This document discusses alternative system building approaches, including prototyping, application software packages, end-user development, and outsourcing. Prototyping involves quickly building an experimental system for demonstration. Application software packages are prewritten programs available for purchase. End-user development enables non-technical users to create reports and applications. Outsourcing uses an external vendor to operate an organization's information systems.

1. Alternative
System Building
Approach

2. System Concept
A System can be described simply as a set of
elements joined together for a common
objective.
Methodical or coordinated assemblage of
parts, facts, concepts. System is an established
or organized procedure.
Institute of Banking and Management Studies (IBMS) - MIS – 2011 - Prakash Dhakal

3. Alternative
System Building Approach
PROTOTYPING
APPLICATION SOFTWARE PACKAGES
END-USERS DEVELOPMENT
OUTSOURCING
And also System Life-Cycle is an Alternative System Building Approach.
It is a traditional methodology that uses a phased approach to build a system, dividing
systems development into formal stages, & corresponding to the stages of systems devt.
Each stage consists of basic activities that must be performed before the next stage can begin.

4. Alternative
System Building Approach
PROTOTYPING
Process of building an experimental system quickly and inexpensively for
demonstration and evaluation so that end users can better define
information requirements.
It is more explicitly iterative than the conventional life cycle and it actively
promotes system design changes.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE PACKAGES
END-USER DEVELOPMENT
OUTSOURCING

5. Alternative
System Building Approach
PROTOTYPING
APPLICATION SOFTWARE PACKAGES
It is a set of prewritten, pre-coded application software programs that are
commercially available for sale or lease.
The key criteria in evaluating application software packages are: functions;
flexibility, user-friendliness, hardware, software resources, database
requirements, documentation, vendor quality, and cost etc.
END-USER DEVELOPMENT
OUTSOURCING

6. Alternative
System Building Approach
PROTOTYPING
APPLICATION SOFTWARE PACKAGES
END-USER DEVELOPMENT
In End-User Development, the system is more likely to fill user requirements.
However, rapid prototyping can gloss over essential programming and
documentation steps.
Also, software tools called fourth-generation languages enable end users to create
reports or develop software applications with minimal or no technical assistance.
OUTSOURCING

7. Alternative
System Building Approach
PROTOTYPING
APPLICATION SOFTWARE PACKAGES
END-USER DEVELOPMENT
OUTSOURCING
Outsourcing means using an external vendor to operate a firm's information
systems. The system may be custom built or may use a software package.
In Outsourcing, the work is done by the vendor rather than by the organization's
internal information systems staff.

8. Prototyping
Prototyping is the process of building an experimental
system quickly and inexpensively for demonstration and
evaluation so that end users can better define
information requirements.
The prototype is a preliminary model that is refined until
it meets end-user requirements.

9. 4-Step Model on
Prototyping Process
1. IDENTIFY USER’S REQUIREMENTS
2. DEVELOP PROTOTYPE
3. USE PROTOTYPE
4. REVISE & ENHANCE PROTOTYPE
Best For Design of End-User
Interface: How end-user interacts
with system

10. Application
Software Packages
An application software package is a strategy in developing
an information system.
It is a set of prewritten, pre-coded application software
programs that are commercially available for sale or lease.
Features of Application Software Packages are:
1. Customization
2. Request for Proposal (RFO)

11. Features on
Software Packages
Customization allows a
package to be modified to
meet unique requirements Customization
without destroying the
Request for Proposal
integrity of the package
software.

12. Features on
Software Packages
RFP is a detailed list of
questions submitted to
vendors of packaged Customization
software.
Design activities focus on Request for Proposal
matching requirements to
package features

13. End Users
Development
It enable end users to create reports or develop software applications
with no technical assistance. In end-user development, software tools
are called fourth-generation languages.
There are seven categories of fourth-generation languages:
Application Generators PC Software Tools
Application Software Packages Query Languages
High Programming Languages Graphic Languages

14. End Users
Development
Improve requirement
determination as user Strengths
specify their own business
need. Weaknesses
Increase User Involvement Managing EUD
and Satisfaction
Reduce Application Backlog

15. End Users
Development
Relatively Inefficient -
Slow Transaction Processing - Strengths
May Carry High Cost -
Large File Can Degrade - Weaknesses
Performance - Managing EUD
May Limit Logic and -
Updating Requirement -

16. End Users
Development
INFORMATION CENTER:
Strengths
Special Facility Within
Weaknesses
Organization
Provides Training, Support Managing EUD
for End-User-Computing

17. Outsourcing
Using an external vendor to build or operate a firm's information
systems is known as outsourcing.
The system may be custom built or may use a software package.
Firms outsources because their internal information system staff
cannot keep pace with technological change
The provider of outsourcing services benefits from Economics of
Scale

18. Outsourcing
If firm won’t distinguish itself
by developing application (i.e. Use of Outsourcing
Payroll)
If existing system is Contracting
limited, ineffective, inferior .
Problems of Outsourcing
To improve the contribution
of IT to Business Performance

19. Outsourcing
COMPUTER CENTER OPERATIONS Use of Outsourcing
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
NETWORKS Contracting
APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT Problems of Outsourcing
TO EXTERNAL VENDORS

20. Outsourcing
INFORMATION CENTER:
Use of Outsourcing
Special Facility Within
Contracting
Organization
Provides Training, Support Problems of Outsourcing
for End-User-Computing

21. Thank You !