Grape vine Insects A Lecture To ToT trainees ( FFS) By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Provincial Coordinator IPM KPK MINFAL Pakistan

2. Grape vine Injurious
Insects
A
Lecture To ToT trainees (
FFS)
By
Mr. Allah Dad Khan
Provincial Coordinator

4. Grape Plume Moth, Geina persicelidactylus (Fitch) (Lepidoptera:
Pterophoridae)
• The grape plume moth overwinters in the pupal stage. Adult moths
emerge during the spring and lay eggs on grapevines. Hatched larvae feed
on the upper grape leaf surfaces. Typically, a grape plume moth larva folds
and webs the edges of a terminal leaf together and feeds within the fold.
The larva is yellow with white hairs and about 5/8 inch long when fully
grown. The adult moth is light brown with whitish markings and is 1/2 inch
long. There is one generation each year.

5. Grape Sawfly, Erythraspdes vitis (Harris) (Hymenoptera:
Tenthredinidae)
• The grape sawfly is a small, black, wasp-like insect that lays its eggs on the
undersides of terminal grape leaves. The larvae that hatch from these eggs
feed in a characteristic side-by-side manner at the edge of the leaf. Only
the heaviest leaf veins are not eaten. When the larvae are fully grown,
they drop to the ground, form cocoons and pupate. Two generations may
occur in a single season.
• Damage caused by the grape sawfly rarely achieves economic proportions.

6. Eight-spotted Forester, Alypia octomaculata (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Nocmidae)

7. Grapevine Epimenis, Psychomorpha epimenis (Dury) (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae)
• The larva of the grapevine epimenis is similar to that of the
eight-spotted forester, and the two species are often
confused in the field. The epimenis larva is bluish-white,
and each segment of the body is marked by four transverse
black stripes. There is a black-spotted red band on the
eighth segment. The head, cervical and anal plates are red
with black spots. The larva is about 3/4 inch long when fully
grown.
• The adult of the grapevine epimenis is a velvety-black
moth. Across the outer portion of each front wing there is
an irregularly shaped white patch. On each hind wing there
is a large, smooth-shaped orange-red or brownish-red
patch. This" moth is about 7/8-1 inch in length.

8. • Grape Leaf Folder, Desmia funeralis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
• Damage caused by larvae of the grape leaf folder is usually minor in vineyards under a
regular spray program for other insect pests. The larva, a pale green caterpillar about 1 inch
long when fully developed, either folds or rolls a leaf, ties the edges with silk and feeds on
the upper surface, concealed within the fold. When leaves are rolled, the larva feeds within
the free edge of the leaf. The result of such feeding is skeletonized leaves.
• This moth overwinters as a pupa. During early May, adult moths emerge from the pupae. An
adult moth has dark brown wings with a spread of about 9/10 inch. The wings have a white
border; each forewing has two nearly oval white spots. Each hindwing has one white spot,
which may be divided in the female. The body is black and is crossed by two white bands in
the female and one white band in the male.

9. Spotted Pelidnota, Pelidnota punctata (L.) (Coleoptera:
Scarabaeidae)
• The adult spotted pelidnota is a reddish-brown beetle with three black spots on
each wing cover, and one on each side of the prothorax is 3/4-1 inch long. The
adult beetle feeds on grape leaves, skeletonizing them. Large-scale infestations do
not occur on grapes.
• The larvae feed and live in decaying hardwood stumps, roots and logs, and do not
harm grapes. The life cycle of this beetle requires two to three years to complete

10. Green Fruitworms (Lepidoptera: NoctUidae)
• The most common species of fruitworm known to feed on grape is the pyramidal fruitworm,Amphipyra
pyramidoides (Guenee). Two other species,
• Lithophane antennata (Walker) and Orthosia hibisci (Guenee), also feed on grape foliage.
• The pyramidal fruitworm overwinters in the egg stage. Near the end of April, larvae emerge from these
eggs and proceed to feed on the new grape foliage. By mid- to late June, the larvae are fully developed.
They either crawl or drop to the soil surface and manufacture a cocoon of silk and debris. During the first
part of July, adult moths emerge; these moths do not lay eggs until about the end of September. Eggs are
placed individually or in small masses on old canes.
• The larva of the pyramidal fruitworm is green with a yellow line along each side of the body. It is 1/2 inch
long when fully developed.

11. Grape Leaf Miner, Antispila viticordifoliella Clemens
(Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae)
• The larva of the grape leaf miner is a small caterpillar that feeds between the
upper and lower leaf surfaces. When the larva is fully developed, it pupates within
the area of the leaf where it has been feeding; this section eventually falls out,
leaving a hole in the leaf.
• The grape leaf miner is not an economically important insect; however, small
numbers usually occur in vineyards, particularly in abandoned and backyard
plantings.
• Grape leaf damaged by larva of the grape leaf miner. The leaf miner larva feeds
between the upper and lower leaf surfaces. The section of the leaf damaged in this
manner eventually falls out.

12. Grape Tube Gallmaker, Cecidomyia viticola Osten -Sacken
• Several species of small flies, or midges, are known to cause
galls on various parts of grapevines. The adult flies lay their
eggs either on or in leaves, leaf petioles, tendrils or cluster
stems. Fleshy or blister type galls, depending on the species
of fly, are formed when the eggs are deposited inside the
plant or when the larvae emerge from the eggs and begin to
feed. When these larvae are fully grown, they leave the galls,
fall to the soil and pupate. Some species may have more than
one generation per year.
• The grape blister gall is caused by a midge, Cecidomyia sp.
This gall may be pink or green and about 1/8 inch in diameter.
It occurs on leaves, and a single leaf may contain several galls.
The grape tomato gall is caused by several midges, the more
common one probably being Lasioptera vitis Osten-Sacken.
The tomato gall is a green or red leaf or tendril gall, 1/4-3/4
inch in diameter. The midge Cecidomyia viticola Osten-Sacken
is responsible for the formation of the grape tube gall, a
conical red or green leaf gall 1/4 inch long.
• These gall-forming flies do not often inflict economic injury on
grapevines. Removing the galls from the vines mayor may not
be of some benefit in reducing the numbers of flies present in
a vineyard. Such an action should be taken before small holes
are seen in the galls as this indicates that the larvae have
already emerged.

13. Grapevine Aphid, Aphis illinoisensis Shimer
(Homoptera: Aphididae)
• The grapevine aphid is rarely a serious pest of cultivated grapes. The aphids pass the winter
in the egg stage on viburnum. Hatching begins in early spring. Initially, wingless generations
are produced, after which winged individuals make their appearance and fly to vineyards.
Colonies of the aphid develop on the young shoots and leaves. The aphids are dark brown
and the adult females are about 1/10 inch long. In the fall, winged aphids again develop; they
return to viburnum and give rise to the egglaying females.
• There are numerous natural enemies of the grapevine aphid, including ladybird beetles,
lacewings, syrphid fly larvae and parasitic wasps, which usually exert some degree of control
on the aphids. This insect normally does not pose a serious threat to grapevines.

14. Grape
Branch and Twig Borer
• DAMAGE
• Both adults and larvae injure
grapevines. Larvae bore into wood at
dead or dying parts of vines, often
in old pruning scars. Adults burrow into
fruiting canes at the base of the bud or
shoot, or they burrow into the crotch
formed by the shoot and spur. Feeding
is often deep enough to completely
conceal the adult in the hole. Feeding
at the base of shoots on spurs
will cause shoots to wilt (flagging) and
fall. This pest is most serious in cane-
pruned vineyards where feeding on
canes can cause them to break when
shoots reach a length of 10 to 12
inches, if a strong wind occurs. Shoot
wilting can also be caused by Botrytis.
• Scientific name:Melalgus
(=Polycaon) confertus
•

15. Grape
Cutworms
• DAMAGE
• Feeding on grapevines occurs from bud
swell to when shoots are several inches
long. Injured budsmay fail to develop.
Grapevines can compensate for early-
season damage to buds or shoots to
some extent by the growth of
secondary buds. The fruitfulness of
secondary buds, however, varies
according to variety, and some varieties
such as Thompson Seedless and
Chardonnay have unfruitful or
significantly less fruitful secondary buds
respectively. In these varieties,
destruction of primary buds can be
expected to reduce the number of
clusters in proportion to the number of
buds destroyed.
• Scientific names:
Variegated cutworm: Peridroma saucia
Spotted cutworm: Xestia (Amathes) c-nigrum
Brassy cutworm: Orthodes rufula and other
species

16. Grape
Drosophila Flies
• DAMAGE
• D. melanogaster and D.
simulans are a problem of
damaged or cracked fruit. Eggs
are laid in damaged or
exposed fleshy tissue and
larvae feed on the berries. The
primary damage by this pest,
however, is the sour rot
organisms that it vectors from
bunch to bunch in the
vineyard.
• Scientific names: Drosophila
melanogaster, D. simulans, and
other species

17. Grape
Grape Leaffolder
DAMAGE
• Grape leaffolder can reduce leaf
surface by constructing leaf
rolls and by leaf feeding. Twenty
percent leaf reduction can be
tolerated 1 month after fruit set
in the San Joaquin Valley. Even
moreleaf damage can be
tolerated later. However, third-
generation damage can be severe
enough to cause
complete defoliation, which leads
to sunburned berries, soft fruit,
and direct berry feeding by
leaffolder larvae.
• Scientific name: Desmia
funeralis

18. Grape
Leafhoppers
DAMAGE
• Nymphs and adults of all three species
remove the contents of leaf cells,
leaving behind empty cells that appear
as pale yellow spots or stippling. If
populations are high, the entire leaf
may be pale yellow or white. Loss of
leaf efficiency and leaf dropcan occur
when leafhopper densities are
extremely high. This can result in fruit
sunburn and may delay fruit ripening,
especially in young vines. If there is a
significant reduction in the overall
photosynthetic capacity of the vine,
young or stressed vines may have less
shoot growth the following season.
• Scientific names:
Western grape leafhopper:Erythroneura
elegantula
Variegated leafhopper: Erythroneura variabilis
Virginia creeper leafhopper:Erythroneura ziczac

19. Grape
Vine Mealybug
DAMAGE
• Damage by the vine mealybug is similar
to that of other grape-infesting
mealybugs in that it
produces honeydew that drops onto
the bunches and other vine parts and
serves as a substrate for black sooty
mold. If ants are not present, a vine
with a large population of this pest can
have so much honeydew that it
resembles candle wax. Also, the
mealybug itself will be found infesting
bunches making them unfit for
consumption. Like the grape, obscure,
and longtailed mealybugs, vine
mealybug can transmit grapevine
leafroll-associated viruses.
• Scientific
name:Planococcus ficus

20. Thrips
• DAMAGE
• Table grapes are susceptible to fruit damage caused by the western flower thrips.
They createhalo-spotting on the fruit when they oviposit in berries during bloom
and up to fruit set or shortly thereafter. Both western flower thrips and grape
thrips can scar berries with their feeding, which renders certain white varieties
used for table grapes unmarketable. Thrips scarring is primarily a problem on Red
Globe, Calmeria, Italia, and occasionally on Thompson Seedless. Fruit feeding
discontinues in summer when both species feed onnew vegetative growth

21. Grape Flea Beetle
• Adults are dark metallic greenish-blue, jumping
beetles about 1/5 inch long; larvae are brownish
and marked with black spots; eggs are pale yellow,
and fairly conspicuous on upper leaf surface or
under loose cane bark.
•
• Adults overwinter in protected areas around
vineyards, and start feeding on interior of primary
buds and opening grape leaves in early spring.
Damaged buds will not develop into primary canes
which can reduce yields. Once the buds are 1/2 inch
long, only slight injury is caused. The females lay
eggs under loose cane bark on vines, or occasionally
on leaf upper surfaces, or on buds. The light yellow
fairly conspicuous eggs hatch in a few days. The
larvae feed on leaves for 3 to 4 weeks, then drop to
the ground where they pupate in the soil, and
emerge as adults in 1 to 2 weeks later. New adults
feed for the remainder of the summer and go into
hibernation in fall. There is only 1 generation per
year.
Adults overwinter in protected areas around vineyards, and start feeding on interio