Almond Injurious Insects A Lecture To ToT trainees ( FFS) By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Provincial Coordinator IPM KPK MINFAL Pakistan

2. Almond Injurious Insects
A
Lecture To ToT trainees
( FFS)
By
Mr. Allah Dad Khan
Provincial Coordinator
IPM KPK

4. DAMAGE
Almond
Peach Silver Mite
Scientific name: Aculus cornutus
 Peach silver mite is not usually
damaging in almonds, although it
can cause symptoms if populations
build up to high levels on trees under
6 years old. Feeding by peach silver
mite causes tiny chlorotic spots that
give the leaf a silvery appearance,
especially along the midvein of the
upper leaf surface. Symptoms
resemble thrips or leafhopper
damage. Once higher temperatures
occur in late spring, brown necrotic
spots develop along leaf margins
following silver mite feeding early in
the season.
Peach Silver Mite

5. DAMAGE
Almond
Peach Twig Borer
Scientific name: Anarsia lineatella
 Larvae damage
both growing shoots and
nuts, causing shallow
channels and surface
grooves on the nutmeat.
Peach twig borer damage
can be masked by navel
orangeworm feeding,
which often occurs on
nuts previously damaged
by peach twig borer.
Peach Twig Borer

6. DAMAGE
Peachtree Borer
Scientific name: Synanthedon exitiosa
 This wood-boring insect can
successfully attack healthy
trees. The larval stage bores
into the crown and trunk of
the tree, and mines the
cambial layer, often near the
graft union. If this occurs for
several years, the tree may
eventually become girdled
and die. It attacks only the
peach rootstock and does not
infest the almond scion.
Peach Tree Borer

7. DAMAGE
San Jose Scale
Scientific name: Diaspidiotus
(=Quadraspidiotus) perniciosus
 Scales suck plant juices
from twigs and limbs, and
inject a toxin, resulting in
loss of tree vigor, growth
and productivity, and death
of limbs. A red halois
produced around a feeding
site on 1-year-old green
wood. Untreated
infestations can kill fruit
spurs and scaffold wood
within 1 to 3 years.
San Jose Scale

8. DAMAGE
Stink Bugs
Scientific names:
Green plant bug: Chlorochroa uhleri
Green stink bug: Acrosternum hilare
Redshouldered stink bug: Thyanta pallidovirens
 Stink bug damage to almonds is
usually caused by the green stink
bug. For decades this bug never
reached pest status because
broad-spectrum dormant
insecticide treatments prevented
it from overwintering in
almonds. More recently there
have been increasing numbers of
reports of stink bug damage,
especially in the lower San
Joaquin Valley, in orchards
where organophosphate,
carbamate, or pyrethroid
insecticides have not been used
for 3 to 4 years.
Stink Bugs

9. DAMAGE Parthenolecanium corni
 The chief injury is the
production of
honeydew that, in large
amounts, can damage
leaves and fruit. Sooty
mold growing in the
honeydew can cause
blackened areas on
leaves and fruit.
European Fruit Lecanium

10. DAMAGE
Malacosoma disstria
 Defoliation caused by tent
caterpillars may be serious on
individual trees and along
orchard edges, but is usually
randomly scattered
throughout the orchard.
Young orchards are usually
the most severely affected.
From April to June,
caterpillars feed on leaves;
young caterpillars skeletonize
the leaves, whereas older
caterpillars consume the leaf,
leaving only the midvein.
Forest Tent Caterpillar

11. DAMAGE Leptoglossus
clypealis and Leptoglossus
occidentalis
 Although it is an infrequent pest in almonds, in
years when weather and other conditions are
right, significant damage can occur, especially in
the lower San Joaquin Valley. The leaffooted bug
overwinters in the adult stage in aggregations in
orchards, or near orchards on native host plants,
from which it migrates into orchards in March or
early April in search of nuts on which to feed.
Feeding by adult leaffooted bugs on young nuts
before the shell hardens can cause the embryo
to wither and abort, or may cause the nut to gum
internally, resulting in a bump or gumming on
the shell. It can also cause nut drop. After the
shell hardens, leaffooted bug feeding can still
cause black spots on the kernel or wrinkled,
misshapen nutmeats. Varieties with softer shells
such as Fritz, Sonora, Aldrich, Livingston,
Monterey, and Peerless are more susceptible to
bug damage for a longer period during the
season.

Leaffooted Bug

12. DAMAGE
Grapholita molesta
 First-and second-generation
larvae mine young, tender
shoots, causing them to wilt and
die. Third- and fourth-generation
larvae feed between the hull and
shell; this damage is difficult to
distinguish from that caused by
peach twig borer. Damage is
rarely significant. Occasionally,
larvae have been found feeding
on nut meats. They may feed in
groups of several larvae within a
nut. Larvae do not produce
webbing but do produce a
characteristic reddish brown
frass in the hull.

Oriental Fruit Moth

13. DAMAGE Archips argyrospila
Obliquebanded leafroller: Choristoneura
rosaceana
 Leafrollers are occasional pests of
almonds. The primary damage
occurs early in the season when
larvae of the overwintered
generation feed on developing
nuts and hollow them out. Many
of the damaged nuts are lost in
the June drop, presumably
reducing yield. The summer
generation of the obliquebanded
leafroller ties leaves and nuts
together and feeds on the hulls.
Leafroller feeding on the hulls
increases later nut infestation by
navel orangeworm.
 :
Leafrollers

14. Solenopsis xyloni, S. molesta
 Symptoms
 Hollowed out nuts on ground
 Cause
 Insects
 Comments
 Prevalent in orchards using drip or spray irrigation
 Management
 Monitor orchard for ants in April and May; apply ant
baits before harvest to manage high ant populations;
remove nuts from orchard floor as soon as possible