This document summarizes information about various species of aloe plants, including their biological sources, geographical sources, methods of preparation, chemical constituents, chemical tests, and uses. It discusses five main species of aloe - Aloe barbadensis, Aloe ferox, Aloe perryi, Aloe africana, and Aloe spicata. The document outlines the traditional methods used to extract aloe latex from the leaves and prepare opaque or transparent aloe products. It also provides details on the chemical constituents of different aloe species and describes several chemical tests that can be used to identify and differentiate between species.
Hereby you can get all about bacterial staining.
MICROBIAL STAINING
introduction
Microbial Staining - giving color to microbes. Because microbes are colorless and highly transparent structures.
Staining process in which microbes are getting color.
STAINES / DYES
Staines / dyes - organic compounds which carries either positive charges or negative charges or both .
Based on the charges
Basic stain / dyes :- stain with + ve charge .
Acidic stain / dyes - stain with -ve charge .
2. Based on function of stain :
Neutral stain / dyes - stain with both charges .
Simple staining only one dye is used differentiation among bacteria is impossible Eg . Simple Staining.
Differential staining- more than one dye is used- Differentiation among bacteria is possible- Eg. Gram's staining, Acid - fast staining.
Special staining - more than one dye used - Special structures are seen. Eg. Capsule staining , Spore staining .
Because microbial cytoplasm is usually transparent, it is necessary to stain microorganisms before they can be viewed with the light microscope. In some cases, staining is unnecessary, for example when microorganisms are very large or when motility is to be studied, and a drop of the microorganisms can be placed directly on the slide and observed.
Resins are amorphous products of complex chemical nature. They are transparent or translucent solids, semi-solids or liquid substances containing large number of carbon atoms. They are hard, electrically non-conductive and combustible masses. They are usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysigenous cavities or ducts as end products of metabolism.
Most of the resins are heavier than water. They are insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrate and non-polar organic solvents like benzene and ether.
Aloe is a genus of succulent plants that are known for their fleshy, thick leaves that contain a gel-like substance with various medicinal and cosmetic properties. Among the many species of aloe, Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) is the most well-known and widely used for its therapeutic benefits. Here are some key points about aloe:
Hereby you can get all about bacterial staining.
MICROBIAL STAINING
introduction
Microbial Staining - giving color to microbes. Because microbes are colorless and highly transparent structures.
Staining process in which microbes are getting color.
STAINES / DYES
Staines / dyes - organic compounds which carries either positive charges or negative charges or both .
Based on the charges
Basic stain / dyes :- stain with + ve charge .
Acidic stain / dyes - stain with -ve charge .
2. Based on function of stain :
Neutral stain / dyes - stain with both charges .
Simple staining only one dye is used differentiation among bacteria is impossible Eg . Simple Staining.
Differential staining- more than one dye is used- Differentiation among bacteria is possible- Eg. Gram's staining, Acid - fast staining.
Special staining - more than one dye used - Special structures are seen. Eg. Capsule staining , Spore staining .
Because microbial cytoplasm is usually transparent, it is necessary to stain microorganisms before they can be viewed with the light microscope. In some cases, staining is unnecessary, for example when microorganisms are very large or when motility is to be studied, and a drop of the microorganisms can be placed directly on the slide and observed.
Resins are amorphous products of complex chemical nature. They are transparent or translucent solids, semi-solids or liquid substances containing large number of carbon atoms. They are hard, electrically non-conductive and combustible masses. They are usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysigenous cavities or ducts as end products of metabolism.
Most of the resins are heavier than water. They are insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrate and non-polar organic solvents like benzene and ether.
Aloe is a genus of succulent plants that are known for their fleshy, thick leaves that contain a gel-like substance with various medicinal and cosmetic properties. Among the many species of aloe, Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) is the most well-known and widely used for its therapeutic benefits. Here are some key points about aloe:
These are the organic products of natural or synthetic origin which are basic in
nature & contain one or more than one nitrogen atoms, normally of heterocyclic nature &
possess specific physiological actions on human or animal body, when used in small quantites.
The term is derived from the word ‘alkali-like’ & hence they resemble some of characters
of naturally occuring amines.
The term is derived from the word ‘alkali-like’ & hence they resemble some of
characters of naturally occuring amines.
this ppt is about alkaloids. it talks first introduction then classifications then we talk about the properties , applications ,then lastly we talked about the extraction. alkaloids are very important our daily life. alkaloid is simply means water soluble base.is detected by either by preciptants or colour reagent ,Alkaloids are often divided into the following major groups:
True alkaloids
pseudo alkaloids
Proto alkaloids
False alkaloids.
This ppt contains a suitable contents. This notes is effective for B.Pharm & D.Pharm students. In this notes we all the related topic of secondary metabolites. In this notes we all sub topics of secondary metabolites such as Alkaloids, Glycosides, Terpenoids, Taninns, Resins, Flavonoids, etc.
Cantharides (Spanish flies)
Origin:
Cantharides is the dried beetles of Cantharis vescicatoria, Meloidae.
Active Constituents:
Cantharidin
Uses:
It is a very irritant poison (10 mg is fatal).
It was formerly used for treatment of skin diseases mainly in veterinary medicine.
Rubefacient.
As tincture in treatment of alopecia areata.
Internally, in too small doses as aphrodisiac (illegal).
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
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Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
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Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
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1. 2.1.1 Aloes
Synonym: Aloe
Biological Source: Aloe is the dried latex of leaves of various species of Aloes, namely:
Aloe barbadensis Miller (or Curacao Aloe);
Aloe ferox Miller (or Cape Aloe);
Aloe perryi Baker (or Socotrine Aloe);
Aloe africana Miller and Aloe spicata Baker (or Cape Aloe).
All these species belong to the family Liliaceae.
Geographical Source
Curacao, Barbados, Aruba : Curacao Aloes or Barbados Aloes and Bonaire (West Indian Islands)
Cape Town (South Africa) : Cape Aloes
Socotra and Zanzibar Islands : Socotrine or Zanzibar Aloes
It is also cultivated in Europe and the North West Himmalayan region in India.
Preparation
General Method The leaves are transversely cut at the base and the incised ends placed
downwards in a ‘V’ shaped trough having a hole at its bottom. The latex drains down the trough
and is collected in individual receptacles placed beneath. The latex is evaporated in a kettle made
of copper till it attains such a consistency that it may be poured into metallic ingots where it gets
solidified. When the latex is concentrated gradually and then cooled slowely, it gives rise to an
opaque product. The aloe thus obtained is termed as ‘hepatic’ or ‘livery’ aloe. If the latex is
concentrated rapidly, followed
by sudden cooling the resulting product appears to be transparent and relatively brittle in nature.
The broken surface has a vitreous or glassy surface. Such a product is commonly known as
‘vitreous’, ‘lucid’ or ‘glassy’ aloe.
Description
Chemical Constituents Aloe-emodin occurs in the free state and as a glycosides in various
species of Aloe and also in Rheum (Rhubrb). Curaeao aloes contains about two and half times
the amount of aloe emodin when compared to cape-aloes.
2. Interestingly, the glycosides of anthranols, dianthrones, and oxanthrones i.e., the reduced
derivatives of anthraquinones, invariably found in various plant substances. These plant products
do make an appreciable contribution to the inherent therapeutic values of the naturally occurring
substances. The structural relationships of emodin are represented as shown in Figure 4.3.
Both anthrones and anthranols mostly occur either as free or combined as glycosides. From a
close look at their respective structures it may be observed that they are reduced anthraquinone
derivatives. Both anthrone and anthranol are isomeric in nature; however, the latter may be
partially converted to the former, which is essentially a non-fluorecent substance and is not
soluble in alkaline solutions. Generally, the anthrones are converted on oxidation into their
corresponding anthraquinones, namely: oxanthrone and dianthrone. Hence, it has been observed
that prompt oxidation usually takes place in the powdered crude drug rather than the rhizomes
itself.
3. Besides, aloin (or barbaloin) the aloes also contain isobarbaloin (Curacao aloes), β-barbaloin)
= (Cape aloes), aloe emodin and resins. The principal resin present in the aloes is known as
aloesin.
γ-Coniceine, which is a piperidine alkaloid is found in Aloe gililandii, A. ballyi, and A.
ruspoliana (Liliaceae)
Aloe yields not less than 50% of water soluble extractives. It also contains volatile oil to some
extent that imparts a characteristic odour to it.
Chemical Tests The overall chemical tests for aloes may be divided into two separate heads,
namely: (a) General Tests, and (b) Special Tests
(a) General Tests: For this prepare a 0.1% (w/v) aqueous solution of aloes by gentle heating,
add to it 0.5g of Kiesulgur and filter through. Whatman Filter Paper No. 42 and preserve the
filtrate for the following tests:
1. Borax Test (or Schoenteten’s Reaction): To 5 ml of the above test solution add 0.2 g of pure
borax and heat gently till it gets dissolved. Transfer a few drops of the resulting solution into a
test tube filled with distilled water, the appearance of a green coloured fluoroscence due to the
formation of aloe emodin anthranol shows its presence.
2. Bromine Test: When equal volumes of the test solution and bromine solution are mixed
together, it yields a pale-yellow precipitate due to the production of tetrabromaloin.
3. Modified Borntrager’s Test: It is known that aloin (or barbaloin) belongs to the class of
Cglycoside which does not undergo hydrolysis either by heating with dilute acid or alkali, but it
may be decomposed with ferric chloride due to oxidative hydrolysis. Hence, the Modified
Borntrager’s test employing FeCl3 and HCl is used as stated below:
First of all heat together 0.1 g of powdered aloe with about 2 ml of FeCl3 solution(5% w/v) and 2
ml of dilute HCl (6N) in a test tube over a pre-heated water bath for 5 minutes. Cool the contents
and extract the liberated anthraquinone with carbon tetrachloride. Now carefully separate the
lower layer of CCl4 and add to it ammonia solution. The appearance of a rose-pink to cherry red
colour confirms its presence.
(b) Special Tests
1. Nitrous Acid Test: Crystals of sodium nitrite together with small quantity of acetic acid when
added to 5 ml of the above test solution of aloe, the following observations are noted:
(a) Curacao Aloes: A sharp pink to caramine colour due to the presence of isobarbaloin.
(b) Cape Aloes: A faint pink colour due to isobarbaloin.
4. (c) Socotrine and Zanzibar aloes: Colour comparatively lesser change in colour.
2. Nitric Acid Test: The Test solution of aloes when made to react with nitric acid, it gives rise to
various shades of colour due to different types of aloes available commercially as shown below:
Caracao Aloe : Deep brownish red
Cape Aloes : Initial brownish colour changing to green
Socotrine Aloes : Pale brownish yellow
Zanzibar Aloes : Yellowish brown
3. Cupraloin Test (or Klunge’s Isobarbaloin Test): To 10 ml of a 0.4% (w/v) aqueous solution
of aloe add a drop of the saturated solution of copper sulphate, immediately followed by 1 g of
NaCl and 20 drops of ethanol (90% v/v). It produces different shades of colours depending on
the variety of aloes used:
Carocao Aloes : A wine red colour lasting for few hours,
Caoe Aloes : A faint colouration changing to yellow quickly,
Socotrine Aloes : No colouration
Zanzibar Aloes : No colouration
Uses
1. Though, both aloes and aloin are official drugs, the former is mostly used as a purgative by
exerting its action mainly on colon, whereas the latter is generally prepared over the former now-
a-days.
2. Aloes find its usefulness as an external aid to painful inflammatory manifestations.
3. It constitutes an important ingredient in the ‘Compound Tincture of Benzoin’ (or Friar’s
Balsam).
4. Aloe gel made from the mucilaginous latex of A. vera is frequently employed in the treatment
and cure of radiation burns to get immediate relief from itchings and pains.
5. Aloe usually causes gripping and is, therefore, administered along with carminatives.