This document lists and describes 143 C functions. It groups the functions into categories such as string manipulation, preprocessor directives, mathematical functions, file handling, and more. Some key functions include printf() for formatted output, scanf() for formatted input, strcpy() to copy strings, atoi() to convert strings to integers, and exit() to terminate a program.
In today's high technology environment, organizations are becoming more and more dependent on their information systems. The public is increasingly concerned about the proper use of information, particularly personal data. The threats to information systems from criminals and terrorists are increasing. Many organizations will identify information as an area of their operation that needs to be protected as part of their system of internal control.
Computer and Network Security is the collection of technologies, standards, policies and management practices that are used in order to obtain a high level of security.
The aim of this course is to explore security fundamentals related to computer data, information and Network. It details the methods of attacks along with security principles.
The official learning outcome for this course is: Upon successful completion of the course the students:
• Must know the basic concepts related to computer and network security.
• Must know how to apply the techniques related to data and information.
A combination of lectures and practical sessions will be used in this course in order to achieve the aim of the course.
By MSc. Karwan Mustafa Kareem
An introduction to Rust: the modern programming language to develop safe and ...Claudio Capobianco
Rust is a young programming language developed by Mozilla with the open source community support. According to a survey of StackOverflow, in 2016 was the most loved among developers language! The goal of Rust is to combine control and performances, that is, operate at low level with high-level constructs. The actual applications vary from operating system to web development. Rust natively includes tools for Agile development, such as dependency management, testing and much more. The gap with other popular languages is filling up quickly thanks to the community, very active and fantastic :)
In this introductory presentation we will discuss the characteristics that make Rust unique, including the concepts of Ownership, Borrowing, and Lifetimes.
These slide has be presented for a talk in BIC Lazio Casilina, that has been also the first meetup of Rust Rome!
In today's high technology environment, organizations are becoming more and more dependent on their information systems. The public is increasingly concerned about the proper use of information, particularly personal data. The threats to information systems from criminals and terrorists are increasing. Many organizations will identify information as an area of their operation that needs to be protected as part of their system of internal control.
Computer and Network Security is the collection of technologies, standards, policies and management practices that are used in order to obtain a high level of security.
The aim of this course is to explore security fundamentals related to computer data, information and Network. It details the methods of attacks along with security principles.
The official learning outcome for this course is: Upon successful completion of the course the students:
• Must know the basic concepts related to computer and network security.
• Must know how to apply the techniques related to data and information.
A combination of lectures and practical sessions will be used in this course in order to achieve the aim of the course.
By MSc. Karwan Mustafa Kareem
An introduction to Rust: the modern programming language to develop safe and ...Claudio Capobianco
Rust is a young programming language developed by Mozilla with the open source community support. According to a survey of StackOverflow, in 2016 was the most loved among developers language! The goal of Rust is to combine control and performances, that is, operate at low level with high-level constructs. The actual applications vary from operating system to web development. Rust natively includes tools for Agile development, such as dependency management, testing and much more. The gap with other popular languages is filling up quickly thanks to the community, very active and fantastic :)
In this introductory presentation we will discuss the characteristics that make Rust unique, including the concepts of Ownership, Borrowing, and Lifetimes.
These slide has be presented for a talk in BIC Lazio Casilina, that has been also the first meetup of Rust Rome!
Cryptographic Protocols: Practical revocation and key rotationPriyanka Aash
Protocols related to key rotation and hidden service discovery are discussed. Topic 1: Practical Revocation and Key Rotation Authors: Steven Myers; Dr. Adam Shull Topic 2: Asynchronous Provably Secure Hidden Services Authors: Philippe Camacho; Fernando Krell
(Source: RSA Conference USA 2018)
Introduction to cryptography and types of ciphersAswathi Nair
Cryptography is a method of storing and transmitting data in a particular form so that only those for whom it is intended can read and process it.So these slides give you an introduction to cryptography and types of ciphers.
The Roman number system was very cumbersome because there was no concept ... Historical pen and paper ciphers used in the past are sometimes known as ...
Archeology for Entertainment, or Checking Microsoft Word 1.1a with PVS-StudioAndrey Karpov
The Microsoft company has recently made a present to all programmers eager to dig into some interesting stuff: they revealed the source codes of MS-DOS v 1.1, v 2.0 and Word for Windows 1.1a. The MS-DOS operating system is written in assembler, so the analyzer cannot be applied to it. But Word is written in C. Word 1.1a's source codes are almost 25 years old, but we still managed to analyze it. There's no practical use of it, of course. Just for fun.
I have been receiving multiple queries on what is clk-to-q delay, how's it different from library setup time and library hold time, etc. I mentioned in my discussions, that the videos on CMOS digital circuit will be uploaded soon, but looks like, it might take some time, and hence decided to uploaded few images from my CMOS course, to explain the difference between all of them.
een mooie dag en ervaring om niet meer te vergeten. Ontdekkingsreis naar je zelf. Op zoek naar je eigen kracht, dan ben je op de juiste plek. Aanmelden is gewenst, plaatsen zijn beperkt
An introduction to the basic principals of Responsive Web Design (RWD) including research into the needs and challenges of implementing RWD in production.
Cryptographic Protocols: Practical revocation and key rotationPriyanka Aash
Protocols related to key rotation and hidden service discovery are discussed. Topic 1: Practical Revocation and Key Rotation Authors: Steven Myers; Dr. Adam Shull Topic 2: Asynchronous Provably Secure Hidden Services Authors: Philippe Camacho; Fernando Krell
(Source: RSA Conference USA 2018)
Introduction to cryptography and types of ciphersAswathi Nair
Cryptography is a method of storing and transmitting data in a particular form so that only those for whom it is intended can read and process it.So these slides give you an introduction to cryptography and types of ciphers.
The Roman number system was very cumbersome because there was no concept ... Historical pen and paper ciphers used in the past are sometimes known as ...
Archeology for Entertainment, or Checking Microsoft Word 1.1a with PVS-StudioAndrey Karpov
The Microsoft company has recently made a present to all programmers eager to dig into some interesting stuff: they revealed the source codes of MS-DOS v 1.1, v 2.0 and Word for Windows 1.1a. The MS-DOS operating system is written in assembler, so the analyzer cannot be applied to it. But Word is written in C. Word 1.1a's source codes are almost 25 years old, but we still managed to analyze it. There's no practical use of it, of course. Just for fun.
I have been receiving multiple queries on what is clk-to-q delay, how's it different from library setup time and library hold time, etc. I mentioned in my discussions, that the videos on CMOS digital circuit will be uploaded soon, but looks like, it might take some time, and hence decided to uploaded few images from my CMOS course, to explain the difference between all of them.
een mooie dag en ervaring om niet meer te vergeten. Ontdekkingsreis naar je zelf. Op zoek naar je eigen kracht, dan ben je op de juiste plek. Aanmelden is gewenst, plaatsen zijn beperkt
An introduction to the basic principals of Responsive Web Design (RWD) including research into the needs and challenges of implementing RWD in production.
An Ignite talk (5 mins long, auto-timed slides which change every 15 seconds), presented at the Jozi JUG meetup - Java 9 and Women in Tech Unconference. June 4th 2016
INSTRUCTIONS For this assignment you will be generating all code on y.pdfadayarboot
INSTRUCTIONS For this assignment you will be generating all code on your own. You will be
submitting two primary files, and then another optionally another node file. The files you will
need to submit: - ConvertcodeToText. java - TurnTextToCode.java - Node.java - maybe
HUFFMAN CODE In the general word of computer science we use the ASCII code to turn
characters on the computer sereen into binary for storage in memory. The ASCII code was
developed in 1963 and encoded 127 "characters" into 7 bit representations. This code was then
expanded upon in 1992 with the introduction of UTF-8 encoding which allowed for 1/2/3/4 byte
representations (8/16/24/32 bit ). However the thing about these codes is that each character
requires the same amount of space, so the most common character and the least common
character require the same number of bits. However in 1952 when memory and storage space
was extremely primitive and expensive, David A. Huffman of MIT developed an encoding idea
that was based on the relative frequency of each symbol. The idea being that the most common
symbol would be given the smallest number of bits, and the least common symbol would be
given longer bits. In this way, storage space would be saved, and at the time, saving even a single
bit was valuable.
However the major downside to this, is that each and every documeat would develop its own
code, one that changed based upon the number of times a particular symbol came up. In common
English, the letter " en is the most common letter, so it would tend to have a small encoding, but
there is a novel called Gadsby that is 50,000 words and uses the letter ' e4 times. So the Huffman
Coding of this would give 'e' a abnormally large number of bits compared to normal writing.
IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS: You will be writing two programs. - Program 1 Titled -
TurnText ToCode . java This program will require a customized node class. You have the option
of adding the node class to main class, or creating a second file for it. This program will ask the
user for the name of a text file to read, and will then generate the Huffman Code for that
document, and the print off two files. - The first file will be the code itself. - The second file will
be the encoded file after applying the code to the text. - Program 2 Titled - ConvertCodeToText.
java This program will read both the code file and the encoded file, and print the decoded file to
the screen. Note that this program docsa't write any files. TURNTEXTTOCODE,JAVA To
create a Huffman code you will be mixing up and using a Priority Queue and a type of tree. You
should use the built in Java Priority Queue, but you will need to hold a custom tree in your code.
Note that due to subtle differences in execution, different versions of this program may output a
slightly different code each time you run it. That is fine, as long as when you combine the code +
huff encoding, the final output should be the same. In particular, your results my not match my
resu.
These slides contain the concept of Macros. Macros in C Language are very powerful and used mostly to reduce the time and size of a code. It also allows reusing the code
JIMS BCA Curriculum includes Macros in Unit V of Programming Using C Subject.
JIMS provides an updated Curriculum and includes the concepts in depth.
Admission to BCA is Open.
https://www.jimssouthdelhi.com/admission-procedure.html
httplinux.die.netman3execfork() creates a new process by.docxadampcarr67227
http://linux.die.net/man/3/exec
fork() creates a new process by duplicating the calling process. The new process, referred to as the child, is an exact duplicate of the calling process, referred to as the parent#include <unistd.h>pid_t fork(void);
The exec() family of functions replaces the current process image with a new process image. The functions described in this manual page are front-ends for execve(2). (See the manual page for execve(2) for further details about the replacement of the current process image.)
The exec() family of functions include execl, execlp, execle, execv, execvp, and execvpe to execute a file.
The ANSI prototype for execl() is:
int execl(const char *path, const char *arg0,..., const char *argn, 0)
http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~irjohnso/coursenotes/lrc/system/pc/pc4.htm #inciude <stdio.h> #inciude <unistd.h> main() { execl("/bin/ls", "ls", "-l", 0); printf("Can only get here on error\n"); }
The first parameter to execl() in this example is the full pathname to the ls command. This is the file whose contents will be run, provided the process has execute permission on the file. The rest of the execl() parameters provide the strings to which the argv array elements in the new program will point. In this example, it means that the ls program will see the string ls pointed to by its argv[0], and the string -l pointed to by itsargv[1]. In addition to making all these parameters available to the new program, the exec() calls also pass a value for the variable: extern char **environ;
This variable has the same format as the argv variable except that the items passed via environ are the values in the environment of the process (like any exported shell variables), rather than the command line parameters. In the case of execl(), the value of the environ variable in the new program will be a copy of the value of this variable in the calling process.
The execl() version of exec() is fine in the circumstances where you can ex-plicitly list all of the parameters, as in the previous example. Now suppose you want to write a program that doesn't just run ls, but will run any program you wish, and pass it any number of appropriate command line parameters. Obviously, execl() won't do the job.
The example program below, which implements this requirement, shows, however, that the system call execv() will perform as required: #inciude <stdio.h> main(int argc, char **argv) { if (argc==1) { printf("Usage: run <command> [<paraneters>]\n"); exit(1) } execv(argv[l], &argv[1)); printf("Sorry... couldn't run that!\n"); }
The prototype for execv() shows that it only takes two parameters, the first is the full pathname to the command to execute and the second is the argv value you want to pass into the new program. In the previous example this value was derived from the argv value passed into the run command, so that the run command can take the command line parameter values you pass it and just pass them on. int execl(.
Here we learn Python strings methods in the hope that it will meet your educational needs.
There are a number of Python built-in methods that can be used to manipulate strings.
There is one thing to keep in mind when using string methods: they all return new values. In other words, they do not change the original string in any way.
It is imperative to note that Python strings methods return rewritten values. The original string remains unchanged.
Python Strings Tutorial explains strings in more detail.
The following is an in-depth explanation of Python Strings Methods, with examples for each method.
Capitalize() method generates a string with the first character in upper case, and the remaining characters in lower case.
1-Information sharing
2-Computation speedup
3-Modularity
4-Convenience
5-allows exchanged data and informations
Two IPC Models
1. Shared memory- is an OS provided abstraction which allows a memory region to be simultaneously accessed by multiple programs with an intent to provide communication among them. One process will create an area in RAM which other processes can accessed
2. Message passing - is a form of communication used in interprocess communication. Communication is made by the sending of messages to recipients. Each process should be able to name the other processes. The producer typically uses send() system call to send messages, and the consumer uses receive()system call to receive messages
Shared memory
Faster than message passing
After establishing shared memory, treated as routine memory accesses
Message passing
Useful for exchanging smaller amounts of data
Easy to implement, but more time-consuming task of kernel intervention
Bounded-Buffer Problem Producer Process
do {
...
produce an item in nextp
...
wait(empty);
wait(mutex);
...
add nextp to buffer
...
signal(mutex);
signal(full);
} while (true);
Bounded-Buffer Problem Consumer Process
do {
wait(full);
wait(mutex);
...
remove an item from buffer to nextc
...
signal(mutex);
signal(empty);
...
consume the item in nextc
...
} while (true);
client-server model, the client sends out requests to the server, and the server does some processing with the request(s) received, and returns a reply (or replies)to the client.
Since Socket can be described as end-points for communication. we could imagine the client and server hosts being connected by a pipe through which data-flow takes place.
1-sockets use a client-server while Server waits for incoming client requests by listening to a specified port.
2-After receiving a request, the server accepts a connection from the client socket to complete the connection
3-then Remote procedure call (RPC) abstracts procedure call mechanism for use between systems with network connections
4-and pipes acts as a conduit allowing two processes to communicate
A process is different than a program
- Program is static code and static data
- Process is Dynamic instance of code and data
-Program becomes process when executable file loaded into memory
No one-to-one mapping between programs and processes
-can have multiple processes of the same program
-one program can invoke multiple process
Execution of program started via GUI mouse clicks and command line entry of its name
The process state transition
As a process executes, The process is being created, then The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor therefore, Instructions are being executed then The process is waiting for some event to occur,thereafter The process has finished exec ...
This presentation covers very frequently used standard library functions also called as inbuilt functions. a brief description about function and its declaration (syntax) is defined for help.
c++ pointers by Amir Hamza Khan (SZABISTIAN)Ameer Hamxa
This slides will help you to learn pointers in c++ and i have put in some programs in this slides to help beginners in c++ and also you can use it as your own presentation lol ;)
follow me on facebook https://www.facebook.com/Ameerii132
and you are welcome for questions and quirries
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
1. All C Functions
1. #, ## manipulate strings
2. #define define variables
3. #error display an error message
4.
#if, #ifdef, #ifndef, #else, #elif,
#endif
conditional operators
5. #include insert the contents of another file
6. #line set line and file information
7. #pragma implementation specific command
8. #undef used to undefine variables
9.
Predefined preprocessor
variables
miscellaneous preprocessor variables
10. abort stops the program
11. abs absolute value
12. acos arc cosine
13. asctime a textual version of the time
14. asin arc sine
15. assert stops the program if an expression isn't true
16. atan arc tangent
17. atan2 arc tangent, using signs to determine quadrants
18. atexit sets a function to be called when the program exits
19. atof converts a string to a double
20. atoi converts a string to an integer
21. atol converts a string to a long
22. bsearch perform a binary search
23. calloc allocates and clears a two-dimensional chunk of memory
24. ceil the smallest integer not less than a certain value
25. clearerr clears errors
26. clock returns the amount of time that the program has been running
27. cos cosine
28. cosh hyperbolic cosine
2. 29. ctime returns a specifically formatted version of the time
30. difftime the difference between two times
31. div returns the quotient and remainder of a division
32. exit stop the program
33. exp returns "e" raised to a given power
34. fabs absolute value for floating-point numbers
35. fclose close a file
36. feof true if at the end-of-file
37. ferror checks for a file error
38. fflush writes the contents of the output buffer
39. fgetc get a character from a stream
40. fgetpos get the file position indicator
41. fgets get a string of characters from a stream
42. floor returns the largest integer not greater than a given value
43. fmod returns the remainder of a division
44. fopen open a file
45. fprintf print formatted output to a file
46. fputc write a character to a file
47. fputs write a string to a file
48. fread read from a file
49. free returns previously allocated memory to the operating system
50. freopen open an existing stream with a different name
51. frexp decomposes a number into scientific notation
52. fscanf read formatted input from a file
53. fseek move to a specific location in a file
54. fsetpos move to a specific location in a file
55. ftell returns the current file position indicator
56. fwrite write to a file
57. getc read a character from a file
58. getchar read a character from STDIN
59. getenv get enviornment information about a variable
60. gets read a string from STDIN
3. 61. gmtime returns a pointer to the current Greenwich Mean Time
62. isalnum true if a character is alphanumeric
63. isalpha true if a character is alphabetic
64. iscntrl true if a character is a control character
65. isdigit true if a character is a digit
66. isgraph true if a character is a graphical character
67. islower true if a character is lowercase
68. isprint true if a character is a printing character
69. ispunct true if a character is punctuation
70. isspace true if a character is a space character
71. isupper true if a character is an uppercase character
72. isxdigit true if a character is a hexidecimal character
73. labs absolute value for long integers
74. ldexp computes a number in scientific notation
75. ldiv
returns the quotient and remainder of a division, in long
integer form
76. localtime returns a pointer to the current time
77. log natural logarithm
78. log10 natural logarithm, in base 10
79. longjmp start execution at a certain point in the program
80. malloc allocates memory
81. memchr searches an array for the first occurance of a character
82. memcmp compares two buffers
83. memcpy copies one buffer to another
84. memmove moves one buffer to another
85. memset fills a buffer with a character
86. mktime returns the calendar version of a given time
87. modf decomposes a number into integer and fractional parts
88. perror displays a string version of the current error to STDERR
89. pow returns a given number raised to another number
90. printf write formatted output to STDOUT
91. putc write a character to a stream
4. 92. putchar write a character to STDOUT
93. puts write a string to STDOUT
94. qsort perform a quicksort
95. raise send a signal to the program
96. rand returns a pseudorandom number
97. realloc changes the size of previously allocated memory
98. remove erase a file
99. rename rename a file
100. rewind move the file position indicator to the beginning of a file
101. scanf read formatted input from STDIN
102. setbuf set the buffer for a specific stream
103. setjmp set execution to start at a certain point
104. setlocale sets the current locale
105. setvbuf set the buffer and size for a specific stream
106. signal register a function as a signal handler
107. sin sine
108. sinh hyperbolic sine
109. sprintf write formatted output to a buffer
110. sqrt square root
111. srand initialize the random number generator
112. sscanf read formatted input from a buffer
113. strcat concatenates two strings
114. strchr finds the first occurance of a character in a string
115. strcmp compares two strings
116. strcoll compares two strings in accordance to the current locale
117. strcpy copies one string to another
118. strcspn searches one string for any characters in another
119. strerror returns a text version of a given error code
120. strftime returns individual elements of the date and time
121. strlen returns the length of a given string
122. strncat concatenates a certain amount of characters of two strings
123. strncmp compares a certain amount of characters of two strings
5. 124. strncpy
copies a certain amount of characters from one string to
another
125. strpbrk
finds the first location of any character in one string, in
another string
126. strrchr finds the last occurance of a character in a string
127. strspn returns the length of a substring of characters of a string
128. strstr finds the first occurance of a substring of characters
129. strtod converts a string to a double
130. strtok finds the next token in a string
131. strtol converts a string to a long
132. strtoul converts a string to an unsigned long
133. strxfrm
converts a substring so that it can be used by string
comparison functions
134. system perform a system call
135. tan tangent
136. tanh hyperbolic tangent
137. time returns the current calendar time of the system
138. tmpfile return a pointer to a temporary file
139. tmpnam return a unique filename
140. tolower converts a character to lowercase
141. toupper converts a character to uppercase
142. ungetc puts a character back into a stream
143. va_arg use variable length parameter lists
144. vprintf, vfprintf, and vsprintf write formatted output with variable argument lists