The document discusses alterations in hydrosaline metabolism, including:
1. Alterations can include changes in osmoregulation and the distribution of body fluids between intracellular and extracellular spaces.
2. Reduction of extracellular volume can cause weakness, fatigue and headaches due to loss of sodium and water. Increased extracellular volume can cause edema in declining body areas.
3. Hyponatremia, with a sodium level below 135 mEq/L, can cause cerebral edema and pulmonary edema. Hypernatremia, over 145 mEq/L, is usually due to limited urinary concentration capacity.
In medicine, diuretics are used to treat heart failure, liver cirrhosis, hypertension, influenza, water poisoning, and certain kidney diseases.
different major types of diuretic drug
1. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors2. Loop 3. Osmotic4. Potassium- sparing5. Thiazides
This PPT gives an idea to MBBS students about the Type of fluids, Calculating the daily requirements as well as the drop rate to be used in day today clinical practice.
Fluid and electrolyte management in surgical patients.KETAN VAGHOLKAR
Fluid and electrolyte management has to be aggressive. It is pivitol in speedy recovery in GI surgery. Changes should be anticipated and treated promptly. A detailed knowledge of this is essential for optimum management especially in the ICU.
Body fluid & electrolytes........Dr.Muhammad Anwarul Kabir,FCPS(Medicine)kabirshiplu
Body fluid & electrolyte disturbances are one of the critical but commonest problems in our day to day practices.This presentation helps to make a basic ideas dealing with dyselectrolytaemia
What is diuretics . Moa of action , types, classification ,uses ,ADR, side effects all are discusssed
A diuretic is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine. This includes forced diuresis. There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics increase the excretion of water from bodies, although each class does so in a distinct way.
In medicine, diuretics are used to treat heart failure, liver cirrhosis, hypertension, influenza, water poisoning, and certain kidney diseases.
different major types of diuretic drug
1. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors2. Loop 3. Osmotic4. Potassium- sparing5. Thiazides
This PPT gives an idea to MBBS students about the Type of fluids, Calculating the daily requirements as well as the drop rate to be used in day today clinical practice.
Fluid and electrolyte management in surgical patients.KETAN VAGHOLKAR
Fluid and electrolyte management has to be aggressive. It is pivitol in speedy recovery in GI surgery. Changes should be anticipated and treated promptly. A detailed knowledge of this is essential for optimum management especially in the ICU.
Body fluid & electrolytes........Dr.Muhammad Anwarul Kabir,FCPS(Medicine)kabirshiplu
Body fluid & electrolyte disturbances are one of the critical but commonest problems in our day to day practices.This presentation helps to make a basic ideas dealing with dyselectrolytaemia
What is diuretics . Moa of action , types, classification ,uses ,ADR, side effects all are discusssed
A diuretic is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine. This includes forced diuresis. There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics increase the excretion of water from bodies, although each class does so in a distinct way.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
1. UNIVERSIDAD TECNICA DE MACHALA
ACADEMIC UNIT OF CHEMICAL
SCIENCES AND HEALTH
MEDICINE SCHOOL
ENGLISH
ALTERATIONS
HIDROSALINE
METABOLISM
STUDENTS
William Cruz
Kevin Herrera
Jorge Pacheco
Angie Chamba
Sonia Quijilema
TEACHER:
Mgs. Barreto Huilcapi Lina Maribel
CLASS:
EIGHTH SEMESTER ‘’A’’
Machala, El Oro
2018
2. ALTERATIONS HIDROSALINE METABOLISM
The electrolytic alterations include, therefore, alterations in the osmoregulation and in
the distribution of body fluids
Characteristics and composition of body compartments.- Body water: In the
healthy adult, body water represents approximately 60% of its weight. And it is
distributed in the intracellular space (40% of the weight) and the rest (20%), in the
extracellular space; in which it is divided between the intravascular space (5%) and
the interstitial space (15%). Displacement of water between the intracellular and
extracellular spaces: Determined by the concentration difference of osmotically active
solutes on each side of the cell membranes. Plasma osmolality can be calculated
through the molar concentrations of the three major solutes, sodium, glucose and
urea, by the formula:
Also in the absence of hyperglycemia or renal failure, the osmolality of the
extracellular fluid can be estimated as twice the plasma concentration of sodium.
Hydrosaline balance and renal regulation.- Any solute added to the organism is
balanced by renal excretion or by endogenous use of a similar amount. The water
balance is adjusted very precisely by the variations in intake, controlled by the
mechanisms of thirst, and also by renal excretion. Regulation of the water balance.-
basically depends on the glomerular filtration (GFR), proximal tubular resorption,
active reabsorption of sodium and chlorine in the ascending branch of the loop of
Henle and the reabsorption of water in the collecting tubule under the influence of the
ADH. Regulation of natremia.- The renal excretion of sodium begins with the
filtration of 180 L / day of plasma water containing 25,000 mEq (mmol) of sodium
(FG × plasma sodium = 180 × 140). The tubules reabsorb almost all the filtered
3. sodium, to leave only 100-200 mEq (mmol) for its excretion under normal conditions
(less than 1% of the filtered sodium).
ALTERATIONS OF WATER METABOLISM (VARIATIONS IN VOLUME)
Reduction of extracellular
volume.- The intracellular
water deficit as a
consequence of a water
metabolism disorder and a
state of hypertonicity that
generates hypernatremia
itself. By contrast,
extracellular volume
depletion defines the loss of
total body sodium and a
reduction in intravascular
volume, and is caused by a
loss of blood or a reduction in the body's sodium content. Clinical picture: Initially
there is weakness, fatigue, thirst and, depending on the severity of the hypovolemia,
headaches, nausea, cramps, hypotension and postural dizziness. When the depletion
of extracellular volume is 10% -15%, renal hypoperfusion with oliguria and retention
of sodium and water appear. If the volume loss is greater than 25%, the onset of
hypovolemic shock is common. Diagnosis: If there are no blood losses, then the
urinary sodium will be determined, which will allow to distinguish if the origin of the
losses of sodium and water is renal (sodium higher than 20 mEq / L [mmol / L]) or
extrarenal (lower sodium) at 10-20 mEq / L [mmol / L]). The presence of metabolic
acidosis will suggest that the origin of hypovolemia is related to intestinal losses
(diarrhea), diabetic ketoacidosis, salt-losing nephropathies or hypoaldosteronism
4. states. Conversely, a metabolic alkalosis will lead to high digestive losses (vomiting
or nasogastric aspiration) or to the use of diuretics. Treatment: For the correction of
volemia disorders, isotonic solutions of crystalloids (0.9% saline or lactated Ringer's
solutions) and hypotonic solutions (glucose serum or glucosaline serum) are
available.
Increase in extracellular volume (Edema).- Consists of an excessive accumulation
of water in the interstitial space, and is basically due to an increase in hydrostatic
pressure or a decrease in the oncotic pressure of the capillary, to an increase in
capillary permeability or a lymphatic obstruction. Clinical Table.- In the states of
hypoproteinemia and renal failure, the distribution of edema tends to be more diffuse,
in the form of anasarca, while in heart failure interstitial fluid accumulates in
declining areas. In cases in which there is circulatory overload, this manifests itself in
the form of hypertension, increased cardiac preload, and pulmonary edema due to
increased cardiac filling pressures. Treatment.- The fundamental principles in the
treatment of generalized edema are: rest, restriction of sodium and water intake, and
the use of diuretics.
ALTERATIONS OF SODIUM METABOLISM.
Hyponatremia. - Plasma sodium concentration lower than 135 mEq / L (mmol / L).
Clinical Table.- Below 120 mEq / L or mmol / L, the manifestations are expressed as
cerebral edema (headache, nausea, lethargy, convulsions, coma), occasionally
patients may present pulmonary edema without cardiogenic. Treatment: symptomatic
acute hyponatremia: Plasma osmolarity should be rapidly increased with perfusion of
3% hypertonic saline ([Na] = 513 mEq / L). It is recommended to increase plasma
sodium by 4-6 mEq / L in about 6 h, with boluses of 100 mL, each one increases 2
5. mEq of plasma sodium. Chronic hyponatremia: Hyponatremia with decreased
extracellular volume is treated by administration of isotonic saline solutions (0.9%).
The required amount of milliequivalents of sodium is calculated according to the
following formula.
Hypernatremia.- Hypernatremia is considered to be a plasma sodium concentration
higher than 145 mEq / L. Its basic mechanism of production lies in the limitation in
urinary concentration capacity. Clinical picture: Neurological symptoms are
especially evident from natremias above 160 mEq / L (mmol / L). In the beginning
they can be manifested only by irritability and muscular hypertonicity, later sensory
alterations appear with seizures, coma and death.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCE
A. Martínez Vea, 2016 "alterations in hydrosaline metabolism", Valenti Farreras and
C Rozman. Internal Medicine Farreras / Rozman. Barcelona: Elsevier, 2016.