed with the chlorophyll rich diet rather
than a chlorophyll poor diet.

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 By : Nancy Shophiya ,J. and Sahayaraj ,K.
International Journal of Current Research ,
Vol.6,Issue,10,pp.9052-9056,October ,2014
Topic : Biocontrol potential of entamophagous predator E.furcellata against
Pericallia ricini larvae .
Observation :
 Among all the life stages 3rd instar nymph consumed the least number of preys and
adult consumed maximum .
 3rd instar nymph consumed 2.8 preys and completed stadial period in 3.9 days.
4th instar nymph consumed 5.8 preys and completed stadial period in 5.4 days.
5th instar nymph consumed 7.3 preys and completed stadial period in 6.2 days.
 E.furcellata nymphs and adult selected their prey by visual stimuli, contact the prey
by antenna ,extended long ovoid like rostrum and rostral job over the prey , select a
suitable site for feeding, relaxed the body by extending forlegs sidewise and
without holding the prey suck the content .
 Select the location where no hairs are distributed .

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 By : A .N.Shylesha and Achanta srivika
Journal of Biological control ,32(3):209-211,2018
Topic :Natural occurance of predatory bugs E.furcellata and Andrellus
spinidens on Spodoptera frugiperda in maize and their potential
management of fall armyworm.
Observation :
 E.furcellata was observed during 38th and 39th standard meterological
week which coincided with 28-56 days of maize growth ,wherein the
population of fall army worm was severe.
 Field was infested with 2cp/plant.
 FAW incidence started from 15-16 day old crop at 34th week.
 Larva+ bug population @ 35th to 42th week.
 Mean population 4/m2 – 38th week
6/m2- 39th week
3/m2- 40th week

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 By : Shu-Jen-Tuan,Chih –Chun Yeh , Remzi Atlihan,and Hsin Chi
Journal of Economic Entomology Advance access ,September
15,2015
Topic : Linking life table and predation rate of biological control : A
comparative study of E .furcellata fed on Spodoptera litura and
Plutella xylostella.
Observation :
 It is not justified to conclude that predator is more efficient than
another predator solely based on a fast population growth rate /
higher predation rate .
 To improve the effectiveness of biological control quantify rates ,
stage difference , fecundity ,predation rate from birth to death.
 In order for biological control program to succed understanding of
growth , stage structure, fecundity of both prey and predator and
predation rate of predator.

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Plutella
xylostella.
Spodoptera
litura
Net reproduction rate
(Ro)
292.4 offspring 272.3 offspring
Intrinsic rate of
increase(r)
0.1389 /d 0.1220 /d
Finite rate 1.1490 /d 1.1298 /d
Net predation rate (Co) 644.1 3rd instar
of P.x
863.1 3rd instar
of S.l
Predation potential(w)
(growth rate * predation
rate)
1.4277 1.6029

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Result –
E .furcellata when fed on
1.Population growth rate of
Plutella xylostella > Spodoptera litura
2.Net predation rate
Plutella xylostella < Spodoptera litura
3.Finite predation rate
Plutella xylostella < Spodoptera litura
(1.4 prey/ day) (1.6 prey/day)
E .furcellata is more effective predator when preying on
Spodoptera litura than Plutella xylostella

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 By: R.K.Gupta , Mudasir Gani , P. Jasriti and K.Srivastava
Journal of the Internatioal Organisation for Biological
control,Vol.58,(2013),pp.543-552.
Topic : Development of predator E .furcellata on different proportions of
nucleopolyhedrovirus infected Spodoptera litura larvae and potential for
predator dissemination of virus in field
Observation:
 The present work aimed to determine the impact of
nucleopolyhedrosis virus on the development of E.furcellata and to
measure the effectivity of NPV discharge through its feaces.
 If the entomopathogen such as NPV is to be used for control of an
insect pest, one must first assess the impact of the pathogen on non
target beneficial insects.
 The reduced adult weight , longivity and fecundity of insects are of
greater concern as they are associated with reduced fitness which
would have long term negative impact on population dynamics .

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 Predator did not show significant loss in weight ,longivity and
fecundity when provided ≤ 50% proportion of infected prey in
lifetime meal .Thus, virus is not likely to have significant effect on
growth and development of E.furcellata in the field.
 The contribution of predators in baculovirus dissemination can only
be acertained by more extensive lab and field studies
 Although ingestion of more than 50% of NPV infected prey in
lifetime meals of E.furcellata could influence the body weight ,
fecundity,longitivity and egg hatchability , such effect appear to be
short team and do not sustain in the subsequent generation. Hence ,
adverse effects on the developmental biology of E.furcellata might
not occur in the field
Conclusion :
Field application of NPV at recommended dose will not lead to
deletarious effect on E.furcellata . Therefore , predator has the
potential to be used in IPM by predation as well as by dispersing the
pathogen.

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 By: Tetsya Yasduda and Sadoa Wakamura
Appl. Entomol,Zool.27 (2):303-305 (1992)
Topic : Rearing of the predatory stink bug ,E. Furcellata , on frozen larvae of
Spodoptera litura.
Observation :
 Developmental periods and survival rates no significant difference was observed
when nymphs reared on live and frozen larvae.
 Body weight and longitivities of adult bugs reared on frozen larvae were
significantly smaller than those reared on live prey.
 Reproduction of E.furcellata egg masses /female total eggs per female no
significant difference was observed , but egg hatability differed
 Adult reared on frozen larvae were generally smaller than those feeding on live
larvae.
 Hence , frozen larvae are suitable diets for E.furcellata rearing.
Note :
 Some E.furcellata were destroyed by S.litura larvae when bugs remained
dormant for few days before and after few hrs of moulting.
(i.e an additional merit of frozen prey is to avoid such losses of beneficial predator.

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