SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 29
Download to read offline
Prosocial Behavior
Altruism
• Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish
concern for the welfare of others.
Heroism
• Actions that involve courageous risk taking to
obtain a socially valued goal. An example
would be a dangerous act undertaken to save
the life of a stranger.
– Carnegie Hero Medal
– Ranges from life-saving acts of courage (saving
people from animals, criminals, fire, WWII
gentiles) to donating a kidney, joining the Peace
Corps, or volunteering to work overseas
w/Doctors of the World.
Diffusion of responsibility
• The idea that the amount of responsibility
assumed by bystanders in an emergency is
shared among them.
• Rather than increasing the odds that prosocial
behavior will occur, having multiple
bystanders decreases the odds. Rather than
apathy, a large no. of witnesses experience
diffusion of responsibility.
• Darley and Latane’ (1968)
Bystander Effect
• The fact that the likelihood of a prosocial
response to an emergency is affected by the
number of bystanders who are present.
– Kitty Genovese incident in the 1960s led
psychologists to find an explanation for why
multiple bystanders do not translate into multiple
helpers.
• Darley and Latane’ (1968), student choking experiment
Implicit Bystander Effect
• The decrease in helping behavior brought
about by simply thinking about being in a
group.
Five Steps that Determine Helping
Latane’ and Darley (1970)
• Noticing or failing to notice that something
unusual is happening
• Correctly interpreting an event as an
emergency
• Deciding that it is your responsibility to help
• Deciding that you have the needed
skills/knowledge
• Making the final decision to provide help
Darley and Batson (1973)
• Conducted a field study to test the importance
of the first step in the decision process
(noticing or failing to notice). Students training
for the clergy (especially likely to be helpful)
were instructed to walk across campus to give
a talk. On their way they passed a stranger
slumped in a doorway needing help. Three
conditions: were in no hurry (63% helped),
right on time (45%), late and needed to hurry
(10%).
Pluralistic Ignorance
• The tendency of bystanders in an emergency to
rely on what other bystanders do and say, even
though none of them is sure about what is
happening or what to do about it. Very often, all
of the bystanders hold back and behave as if
there is no problem. Each individual uses this
‘information’ to justify the failure to act.
• Rely on social comparison so we don’t
misinterpret a situation (smoke in the room
study)
Situational factors that affect helping
• Helping those you like
• Helping those who mimic us
• Helping those who are not responsible for
their problem
• Exposure to prosocial models increases
prosocial behavior
Emotions and Prosocial Behavior
• Generally we help more when we are in a
positive mood (research indicates people helped
more after listening to a comedian, finding small
amount of money or spending time outdoors),
but can also decrease helping b/c people in a
very good mood tend to interpret an ambiguous
situation as a non-emergency, and resist helping
if it involves something difficult or unpleasant.
• (reverse trends also seen w/negative mood)
Empathy and other personality
dispositions
• Empathy: A complex affective and cognitive
response to another person’s emotional
distress. Includes being able to feel the other
person’s emotional state, felling sympathetic
and trying to solve the problem and take
perspective of others.
• Personality Disposition: a characteristic,
behavioral tendency determined by genetics,
learning experiences, or both.
Empathy: Three types of Perspective
Taking
• Affective component present in infants as
young as 12 mths, as well as other primates.
Includes feeling sympathy—biological basis.
• Cognitive component uniquely human
– Perspective taking (three types)
• Imagine other perspective, pure empathy,
leads to altruism
• Imagine self, empathy + self-interest, may
interfere w/altruism
• Identifying w/fictional characters
How does empathy develop?
• Combination of biological differences and
differences in experience
• Heredity underlies both affective components,
but not cognitive, all born w/capacity for
empathy, experience determines if becomes a
vial part of self or fails to manifest
• secure attachment style, prosocial TV models,
parents (warm mother, family discusses
emotions/feelings of others in supportive
atmosphere)
Personality variables associated
w/prosocial behavior
• Altruistic personality: a combination of
dispositional variables associated with prosocial
behavior
– Empathy (responsible, tolerant, socialized,
conforming, self-controlled, able to make good
impressions)
– Belief in a just world (good behavior is
rewarded/right thing to do, personal rewards
from helping)
– Acceptance of social responsibility
– Internal locus of control
– Low egocentrism
Long-Term Commitment to Prosocial
Action
• Volunteering—commit time time and effort over
weeks, months, or longer. 87% of people 45 and
up volunteered time/money in 2003.
• Five steps in responding to emergency apply
• Motivated by importance of a given need. Whites
give most to help animals, environment and
emergency personnel. African Americans assist
the homeless, minority rights groups and
religious institutions.
Mandates, Altruism & Generativity
• Mandates from high schools and colleges to
increase volunteerism (feeling forced
decreases future interest for many students)
• Generativity: An adult’s concern for and
commitment to the well-being of future
generations (those high in generativity
become parents, teach young people, and
engage in acts that will have positive effects
beyond their own lifetime)
Self-Interest, Moral Integrity & Moral
Hypocrisy
• With good enough excuse (“It’s not my
responsibility,” “It’s her own fault” we can set
aside or disengage moral standards, and
convince ourselves there is no reason to help.
• We overestimate the frequency of our moral
actions and believe we are more selfless than
others
• Fairly easy for otherwise moral people to find
a reason not to act morally in varied situations
Motivation & Morality
• Three motives involved when a person is
faced with a moral dilemma to help/not help
someone
– Self-interest: motivated to engage in whatever
behavior provides greatest satisfaction
– Moral Integrity: motivated to be moral and
engage in moral behavior
– Moral Hypocrisy: motivated to appear moral while
doing one’s best to avoid the costs of actually
being moral
How does it feel to be helped?
• Being helped can be unpleasant: may have
reactions of discomfort, even resentment (a
physically impaired person may be reminded of
their impairment and feel depressed when help is
given). Self-esteem can suffer, especially if
helped by someone similar to you in age,
education or other characteristics.
• Stigmatized group member helped by
nonstigmatized group member, may be received
as patronizing
• Sibling help (ie- younger brother)
A helper is liked best when:
• The person receiving help believes that the help
was offered because of positive feelings toward
the individual in need, which evokes the
reciprocity norm, and the one who was helped is
motivated to reciprocate with a kind deed in the
future.
• When helping is based on someone’s role, such
as a police officer, or b/c helper would gain more
than he would lose from the deed, liking and
reciprocity is decreased.
When help is unpleasant, can motivate
self-help
• A positive aspect about feeling unhappy about
receiving help is that the person being helped
is motivated to avoid such a situation in the
future by engaging in self-help, which can
reduce feelings of incompetence and feelings
of dependence
Basic Motivation for Engaging in
Prosocial Acts
• Why are people motivated to help (rather
than who would help under what
circumstances).
• People attributed their helpfulness to
unselfish motives, but when asked why
someone else engaged in helpful behavior the
attributions are split between selfish and
unselfish motives. Motives actually explained
by a combination in the following theories:
Empathy-Altruism
It feels good to help others
This model says prosocial behavior is motivated
solely by the desire to help someone in need and
by the fact that it feels good to help. Such
motivation may be strong enough that helper is
willing to engage in unpleasant, dangerous or
even life-threatening activity. Compassion for
someone in need outweighs all other
considerations.
Selective Altruism: When many individuals are in
need, and only one individual is helped.
(thry unresolved regarding questions of “oneness”)
Negative-state relief model
• Prosocial behavior is motivated by the
bystander’s desire to reduce his or her
own uncomfortable negative emotions.
–Doesn’t matter if negative state was caused
by the emergency itself or was unrelated to
the emergency, in either case you are likely
to engage in prosocial acts to relieve your
negative state.
Empathic Joy Hypothesis
• Prosocial behavior is motivated by the positive
emotion a helper anticipates experiencing as
the result of having a beneficial impact on the
life of someone in need.
– Crucial to know his/her actions will have a positive
impact
– All three theories rest on the affective state of
helper, feeling better, or less bad, by helping
– Basis of other investigations point to self-interest
(expectation of reciprocation, rewards)
Genetic determinism model
• Proposal that behavior is driven by genetic
attributes that evolved because they
enhanced the probability of transmitting one’s
genes to subsequent generations.
• Inclusive fitness: the concept that natural
selection not only applies to individuals, but
also involves behaviors that benefit other
individuals with whom we share genes,
sometimes know as kin selection.
Prosocial Behavior
Prosocial Behavior

More Related Content

What's hot

Interpersonal attraction (social psychology)
Interpersonal attraction (social psychology)Interpersonal attraction (social psychology)
Interpersonal attraction (social psychology)aayushikarna
 
Attitude social psychology ppt
Attitude social psychology pptAttitude social psychology ppt
Attitude social psychology pptPrakriti Gupta
 
Aggression In Social Psychology
Aggression In Social Psychology Aggression In Social Psychology
Aggression In Social Psychology vibha yadav
 
Causes of aggression copy
Causes of aggression   copyCauses of aggression   copy
Causes of aggression copyRenju Chandran
 
Pro social behaviour social psychology
Pro social behaviour social psychologyPro social behaviour social psychology
Pro social behaviour social psychologyzahidismailbughlani
 
Interpersonal Attraction
Interpersonal AttractionInterpersonal Attraction
Interpersonal Attractionsantiniescolini
 
Social psychological theories of aggression - SLT A2
Social psychological theories of aggression - SLT A2Social psychological theories of aggression - SLT A2
Social psychological theories of aggression - SLT A2Jill Jan
 
Aggression - Social Psychology
Aggression - Social PsychologyAggression - Social Psychology
Aggression - Social PsychologyAilene Alea
 
Social Psychology: Deindividuation
Social Psychology: DeindividuationSocial Psychology: Deindividuation
Social Psychology: Deindividuationcncomeau
 
History of Social Psychology.pptx
History of Social Psychology.pptxHistory of Social Psychology.pptx
History of Social Psychology.pptxClaudineDayalo
 
Introduction to Social Psychology
Introduction to Social PsychologyIntroduction to Social Psychology
Introduction to Social PsychologyJames Neill
 
Social Psychology - Social Influence
Social Psychology - Social InfluenceSocial Psychology - Social Influence
Social Psychology - Social InfluenceSavipra Gorospe
 
Social Psychology: Review
Social Psychology: ReviewSocial Psychology: Review
Social Psychology: ReviewJames Neill
 
Chapter 2 Research Methodology In Social Psychology
Chapter 2 Research Methodology In Social PsychologyChapter 2 Research Methodology In Social Psychology
Chapter 2 Research Methodology In Social PsychologyMehran Rostamzadeh
 
Chapter 1 introducing social psychology
Chapter 1 introducing social psychologyChapter 1 introducing social psychology
Chapter 1 introducing social psychologyFaizaKhalid50
 

What's hot (20)

Social cognition
Social cognitionSocial cognition
Social cognition
 
Interpersonal attraction (social psychology)
Interpersonal attraction (social psychology)Interpersonal attraction (social psychology)
Interpersonal attraction (social psychology)
 
1 Introduction To Social Psychology
1 Introduction To Social Psychology1 Introduction To Social Psychology
1 Introduction To Social Psychology
 
Attitude social psychology ppt
Attitude social psychology pptAttitude social psychology ppt
Attitude social psychology ppt
 
Social perception
Social perceptionSocial perception
Social perception
 
Aggression In Social Psychology
Aggression In Social Psychology Aggression In Social Psychology
Aggression In Social Psychology
 
Causes of aggression copy
Causes of aggression   copyCauses of aggression   copy
Causes of aggression copy
 
Pro social behaviour social psychology
Pro social behaviour social psychologyPro social behaviour social psychology
Pro social behaviour social psychology
 
Interpersonal Attraction
Interpersonal AttractionInterpersonal Attraction
Interpersonal Attraction
 
Social psychological theories of aggression - SLT A2
Social psychological theories of aggression - SLT A2Social psychological theories of aggression - SLT A2
Social psychological theories of aggression - SLT A2
 
Aggression - Social Psychology
Aggression - Social PsychologyAggression - Social Psychology
Aggression - Social Psychology
 
Social Psychology: Deindividuation
Social Psychology: DeindividuationSocial Psychology: Deindividuation
Social Psychology: Deindividuation
 
History of Social Psychology.pptx
History of Social Psychology.pptxHistory of Social Psychology.pptx
History of Social Psychology.pptx
 
Prejudice (Social Psychology)
Prejudice (Social Psychology)Prejudice (Social Psychology)
Prejudice (Social Psychology)
 
Introduction to Social Psychology
Introduction to Social PsychologyIntroduction to Social Psychology
Introduction to Social Psychology
 
Social Psychology - Social Influence
Social Psychology - Social InfluenceSocial Psychology - Social Influence
Social Psychology - Social Influence
 
Social psychology
Social psychologySocial psychology
Social psychology
 
Social Psychology: Review
Social Psychology: ReviewSocial Psychology: Review
Social Psychology: Review
 
Chapter 2 Research Methodology In Social Psychology
Chapter 2 Research Methodology In Social PsychologyChapter 2 Research Methodology In Social Psychology
Chapter 2 Research Methodology In Social Psychology
 
Chapter 1 introducing social psychology
Chapter 1 introducing social psychologyChapter 1 introducing social psychology
Chapter 1 introducing social psychology
 

Similar to Prosocial Behavior

ALTRUISM AND HELPING OTHER SENSATION.pptx
ALTRUISM AND HELPING OTHER SENSATION.pptxALTRUISM AND HELPING OTHER SENSATION.pptx
ALTRUISM AND HELPING OTHER SENSATION.pptxHaniJaleel
 
Chapter 8 Pro-social Behaviour.docx
Chapter 8 Pro-social Behaviour.docxChapter 8 Pro-social Behaviour.docx
Chapter 8 Pro-social Behaviour.docxUneezaRajpoot
 
Chapter12
Chapter12Chapter12
Chapter12drellen
 
Helping others and prosocial behavior
Helping others and prosocial behaviorHelping others and prosocial behavior
Helping others and prosocial behaviorFathıma Thabsheera
 
lecture-9-prosocial-behaviour-1192604828567351-4.pptx
lecture-9-prosocial-behaviour-1192604828567351-4.pptxlecture-9-prosocial-behaviour-1192604828567351-4.pptx
lecture-9-prosocial-behaviour-1192604828567351-4.pptxPilloJeramy
 
Social psychology
Social psychologySocial psychology
Social psychologyErikaBeam
 
Helping behaivior.pptx
Helping behaivior.pptxHelping behaivior.pptx
Helping behaivior.pptxPilloJeramy
 
Prosocial behaviour and altruistic Behaviour Determinants
Prosocial behaviour and altruistic Behaviour DeterminantsProsocial behaviour and altruistic Behaviour Determinants
Prosocial behaviour and altruistic Behaviour DeterminantsDr. Neeta Gupta
 
Social psychology ppt
Social psychology pptSocial psychology ppt
Social psychology pptPavithra L N
 
Defeating the Bystander Effect - How to Act as a Good Samaritan During Emerge...
Defeating the Bystander Effect - How to Act as a Good Samaritan During Emerge...Defeating the Bystander Effect - How to Act as a Good Samaritan During Emerge...
Defeating the Bystander Effect - How to Act as a Good Samaritan During Emerge...GAURAV. H .TANDON
 
Prosocial Behavior
Prosocial BehaviorProsocial Behavior
Prosocial BehaviorNikhilRai62
 

Similar to Prosocial Behavior (20)

prosocialbehaviour
prosocialbehaviourprosocialbehaviour
prosocialbehaviour
 
ALTRUISM AND HELPING OTHER SENSATION.pptx
ALTRUISM AND HELPING OTHER SENSATION.pptxALTRUISM AND HELPING OTHER SENSATION.pptx
ALTRUISM AND HELPING OTHER SENSATION.pptx
 
Chapter 8 Pro-social Behaviour.docx
Chapter 8 Pro-social Behaviour.docxChapter 8 Pro-social Behaviour.docx
Chapter 8 Pro-social Behaviour.docx
 
Chapter12
Chapter12Chapter12
Chapter12
 
Helping others and prosocial behavior
Helping others and prosocial behaviorHelping others and prosocial behavior
Helping others and prosocial behavior
 
lecture-9-prosocial-behaviour-1192604828567351-4.pptx
lecture-9-prosocial-behaviour-1192604828567351-4.pptxlecture-9-prosocial-behaviour-1192604828567351-4.pptx
lecture-9-prosocial-behaviour-1192604828567351-4.pptx
 
Social psychology
Social psychologySocial psychology
Social psychology
 
10 social
10  social10  social
10 social
 
Helping behaivior.pptx
Helping behaivior.pptxHelping behaivior.pptx
Helping behaivior.pptx
 
Prosocial behavior
Prosocial behaviorProsocial behavior
Prosocial behavior
 
Prosocial behavior
Prosocial behaviorProsocial behavior
Prosocial behavior
 
Prosocial behaviour and altruistic Behaviour Determinants
Prosocial behaviour and altruistic Behaviour DeterminantsProsocial behaviour and altruistic Behaviour Determinants
Prosocial behaviour and altruistic Behaviour Determinants
 
Ch 8 altruism.ppt
Ch 8 altruism.pptCh 8 altruism.ppt
Ch 8 altruism.ppt
 
Altruism
AltruismAltruism
Altruism
 
Social psy ppt
Social psy   pptSocial psy   ppt
Social psy ppt
 
Social psychology ppt
Social psychology pptSocial psychology ppt
Social psychology ppt
 
Altruism Essay
Altruism EssayAltruism Essay
Altruism Essay
 
Altruism Essay
Altruism EssayAltruism Essay
Altruism Essay
 
Defeating the Bystander Effect - How to Act as a Good Samaritan During Emerge...
Defeating the Bystander Effect - How to Act as a Good Samaritan During Emerge...Defeating the Bystander Effect - How to Act as a Good Samaritan During Emerge...
Defeating the Bystander Effect - How to Act as a Good Samaritan During Emerge...
 
Prosocial Behavior
Prosocial BehaviorProsocial Behavior
Prosocial Behavior
 

More from Christie Barakat

Quiz: international students (cross-cultural psychology)
Quiz: international students (cross-cultural psychology)Quiz: international students (cross-cultural psychology)
Quiz: international students (cross-cultural psychology)Christie Barakat
 
Analyzing print ads (fidji perfume ad)
Analyzing print ads (fidji perfume ad)Analyzing print ads (fidji perfume ad)
Analyzing print ads (fidji perfume ad)Christie Barakat
 
Social Identification Theory
Social Identification TheorySocial Identification Theory
Social Identification TheoryChristie Barakat
 
Consumer Cultures, Advertising in American Society
Consumer Cultures, Advertising in American SocietyConsumer Cultures, Advertising in American Society
Consumer Cultures, Advertising in American SocietyChristie Barakat
 
Social Media Workshop, postgraduate
Social Media Workshop, postgraduateSocial Media Workshop, postgraduate
Social Media Workshop, postgraduateChristie Barakat
 
International business people
International business peopleInternational business people
International business peopleChristie Barakat
 
International Students (lecture notes)
International Students (lecture notes)International Students (lecture notes)
International Students (lecture notes)Christie Barakat
 
Stress, Coping and Adjustment
Stress, Coping and AdjustmentStress, Coping and Adjustment
Stress, Coping and AdjustmentChristie Barakat
 
Dimensions and Outcomes of Intercultural Contact
Dimensions and Outcomes of Intercultural Contact  Dimensions and Outcomes of Intercultural Contact
Dimensions and Outcomes of Intercultural Contact Christie Barakat
 

More from Christie Barakat (20)

Quiz: international students (cross-cultural psychology)
Quiz: international students (cross-cultural psychology)Quiz: international students (cross-cultural psychology)
Quiz: international students (cross-cultural psychology)
 
Refugees
RefugeesRefugees
Refugees
 
Analyzing print ads (fidji perfume ad)
Analyzing print ads (fidji perfume ad)Analyzing print ads (fidji perfume ad)
Analyzing print ads (fidji perfume ad)
 
International Students
International Students International Students
International Students
 
Social Identification Theory
Social Identification TheorySocial Identification Theory
Social Identification Theory
 
Stress & Coping Framework
Stress & Coping FrameworkStress & Coping Framework
Stress & Coping Framework
 
Culture Learning
Culture LearningCulture Learning
Culture Learning
 
Consumer Cultures, Advertising in American Society
Consumer Cultures, Advertising in American SocietyConsumer Cultures, Advertising in American Society
Consumer Cultures, Advertising in American Society
 
Cross Cultural Psy Intro
Cross Cultural Psy IntroCross Cultural Psy Intro
Cross Cultural Psy Intro
 
Ads & fads intro
Ads & fads introAds & fads intro
Ads & fads intro
 
Social Media Workshop, postgraduate
Social Media Workshop, postgraduateSocial Media Workshop, postgraduate
Social Media Workshop, postgraduate
 
Immigrants
ImmigrantsImmigrants
Immigrants
 
International business people
International business peopleInternational business people
International business people
 
International Students (lecture notes)
International Students (lecture notes)International Students (lecture notes)
International Students (lecture notes)
 
Reverse-Culture shock
Reverse-Culture shock Reverse-Culture shock
Reverse-Culture shock
 
Tourists
TouristsTourists
Tourists
 
Social Identity Theory
Social Identity TheorySocial Identity Theory
Social Identity Theory
 
Stress, Coping and Adjustment
Stress, Coping and AdjustmentStress, Coping and Adjustment
Stress, Coping and Adjustment
 
Culture Learning
Culture Learning Culture Learning
Culture Learning
 
Dimensions and Outcomes of Intercultural Contact
Dimensions and Outcomes of Intercultural Contact  Dimensions and Outcomes of Intercultural Contact
Dimensions and Outcomes of Intercultural Contact
 

Recently uploaded

Murder Hole Documentary - October 31, 2017
Murder Hole Documentary - October 31, 2017Murder Hole Documentary - October 31, 2017
Murder Hole Documentary - October 31, 2017Kim Epstein
 
ARTBOOK-SHADOW-OF-THE-COLOSSUS-PT-BR.pdf
ARTBOOK-SHADOW-OF-THE-COLOSSUS-PT-BR.pdfARTBOOK-SHADOW-OF-THE-COLOSSUS-PT-BR.pdf
ARTBOOK-SHADOW-OF-THE-COLOSSUS-PT-BR.pdfErianderson Oliveira
 
Jackpot Party Casino free coins And Spin
Jackpot Party Casino free coins And SpinJackpot Party Casino free coins And Spin
Jackpot Party Casino free coins And Spingameseotwo
 
Quizzar final draft for astronomy quiz(1).pptx
Quizzar final draft for astronomy quiz(1).pptxQuizzar final draft for astronomy quiz(1).pptx
Quizzar final draft for astronomy quiz(1).pptxhappycocoman
 
Quickly collect Bingo blitz free credits
Quickly collect Bingo blitz free creditsQuickly collect Bingo blitz free credits
Quickly collect Bingo blitz free creditsgameseotwo
 
MFreshersQuizTournament Prelims 2022.pdf
MFreshersQuizTournament Prelims 2022.pdfMFreshersQuizTournament Prelims 2022.pdf
MFreshersQuizTournament Prelims 2022.pdfhappycocoman
 
CATS: A Very Short Grafik Novel in Two Parts
CATS: A Very Short Grafik Novel in Two PartsCATS: A Very Short Grafik Novel in Two Parts
CATS: A Very Short Grafik Novel in Two Partsapfelshorle
 
Bollywood Quiz-12th March 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Bollywood Quiz-12th March 2024, Quiz Club NITWBollywood Quiz-12th March 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Bollywood Quiz-12th March 2024, Quiz Club NITWQuiz Club NITW
 
Dogs vs Cats Comics by Salty Vixen Stories & More
Dogs vs Cats Comics by Salty Vixen Stories & MoreDogs vs Cats Comics by Salty Vixen Stories & More
Dogs vs Cats Comics by Salty Vixen Stories & MoreSalty Vixen Stories & More
 
Bingo Bash Free Chips-Daily Free Links 2024
Bingo Bash Free Chips-Daily Free Links 2024Bingo Bash Free Chips-Daily Free Links 2024
Bingo Bash Free Chips-Daily Free Links 2024gameseotwo
 
Tollywood Quiz-14th March 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Tollywood Quiz-14th March 2024, Quiz Club NITWTollywood Quiz-14th March 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Tollywood Quiz-14th March 2024, Quiz Club NITWQuiz Club NITW
 
QUIZ_Indian history and politics....pptx
QUIZ_Indian history and politics....pptxQUIZ_Indian history and politics....pptx
QUIZ_Indian history and politics....pptxbasusubhodeep30
 
Best Verified 2 Best Black Magic Specialist Near Me Spiritual Healer Powerful...
Best Verified 2 Best Black Magic Specialist Near Me Spiritual Healer Powerful...Best Verified 2 Best Black Magic Specialist Near Me Spiritual Healer Powerful...
Best Verified 2 Best Black Magic Specialist Near Me Spiritual Healer Powerful...Amil baba
 
MADE IN CANADA MAG ISSUE 15 | MARCH 2024
MADE IN CANADA MAG ISSUE 15 | MARCH 2024MADE IN CANADA MAG ISSUE 15 | MARCH 2024
MADE IN CANADA MAG ISSUE 15 | MARCH 2024Made In Canada Hip Hop
 
Welcome Film Festival. New festival concept .Copenhagen Denmark
Welcome Film Festival. New festival concept .Copenhagen DenmarkWelcome Film Festival. New festival concept .Copenhagen Denmark
Welcome Film Festival. New festival concept .Copenhagen DenmarkEmergency Art
 
Script-Coronation of Tiguib Prince and Princess 2023.docx
Script-Coronation of Tiguib Prince and Princess 2023.docxScript-Coronation of Tiguib Prince and Princess 2023.docx
Script-Coronation of Tiguib Prince and Princess 2023.docxRenesCindyGelbero
 

Recently uploaded (16)

Murder Hole Documentary - October 31, 2017
Murder Hole Documentary - October 31, 2017Murder Hole Documentary - October 31, 2017
Murder Hole Documentary - October 31, 2017
 
ARTBOOK-SHADOW-OF-THE-COLOSSUS-PT-BR.pdf
ARTBOOK-SHADOW-OF-THE-COLOSSUS-PT-BR.pdfARTBOOK-SHADOW-OF-THE-COLOSSUS-PT-BR.pdf
ARTBOOK-SHADOW-OF-THE-COLOSSUS-PT-BR.pdf
 
Jackpot Party Casino free coins And Spin
Jackpot Party Casino free coins And SpinJackpot Party Casino free coins And Spin
Jackpot Party Casino free coins And Spin
 
Quizzar final draft for astronomy quiz(1).pptx
Quizzar final draft for astronomy quiz(1).pptxQuizzar final draft for astronomy quiz(1).pptx
Quizzar final draft for astronomy quiz(1).pptx
 
Quickly collect Bingo blitz free credits
Quickly collect Bingo blitz free creditsQuickly collect Bingo blitz free credits
Quickly collect Bingo blitz free credits
 
MFreshersQuizTournament Prelims 2022.pdf
MFreshersQuizTournament Prelims 2022.pdfMFreshersQuizTournament Prelims 2022.pdf
MFreshersQuizTournament Prelims 2022.pdf
 
CATS: A Very Short Grafik Novel in Two Parts
CATS: A Very Short Grafik Novel in Two PartsCATS: A Very Short Grafik Novel in Two Parts
CATS: A Very Short Grafik Novel in Two Parts
 
Bollywood Quiz-12th March 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Bollywood Quiz-12th March 2024, Quiz Club NITWBollywood Quiz-12th March 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Bollywood Quiz-12th March 2024, Quiz Club NITW
 
Dogs vs Cats Comics by Salty Vixen Stories & More
Dogs vs Cats Comics by Salty Vixen Stories & MoreDogs vs Cats Comics by Salty Vixen Stories & More
Dogs vs Cats Comics by Salty Vixen Stories & More
 
Bingo Bash Free Chips-Daily Free Links 2024
Bingo Bash Free Chips-Daily Free Links 2024Bingo Bash Free Chips-Daily Free Links 2024
Bingo Bash Free Chips-Daily Free Links 2024
 
Tollywood Quiz-14th March 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Tollywood Quiz-14th March 2024, Quiz Club NITWTollywood Quiz-14th March 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Tollywood Quiz-14th March 2024, Quiz Club NITW
 
QUIZ_Indian history and politics....pptx
QUIZ_Indian history and politics....pptxQUIZ_Indian history and politics....pptx
QUIZ_Indian history and politics....pptx
 
Best Verified 2 Best Black Magic Specialist Near Me Spiritual Healer Powerful...
Best Verified 2 Best Black Magic Specialist Near Me Spiritual Healer Powerful...Best Verified 2 Best Black Magic Specialist Near Me Spiritual Healer Powerful...
Best Verified 2 Best Black Magic Specialist Near Me Spiritual Healer Powerful...
 
MADE IN CANADA MAG ISSUE 15 | MARCH 2024
MADE IN CANADA MAG ISSUE 15 | MARCH 2024MADE IN CANADA MAG ISSUE 15 | MARCH 2024
MADE IN CANADA MAG ISSUE 15 | MARCH 2024
 
Welcome Film Festival. New festival concept .Copenhagen Denmark
Welcome Film Festival. New festival concept .Copenhagen DenmarkWelcome Film Festival. New festival concept .Copenhagen Denmark
Welcome Film Festival. New festival concept .Copenhagen Denmark
 
Script-Coronation of Tiguib Prince and Princess 2023.docx
Script-Coronation of Tiguib Prince and Princess 2023.docxScript-Coronation of Tiguib Prince and Princess 2023.docx
Script-Coronation of Tiguib Prince and Princess 2023.docx
 

Prosocial Behavior

  • 2. Altruism • Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
  • 3. Heroism • Actions that involve courageous risk taking to obtain a socially valued goal. An example would be a dangerous act undertaken to save the life of a stranger. – Carnegie Hero Medal – Ranges from life-saving acts of courage (saving people from animals, criminals, fire, WWII gentiles) to donating a kidney, joining the Peace Corps, or volunteering to work overseas w/Doctors of the World.
  • 4. Diffusion of responsibility • The idea that the amount of responsibility assumed by bystanders in an emergency is shared among them. • Rather than increasing the odds that prosocial behavior will occur, having multiple bystanders decreases the odds. Rather than apathy, a large no. of witnesses experience diffusion of responsibility. • Darley and Latane’ (1968)
  • 5. Bystander Effect • The fact that the likelihood of a prosocial response to an emergency is affected by the number of bystanders who are present. – Kitty Genovese incident in the 1960s led psychologists to find an explanation for why multiple bystanders do not translate into multiple helpers. • Darley and Latane’ (1968), student choking experiment
  • 6. Implicit Bystander Effect • The decrease in helping behavior brought about by simply thinking about being in a group.
  • 7. Five Steps that Determine Helping Latane’ and Darley (1970) • Noticing or failing to notice that something unusual is happening • Correctly interpreting an event as an emergency • Deciding that it is your responsibility to help • Deciding that you have the needed skills/knowledge • Making the final decision to provide help
  • 8. Darley and Batson (1973) • Conducted a field study to test the importance of the first step in the decision process (noticing or failing to notice). Students training for the clergy (especially likely to be helpful) were instructed to walk across campus to give a talk. On their way they passed a stranger slumped in a doorway needing help. Three conditions: were in no hurry (63% helped), right on time (45%), late and needed to hurry (10%).
  • 9. Pluralistic Ignorance • The tendency of bystanders in an emergency to rely on what other bystanders do and say, even though none of them is sure about what is happening or what to do about it. Very often, all of the bystanders hold back and behave as if there is no problem. Each individual uses this ‘information’ to justify the failure to act. • Rely on social comparison so we don’t misinterpret a situation (smoke in the room study)
  • 10. Situational factors that affect helping • Helping those you like • Helping those who mimic us • Helping those who are not responsible for their problem • Exposure to prosocial models increases prosocial behavior
  • 11. Emotions and Prosocial Behavior • Generally we help more when we are in a positive mood (research indicates people helped more after listening to a comedian, finding small amount of money or spending time outdoors), but can also decrease helping b/c people in a very good mood tend to interpret an ambiguous situation as a non-emergency, and resist helping if it involves something difficult or unpleasant. • (reverse trends also seen w/negative mood)
  • 12. Empathy and other personality dispositions • Empathy: A complex affective and cognitive response to another person’s emotional distress. Includes being able to feel the other person’s emotional state, felling sympathetic and trying to solve the problem and take perspective of others. • Personality Disposition: a characteristic, behavioral tendency determined by genetics, learning experiences, or both.
  • 13. Empathy: Three types of Perspective Taking • Affective component present in infants as young as 12 mths, as well as other primates. Includes feeling sympathy—biological basis. • Cognitive component uniquely human – Perspective taking (three types) • Imagine other perspective, pure empathy, leads to altruism • Imagine self, empathy + self-interest, may interfere w/altruism • Identifying w/fictional characters
  • 14. How does empathy develop? • Combination of biological differences and differences in experience • Heredity underlies both affective components, but not cognitive, all born w/capacity for empathy, experience determines if becomes a vial part of self or fails to manifest • secure attachment style, prosocial TV models, parents (warm mother, family discusses emotions/feelings of others in supportive atmosphere)
  • 15. Personality variables associated w/prosocial behavior • Altruistic personality: a combination of dispositional variables associated with prosocial behavior – Empathy (responsible, tolerant, socialized, conforming, self-controlled, able to make good impressions) – Belief in a just world (good behavior is rewarded/right thing to do, personal rewards from helping) – Acceptance of social responsibility – Internal locus of control – Low egocentrism
  • 16. Long-Term Commitment to Prosocial Action • Volunteering—commit time time and effort over weeks, months, or longer. 87% of people 45 and up volunteered time/money in 2003. • Five steps in responding to emergency apply • Motivated by importance of a given need. Whites give most to help animals, environment and emergency personnel. African Americans assist the homeless, minority rights groups and religious institutions.
  • 17. Mandates, Altruism & Generativity • Mandates from high schools and colleges to increase volunteerism (feeling forced decreases future interest for many students) • Generativity: An adult’s concern for and commitment to the well-being of future generations (those high in generativity become parents, teach young people, and engage in acts that will have positive effects beyond their own lifetime)
  • 18. Self-Interest, Moral Integrity & Moral Hypocrisy • With good enough excuse (“It’s not my responsibility,” “It’s her own fault” we can set aside or disengage moral standards, and convince ourselves there is no reason to help. • We overestimate the frequency of our moral actions and believe we are more selfless than others • Fairly easy for otherwise moral people to find a reason not to act morally in varied situations
  • 19. Motivation & Morality • Three motives involved when a person is faced with a moral dilemma to help/not help someone – Self-interest: motivated to engage in whatever behavior provides greatest satisfaction – Moral Integrity: motivated to be moral and engage in moral behavior – Moral Hypocrisy: motivated to appear moral while doing one’s best to avoid the costs of actually being moral
  • 20. How does it feel to be helped? • Being helped can be unpleasant: may have reactions of discomfort, even resentment (a physically impaired person may be reminded of their impairment and feel depressed when help is given). Self-esteem can suffer, especially if helped by someone similar to you in age, education or other characteristics. • Stigmatized group member helped by nonstigmatized group member, may be received as patronizing • Sibling help (ie- younger brother)
  • 21. A helper is liked best when: • The person receiving help believes that the help was offered because of positive feelings toward the individual in need, which evokes the reciprocity norm, and the one who was helped is motivated to reciprocate with a kind deed in the future. • When helping is based on someone’s role, such as a police officer, or b/c helper would gain more than he would lose from the deed, liking and reciprocity is decreased.
  • 22. When help is unpleasant, can motivate self-help • A positive aspect about feeling unhappy about receiving help is that the person being helped is motivated to avoid such a situation in the future by engaging in self-help, which can reduce feelings of incompetence and feelings of dependence
  • 23. Basic Motivation for Engaging in Prosocial Acts • Why are people motivated to help (rather than who would help under what circumstances). • People attributed their helpfulness to unselfish motives, but when asked why someone else engaged in helpful behavior the attributions are split between selfish and unselfish motives. Motives actually explained by a combination in the following theories:
  • 24. Empathy-Altruism It feels good to help others This model says prosocial behavior is motivated solely by the desire to help someone in need and by the fact that it feels good to help. Such motivation may be strong enough that helper is willing to engage in unpleasant, dangerous or even life-threatening activity. Compassion for someone in need outweighs all other considerations. Selective Altruism: When many individuals are in need, and only one individual is helped. (thry unresolved regarding questions of “oneness”)
  • 25. Negative-state relief model • Prosocial behavior is motivated by the bystander’s desire to reduce his or her own uncomfortable negative emotions. –Doesn’t matter if negative state was caused by the emergency itself or was unrelated to the emergency, in either case you are likely to engage in prosocial acts to relieve your negative state.
  • 26. Empathic Joy Hypothesis • Prosocial behavior is motivated by the positive emotion a helper anticipates experiencing as the result of having a beneficial impact on the life of someone in need. – Crucial to know his/her actions will have a positive impact – All three theories rest on the affective state of helper, feeling better, or less bad, by helping – Basis of other investigations point to self-interest (expectation of reciprocation, rewards)
  • 27. Genetic determinism model • Proposal that behavior is driven by genetic attributes that evolved because they enhanced the probability of transmitting one’s genes to subsequent generations. • Inclusive fitness: the concept that natural selection not only applies to individuals, but also involves behaviors that benefit other individuals with whom we share genes, sometimes know as kin selection.