The New Public Administration emerged in the 1960s as a response to the traditional, managerial approach of public administration. It focused on making public administration more responsive to social issues and promoting values like social equity, fairness, and participation. The Minnowbrook Conference of 1968 was influential in developing the principles of the New Public Administration, emphasizing public administration's role in facilitating social change and an active citizenry. The New Public Administration rejected the value-neutral stance and hierarchical structure of traditional public administration, instead prioritizing flexibility, relevance to contemporary problems, and a client-oriented approach.
Public administration involves the implementation of government policies and operations, including planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling government work. It has evolved over time from focusing on separating politics and administration, to emphasizing principles of administration and efficiency, to considering human factors and incorporating other social sciences. Public administration is significant as the key instrument of government to maintain order and protect citizens. It also enables development, supports modern welfare states by providing public services, and is an important subject of academic study.
Woodrow Wilson is considered the father of public administration for formally recognizing it as a discipline in 1887. He argued for separating politics from administration, establishing the dichotomy between the two. During 1927-1937, public administration developed as an independent discipline influenced by POSDCORB and a focus on principles of administration. Starting in 1938, these views faced criticism and challenges as administration was recognized as inherently political. From 1948-1970, public administration experienced a crisis of identity as its foundations were questioned. After 1971, new perspectives emerged focused on public policy and incorporating knowledge from other social sciences.
This document discusses the evolution of public administration theories and practices. It covers the development of public administration and three main theories: Classical Public Administration Theory, New Public Management Theory, and Postmodern Public Administration Theory. It also describes six paradigms of traditional public administration models and how public administration has taken on new roles in modern society, including designing policy, implementing policy, and serving as an agent of change.
This document discusses the evolution of public administration theories and practices. It covers the development of public administration and three main theories: Classical Public Administration Theory, New Public Management Theory, and Postmodern Public Administration Theory. It also describes six paradigms of traditional public administration models and how public administration has taken on new roles in modern society, including designing policy, implementing policy, and serving as a change agent.
Respond to each peer with response being 3-4 sentences longPee.docxkhanpaulita
The American founders did not recognize the importance of public administration when establishing the government system. They focused instead on developing the nation's economy and wanted individuals to be self-sufficient rather than dependent on public services. Today, public organizations play a major role in society by providing important services like educating low-income families. While the founders prioritized independence and limiting government influence, modern representatives should work to incorporate public administration into the government structure and ensure its protection, as it has become critical to American society. However, reorganizing the government in this way would be a complex process requiring significant political coordination and debate.
This document summarizes the evolution of public administration over five phases from 1887 to the present:
1) 1887-1926 saw early reforms and the first textbook on public administration. Politics and administration were considered separate, with administrators implementing policy and politicians making it.
2) 1927-1937 focused on scientific management principles. Books defined optimal assembly lines for efficiency.
3) 1938-1959 challenged the dichotomy between politics and administration and questioned universal principles. Values could not be separated from administration.
4) 1950-1970 saw efforts to reconnect public administration with its political science roots to avoid being too narrow of a science. Comparative administration also emerged.
5) After 1970, public administration refined management techniques
The New Public Administration emerged in the 1960s as a response to the traditional, managerial approach of public administration. It focused on making public administration more responsive to social issues and promoting values like social equity, fairness, and participation. The Minnowbrook Conference of 1968 was influential in developing the principles of the New Public Administration, emphasizing public administration's role in facilitating social change and an active citizenry. The New Public Administration rejected the value-neutral stance and hierarchical structure of traditional public administration, instead prioritizing flexibility, relevance to contemporary problems, and a client-oriented approach.
Public administration involves the implementation of government policies and operations, including planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling government work. It has evolved over time from focusing on separating politics and administration, to emphasizing principles of administration and efficiency, to considering human factors and incorporating other social sciences. Public administration is significant as the key instrument of government to maintain order and protect citizens. It also enables development, supports modern welfare states by providing public services, and is an important subject of academic study.
Woodrow Wilson is considered the father of public administration for formally recognizing it as a discipline in 1887. He argued for separating politics from administration, establishing the dichotomy between the two. During 1927-1937, public administration developed as an independent discipline influenced by POSDCORB and a focus on principles of administration. Starting in 1938, these views faced criticism and challenges as administration was recognized as inherently political. From 1948-1970, public administration experienced a crisis of identity as its foundations were questioned. After 1971, new perspectives emerged focused on public policy and incorporating knowledge from other social sciences.
This document discusses the evolution of public administration theories and practices. It covers the development of public administration and three main theories: Classical Public Administration Theory, New Public Management Theory, and Postmodern Public Administration Theory. It also describes six paradigms of traditional public administration models and how public administration has taken on new roles in modern society, including designing policy, implementing policy, and serving as an agent of change.
This document discusses the evolution of public administration theories and practices. It covers the development of public administration and three main theories: Classical Public Administration Theory, New Public Management Theory, and Postmodern Public Administration Theory. It also describes six paradigms of traditional public administration models and how public administration has taken on new roles in modern society, including designing policy, implementing policy, and serving as a change agent.
Respond to each peer with response being 3-4 sentences longPee.docxkhanpaulita
The American founders did not recognize the importance of public administration when establishing the government system. They focused instead on developing the nation's economy and wanted individuals to be self-sufficient rather than dependent on public services. Today, public organizations play a major role in society by providing important services like educating low-income families. While the founders prioritized independence and limiting government influence, modern representatives should work to incorporate public administration into the government structure and ensure its protection, as it has become critical to American society. However, reorganizing the government in this way would be a complex process requiring significant political coordination and debate.
This document summarizes the evolution of public administration over five phases from 1887 to the present:
1) 1887-1926 saw early reforms and the first textbook on public administration. Politics and administration were considered separate, with administrators implementing policy and politicians making it.
2) 1927-1937 focused on scientific management principles. Books defined optimal assembly lines for efficiency.
3) 1938-1959 challenged the dichotomy between politics and administration and questioned universal principles. Values could not be separated from administration.
4) 1950-1970 saw efforts to reconnect public administration with its political science roots to avoid being too narrow of a science. Comparative administration also emerged.
5) After 1970, public administration refined management techniques
The document summarizes the evolution of public administration over five phases from 1887 to the present:
1) 1887-1926 saw early reforms and the first textbook on the topic. Politics and administration were seen as distinct.
2) 1927-1937 focused on applying scientific management principles from business. A dichotomy between facts and values emerged.
3) 1938-1959 challenged the universality of administrative principles and the politics-administration dichotomy.
4) 1950-1970 sought to reconnect public administration with its political science roots and broaden its social and political focus.
5) Post-1970 solidified public administration as its own discipline focused on decision-making and defining "public." Recent technological changes
This document summarizes the evolution of public administration over five phases from 1887 to the present:
1) 1887-1926 saw early reforms and the first textbook on public administration. Politics and administration were considered separate, with administrators implementing policy and politicians making it.
2) 1927-1937 focused on scientific management principles. A key book defined principles of optimal assembly lines for efficiency.
3) 1938-1959 challenged the dichotomy between politics and administration and questioned universal principles. Authors argued administration involves values and contexts differ between organizations.
4) 1950-1970 saw efforts to reconnect public administration with its political science roots by considering both internal bureaucratic processes and external political pressures.
5) Post-1970 utilized
Modern public administration has gone through several phases since the 1950s: (1) development administration from the 1950s-1960s which focused on helping developing countries rebuild after WWII, (2) new public administration in the 1970s which addressed the "identity crisis" facing the field, (3) new public management in the 1980s-1990s which emphasized market-based reforms, and (4) governance which views public administration more broadly. Development administration aimed to help countries undergoing social and economic transformation through innovation management and the administration of development projects with Western aid. The Philippines also drew on development administration principles but faced its own "identity crisis" in defining an approach rooted to its own aspirations.
This document provides an overview of public administration, including its origin and growth, meaning and definition, scope, relationship to private administration, and role in democratic societies and Pakistan specifically. It traces the history of public administration from Greek and Islamic eras to its modern study as an academic discipline. It describes public administration as governmental administration serving the public interest and outlines both managerial and subject matter views of its scope.
Economic Inequality and Civilian Support for Democracy_Latin America and the ...nicpalmer101
This document is an honors project by Nicholos Palmer submitted in fulfillment of requirements for the Esther G. Maynor Honors College at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke. The project examines the relationship between economic inequality and civilian support for democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean. It begins with an acknowledgments section and table of contents. It then presents an abstract that summarizes the study, which hypothesizes that citizens who believe inequality is high and should be reduced are more likely to lose faith in democracy, but finds the opposite through statistical analysis. The introduction provides background on inequality in the region and issues of populism and economic policy.
Social development is defined as a holistic and systematic approach to promoting individual and societal well-being through planned social change and economic development. It emerged in the 1920s through the work of L.T. Hobhouse and gained popularity under British colonial rule in Africa in the 1940s through mass literacy and community development programs. Since the 1940s, approaches to social development have included enterprise strategies emphasizing private initiatives, statist strategies involving centralized government planning and administration, and communitarian strategies focusing on local community participation. More recently, microcredit and microfinance initiatives exemplify a balanced approach incorporating free markets, government support, and grassroots participation to alleviate poverty and promote peace.
This document provides an overview of the book "Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics & American Economics in the Progressive Era" by Thomas C. Leonard.
The book tells the story of progressive scholars and activists during the Progressive Era who led the crusade to dismantle laissez-faire economics and establish an administrative state to guide the economy. It describes how they established economics as a university discipline and remade the practice of political economy. It also explains how they helped convince Americans that laissez-faire was outdated and the new economy required expert guidance. Finally, it discusses how by 1917 they had helped build the institutions of the modern American administrative state.
However, the second half of the
The document discusses the evolution of public administration from ancient to modern times. It covers the following key points:
- Public administration has existed in all societies to advance general welfare through activities like taxation, financial management, and administering justice. The idea of serving the public interest can be seen as far back as the Code of Hammurabi.
- Notable developments included China establishing the first centralized bureaucracy in the 2nd century BC and merit-based civil service exams. In the late 19th century, Woodrow Wilson distinguished between politics and an apolitical administration.
- The field of public administration transitioned from an art to an attempt at a science through the works of scholars like Gulick, White
1) In the 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville observed the phenomenon of individualism in America, which he contrasted with the egoism he saw in Europe.
2) The progressive movement led to reforms like the Pendleton Act in 1883, which professionalized the civil service through a merit-based hiring system.
3) There have been various attempts to define public administration, with scholars focusing on elements like its role in policymaking, fiscal administration, and organization and management of government. Its relationship to political science has also been an ongoing topic of discussion.
The document discusses the evolution of public administration from ancient to modern times. It covers the following key points:
- Public administration has existed in all societies to advance general welfare through activities like taxation, financial management, and administering justice. The idea of serving the public interest can be seen as far back as the Code of Hammurabi.
- Notable developments included China establishing the first centralized bureaucracy in the 2nd century BC and merit-based civil service exams. In the late 19th century, Woodrow Wilson distinguished between politics and an apolitical administration.
- The field of public administration evolved from an art to being studied scientifically. Scholars like Max Weber analyzed bureaucratic models while challenges in
The document discusses a paper written by a student named Abhinav Kapur at Washington and Lee University. The paper analyzes China's departure from Maoism and argues that market reforms were a more bottom-up process initiated by citizens, rather than solely resulting from Deng Xiaoping's rise to power. The paper uses a path dependency approach to analyze how Mao's policies of self-reliance, decentralization, and encouragement of citizen initiative planted the seeds for citizens to demand reforms through collective action.
The document summarizes the development of paradigms in public administration as described in a 1975 article by Nicholas Henry. It outlines five paradigms: (1) the politics/administration dichotomy from 1900-1926, (2) principles of administration from 1927-1937, (3) public administration as political science from 1950-1970, (4) public administration as administrative science from 1956-1970, and (5) public administration as public administration from 1970 to the present. The fifth and emerging paradigm focused on policy science, political economy, and the public policy-making process, leading to increased enrollments in public administration programs and the institutionalization of public administration as its own academic field.
Public Administration in the twentieth-first CenturyTheory and Practice Repor...zsbattfiacatnueve
This document provides a summary of key developments in public administration in the 21st century across several areas:
1) Information technology and globalization have significantly impacted governance models, shifting emphasis from centralized government to collaborative networks between public, private, and non-profit sectors.
2) Public administration has adapted to significant demographic changes around diversity, aging populations, and urbanization by addressing diverse citizen needs.
3) Sustainability and environmental issues like climate change have become central concerns, integrated into policies around clean energy, conservation, and mitigation.
4) Implementation of reforms like the Affordable Care Act have changed healthcare administration around access, social determinants of health, and systems management.
Woodrow Wilson is considered the father of public administration for his 1887 work "The Study of Administration", which established administration as its own academic discipline separate from politics. Frank Goodnow later argued that politics and administration could be separated, with politics dealing with policy and administration dealing with execution. Early 20th century saw focus on efficiency and development of principles of administration. Later challenges rejected the separation of administration and politics, and viewed administration as operating within political and social contexts. Recent trends include comparative public administration, development administration, and market-oriented approaches. Comparative public administration involves comparing administrative systems and specific elements across countries.
This document outlines the evolution of the field of public administration from its traditional/classical phase to modern developments. It discusses key thinkers and periods that have shaped the discipline, including Woodrow Wilson who argued for public administration as a professional field separate from politics. Max Weber is also cited for his influential analysis of bureaucratic organizations. The document then examines specific areas of specialization within public administration and ongoing concerns in the Philippines around issues like reorganization and corruption.
Evolution of Public Administration in Indian ContextSakshiJournal
Public administration emerged as an academic discipline in the late 19th century with Woodrow Wilson's seminal essay. It has evolved through 5 phases: (1) a politics-administration dichotomy from 1887-1926, (2) an era focused on principles of administration from 1927-1937, (3) a period of challenges to those principles from 1938-1947 with human relations theory, (4) a crisis of identity from 1948-1970 addressed by new public administration, and (5) a public policy perspective emerging from 1971 onward incorporating various social sciences. Recent trends include new public management, public-private partnerships, and greater citizen participation.
This document discusses the evolution of the field of public administration from its roots in ancient civilizations to the modern era. It addresses the question of whether there is a Philippine public administration. While scholars in 1986 asserted that one exists due to the presence of administrative structures and processes operating within the unique Philippine context, the question is revisited here. The document outlines the major phases in the evolution of public administration as a discipline from the traditional/classical phase to the modern phase and various sub-phases. It examines influential early theorists and developments that shaped the field.
Development administration emerged in the 1960s to help implement policies and plans for nation-building and socio-economic progress in developing countries. It aims to strengthen administrative machinery to facilitate defined programs of social and economic progress by making change attractive to populations. Key elements include planned and coordinated efforts, a goal-oriented and people-centered approach, and creating management capacities. Problems include a lack of experienced administrators and modern techniques as well as procedural delays and poor implementation. The nature of development has changed from a 19th century focus on individualism and economic growth to a post-WWII emphasis on state-led development and goals like poverty reduction, self-reliance, and resource mobilization.
Population distribution across the world is extremely uneven, with some areas being sparsely populated and others being densely populated due to various social, cultural, and economic factors. Areas with better infrastructure like housing, healthcare, education, transportation, and employment opportunities tend to be more populated. Cultural and religious sites also attract larger populations. Social factors that influence lifestyle choices and economic opportunities available to people impact population distribution patterns at local, regional, national, and global scales.
- The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted education globally, forcing over 1 billion students out of school. This prompted a shift to online learning modes.
- The document examines the educational pedagogy adapted during online learning post COVID-19 lockdowns. It analyzes pros and cons of online vs offline learning using questionnaires of 100 students and teachers.
- Key findings show online learning provides flexibility and access but lacks student-teacher interaction and focus, while offline learning allows face-to-face interaction but is rigid and expensive. The pandemic accelerated the need for effective online teaching tools and pedagogical changes.
The document summarizes the evolution of public administration over five phases from 1887 to the present:
1) 1887-1926 saw early reforms and the first textbook on the topic. Politics and administration were seen as distinct.
2) 1927-1937 focused on applying scientific management principles from business. A dichotomy between facts and values emerged.
3) 1938-1959 challenged the universality of administrative principles and the politics-administration dichotomy.
4) 1950-1970 sought to reconnect public administration with its political science roots and broaden its social and political focus.
5) Post-1970 solidified public administration as its own discipline focused on decision-making and defining "public." Recent technological changes
This document summarizes the evolution of public administration over five phases from 1887 to the present:
1) 1887-1926 saw early reforms and the first textbook on public administration. Politics and administration were considered separate, with administrators implementing policy and politicians making it.
2) 1927-1937 focused on scientific management principles. A key book defined principles of optimal assembly lines for efficiency.
3) 1938-1959 challenged the dichotomy between politics and administration and questioned universal principles. Authors argued administration involves values and contexts differ between organizations.
4) 1950-1970 saw efforts to reconnect public administration with its political science roots by considering both internal bureaucratic processes and external political pressures.
5) Post-1970 utilized
Modern public administration has gone through several phases since the 1950s: (1) development administration from the 1950s-1960s which focused on helping developing countries rebuild after WWII, (2) new public administration in the 1970s which addressed the "identity crisis" facing the field, (3) new public management in the 1980s-1990s which emphasized market-based reforms, and (4) governance which views public administration more broadly. Development administration aimed to help countries undergoing social and economic transformation through innovation management and the administration of development projects with Western aid. The Philippines also drew on development administration principles but faced its own "identity crisis" in defining an approach rooted to its own aspirations.
This document provides an overview of public administration, including its origin and growth, meaning and definition, scope, relationship to private administration, and role in democratic societies and Pakistan specifically. It traces the history of public administration from Greek and Islamic eras to its modern study as an academic discipline. It describes public administration as governmental administration serving the public interest and outlines both managerial and subject matter views of its scope.
Economic Inequality and Civilian Support for Democracy_Latin America and the ...nicpalmer101
This document is an honors project by Nicholos Palmer submitted in fulfillment of requirements for the Esther G. Maynor Honors College at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke. The project examines the relationship between economic inequality and civilian support for democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean. It begins with an acknowledgments section and table of contents. It then presents an abstract that summarizes the study, which hypothesizes that citizens who believe inequality is high and should be reduced are more likely to lose faith in democracy, but finds the opposite through statistical analysis. The introduction provides background on inequality in the region and issues of populism and economic policy.
Social development is defined as a holistic and systematic approach to promoting individual and societal well-being through planned social change and economic development. It emerged in the 1920s through the work of L.T. Hobhouse and gained popularity under British colonial rule in Africa in the 1940s through mass literacy and community development programs. Since the 1940s, approaches to social development have included enterprise strategies emphasizing private initiatives, statist strategies involving centralized government planning and administration, and communitarian strategies focusing on local community participation. More recently, microcredit and microfinance initiatives exemplify a balanced approach incorporating free markets, government support, and grassroots participation to alleviate poverty and promote peace.
This document provides an overview of the book "Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics & American Economics in the Progressive Era" by Thomas C. Leonard.
The book tells the story of progressive scholars and activists during the Progressive Era who led the crusade to dismantle laissez-faire economics and establish an administrative state to guide the economy. It describes how they established economics as a university discipline and remade the practice of political economy. It also explains how they helped convince Americans that laissez-faire was outdated and the new economy required expert guidance. Finally, it discusses how by 1917 they had helped build the institutions of the modern American administrative state.
However, the second half of the
The document discusses the evolution of public administration from ancient to modern times. It covers the following key points:
- Public administration has existed in all societies to advance general welfare through activities like taxation, financial management, and administering justice. The idea of serving the public interest can be seen as far back as the Code of Hammurabi.
- Notable developments included China establishing the first centralized bureaucracy in the 2nd century BC and merit-based civil service exams. In the late 19th century, Woodrow Wilson distinguished between politics and an apolitical administration.
- The field of public administration transitioned from an art to an attempt at a science through the works of scholars like Gulick, White
1) In the 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville observed the phenomenon of individualism in America, which he contrasted with the egoism he saw in Europe.
2) The progressive movement led to reforms like the Pendleton Act in 1883, which professionalized the civil service through a merit-based hiring system.
3) There have been various attempts to define public administration, with scholars focusing on elements like its role in policymaking, fiscal administration, and organization and management of government. Its relationship to political science has also been an ongoing topic of discussion.
The document discusses the evolution of public administration from ancient to modern times. It covers the following key points:
- Public administration has existed in all societies to advance general welfare through activities like taxation, financial management, and administering justice. The idea of serving the public interest can be seen as far back as the Code of Hammurabi.
- Notable developments included China establishing the first centralized bureaucracy in the 2nd century BC and merit-based civil service exams. In the late 19th century, Woodrow Wilson distinguished between politics and an apolitical administration.
- The field of public administration evolved from an art to being studied scientifically. Scholars like Max Weber analyzed bureaucratic models while challenges in
The document discusses a paper written by a student named Abhinav Kapur at Washington and Lee University. The paper analyzes China's departure from Maoism and argues that market reforms were a more bottom-up process initiated by citizens, rather than solely resulting from Deng Xiaoping's rise to power. The paper uses a path dependency approach to analyze how Mao's policies of self-reliance, decentralization, and encouragement of citizen initiative planted the seeds for citizens to demand reforms through collective action.
The document summarizes the development of paradigms in public administration as described in a 1975 article by Nicholas Henry. It outlines five paradigms: (1) the politics/administration dichotomy from 1900-1926, (2) principles of administration from 1927-1937, (3) public administration as political science from 1950-1970, (4) public administration as administrative science from 1956-1970, and (5) public administration as public administration from 1970 to the present. The fifth and emerging paradigm focused on policy science, political economy, and the public policy-making process, leading to increased enrollments in public administration programs and the institutionalization of public administration as its own academic field.
Public Administration in the twentieth-first CenturyTheory and Practice Repor...zsbattfiacatnueve
This document provides a summary of key developments in public administration in the 21st century across several areas:
1) Information technology and globalization have significantly impacted governance models, shifting emphasis from centralized government to collaborative networks between public, private, and non-profit sectors.
2) Public administration has adapted to significant demographic changes around diversity, aging populations, and urbanization by addressing diverse citizen needs.
3) Sustainability and environmental issues like climate change have become central concerns, integrated into policies around clean energy, conservation, and mitigation.
4) Implementation of reforms like the Affordable Care Act have changed healthcare administration around access, social determinants of health, and systems management.
Woodrow Wilson is considered the father of public administration for his 1887 work "The Study of Administration", which established administration as its own academic discipline separate from politics. Frank Goodnow later argued that politics and administration could be separated, with politics dealing with policy and administration dealing with execution. Early 20th century saw focus on efficiency and development of principles of administration. Later challenges rejected the separation of administration and politics, and viewed administration as operating within political and social contexts. Recent trends include comparative public administration, development administration, and market-oriented approaches. Comparative public administration involves comparing administrative systems and specific elements across countries.
This document outlines the evolution of the field of public administration from its traditional/classical phase to modern developments. It discusses key thinkers and periods that have shaped the discipline, including Woodrow Wilson who argued for public administration as a professional field separate from politics. Max Weber is also cited for his influential analysis of bureaucratic organizations. The document then examines specific areas of specialization within public administration and ongoing concerns in the Philippines around issues like reorganization and corruption.
Evolution of Public Administration in Indian ContextSakshiJournal
Public administration emerged as an academic discipline in the late 19th century with Woodrow Wilson's seminal essay. It has evolved through 5 phases: (1) a politics-administration dichotomy from 1887-1926, (2) an era focused on principles of administration from 1927-1937, (3) a period of challenges to those principles from 1938-1947 with human relations theory, (4) a crisis of identity from 1948-1970 addressed by new public administration, and (5) a public policy perspective emerging from 1971 onward incorporating various social sciences. Recent trends include new public management, public-private partnerships, and greater citizen participation.
This document discusses the evolution of the field of public administration from its roots in ancient civilizations to the modern era. It addresses the question of whether there is a Philippine public administration. While scholars in 1986 asserted that one exists due to the presence of administrative structures and processes operating within the unique Philippine context, the question is revisited here. The document outlines the major phases in the evolution of public administration as a discipline from the traditional/classical phase to the modern phase and various sub-phases. It examines influential early theorists and developments that shaped the field.
Development administration emerged in the 1960s to help implement policies and plans for nation-building and socio-economic progress in developing countries. It aims to strengthen administrative machinery to facilitate defined programs of social and economic progress by making change attractive to populations. Key elements include planned and coordinated efforts, a goal-oriented and people-centered approach, and creating management capacities. Problems include a lack of experienced administrators and modern techniques as well as procedural delays and poor implementation. The nature of development has changed from a 19th century focus on individualism and economic growth to a post-WWII emphasis on state-led development and goals like poverty reduction, self-reliance, and resource mobilization.
Population distribution across the world is extremely uneven, with some areas being sparsely populated and others being densely populated due to various social, cultural, and economic factors. Areas with better infrastructure like housing, healthcare, education, transportation, and employment opportunities tend to be more populated. Cultural and religious sites also attract larger populations. Social factors that influence lifestyle choices and economic opportunities available to people impact population distribution patterns at local, regional, national, and global scales.
- The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted education globally, forcing over 1 billion students out of school. This prompted a shift to online learning modes.
- The document examines the educational pedagogy adapted during online learning post COVID-19 lockdowns. It analyzes pros and cons of online vs offline learning using questionnaires of 100 students and teachers.
- Key findings show online learning provides flexibility and access but lacks student-teacher interaction and focus, while offline learning allows face-to-face interaction but is rigid and expensive. The pandemic accelerated the need for effective online teaching tools and pedagogical changes.
The document discusses the history and establishment of the Supreme Court of India. It was established through enactments passed in pre-independent India and is now the highest court and final court of appeal in India. The document outlines the key powers and functions of the Supreme Court, including judicial review, appellate jurisdiction, and acting as the guardian of the Indian Constitution. It also discusses the procedure for impeachment of Supreme Court judges.
Population distribution across the world is extremely uneven, with some areas being sparsely populated and others being densely populated due to various social, cultural, and economic factors. Areas with better infrastructure like housing, healthcare, education, transportation, and employment opportunities tend to be more populated. Cultural and religious sites also attract larger populations. Social factors that influence lifestyle choices and economic opportunities available to people impact population distribution patterns at local, regional, national, and global scales.
Early civilizations developed agriculture and permanent settlements. Archeologists study past human cultures by examining the physical remains and artifacts left behind. Fossils and artifacts provide clues about early human ancestors and how cultures evolved over time.
This document summarizes the work of Herbert Alexander Simon, an American social scientist known for his work on administrative decision making and organizations. It outlines Simon's influential 1947 book "Administrative Behavior" which sought to replace the classical economic model of single, profit-maximizing decisions with an approach that recognizes multiple factors influencing decisions. The document then describes Simon's concepts of the "Economic Man" who makes fully rational decisions, and the "Administrative Man" who uses simplification and rules of thumb to make decisions in the real world.
ALI Centralization and Decentralization.pptxMd Sahil Ali
This document discusses centralization and decentralization in organizations. Centralization means authority is concentrated at the top levels of management, with control and decision-making residing at the top. Some benefits of centralization include reduced costs, uniformity, leadership, and improved quality of work. However, centralization can also lead to delays, lack of loyalty, frustration from rigid control, and inability to give special attention to specific works. Decentralization grants more decision-making authority to lower-level managers. While it reduces burden on top executives and facilitates diversification, decentralization also brings challenges of ensuring uniform policies and coordination across subunits. Most organizations employ a mixed approach between fully centralized and decentralized models.
UN WOD 2024 will take us on a journey of discovery through the ocean's vastness, tapping into the wisdom and expertise of global policy-makers, scientists, managers, thought leaders, and artists to awaken new depths of understanding, compassion, collaboration and commitment for the ocean and all it sustains. The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.
United Nations World Oceans Day 2024; June 8th " Awaken new dephts".Christina Parmionova
The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.
Donate to charity during this holiday seasonSERUDS INDIA
For people who have money and are philanthropic, there are infinite opportunities to gift a needy person or child a Merry Christmas. Even if you are living on a shoestring budget, you will be surprised at how much you can do.
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-to-donate-to-charity-during-this-holiday-season/
#charityforchildren, #donateforchildren, #donateclothesforchildren, #donatebooksforchildren, #donatetoysforchildren, #sponsorforchildren, #sponsorclothesforchildren, #sponsorbooksforchildren, #sponsortoysforchildren, #seruds, #kurnool
The Antyodaya Saral Haryana Portal is a pioneering initiative by the Government of Haryana aimed at providing citizens with seamless access to a wide range of government services
About Potato, The scientific name of the plant is Solanum tuberosum (L).Christina Parmionova
The potato is a starchy root vegetable native to the Americas that is consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world. Potatoes are tubers of the plant Solanum tuberosum, a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Wild potato species can be found from the southern United States to southern Chile
Synopsis (short abstract) In December 2023, the UN General Assembly proclaimed 30 May as the International Day of Potato.
Food safety, prepare for the unexpected - So what can be done in order to be ready to address food safety, food Consumers, food producers and manufacturers, food transporters, food businesses, food retailers can ...
This report explores the significance of border towns and spaces for strengthening responses to young people on the move. In particular it explores the linkages of young people to local service centres with the aim of further developing service, protection, and support strategies for migrant children in border areas across the region. The report is based on a small-scale fieldwork study in the border towns of Chipata and Katete in Zambia conducted in July 2023. Border towns and spaces provide a rich source of information about issues related to the informal or irregular movement of young people across borders, including smuggling and trafficking. They can help build a picture of the nature and scope of the type of movement young migrants undertake and also the forms of protection available to them. Border towns and spaces also provide a lens through which we can better understand the vulnerabilities of young people on the move and, critically, the strategies they use to navigate challenges and access support.
The findings in this report highlight some of the key factors shaping the experiences and vulnerabilities of young people on the move – particularly their proximity to border spaces and how this affects the risks that they face. The report describes strategies that young people on the move employ to remain below the radar of visibility to state and non-state actors due to fear of arrest, detention, and deportation while also trying to keep themselves safe and access support in border towns. These strategies of (in)visibility provide a way to protect themselves yet at the same time also heighten some of the risks young people face as their vulnerabilities are not always recognised by those who could offer support.
In this report we show that the realities and challenges of life and migration in this region and in Zambia need to be better understood for support to be strengthened and tuned to meet the specific needs of young people on the move. This includes understanding the role of state and non-state stakeholders, the impact of laws and policies and, critically, the experiences of the young people themselves. We provide recommendations for immediate action, recommendations for programming to support young people on the move in the two towns that would reduce risk for young people in this area, and recommendations for longer term policy advocacy.
RFP for Reno's Community Assistance CenterThis Is Reno
Property appraisals completed in May for downtown Reno’s Community Assistance and Triage Centers (CAC) reveal that repairing the buildings to bring them back into service would cost an estimated $10.1 million—nearly four times the amount previously reported by city staff.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.Christina Parmionova
The best available, up-to-date information on all fishing and related vessels that appear on the illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing vessel lists published by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and related organisations. The aim of the site is to improve the effectiveness of the original IUU lists as a tool for a wide variety of stakeholders to better understand and combat illegal fishing and broader fisheries crime.
To date, the following regional organisations maintain or share lists of vessels that have been found to carry out or support IUU fishing within their own or adjacent convention areas and/or species of competence:
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC)
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO)
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
The Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List merges all these sources into one list that provides a single reference point to identify whether a vessel is currently IUU listed. Vessels that have been IUU listed in the past and subsequently delisted (for example because of a change in ownership, or because the vessel is no longer in service) are also retained on the site, so that the site contains a full historic record of IUU listed fishing vessels.
Unlike the IUU lists published on individual RFMO websites, which may update vessel details infrequently or not at all, the Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List is kept up to date with the best available information regarding changes to vessel identity, flag state, ownership, location, and operations.
Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.
ALI 523.pdf
1. Name: - Md Sahil Ali
Registration no.: -12212350
Course code: - PBA523
Topic: - Minnow brook Perspective in
Public Administration.
Submitted to: -Dr. Manvendra Singh
2. Introduction
Old Public Administration
During World War II, the condition of political and administrative affairs in the
United States was marked by the weakness of the theory of the politics-
administration dichotomy in its traditional public administration.
It is understood that the way in which public administration has so far identified
politics and administration as two separate and distinct areas of practice cannot
be applied in times of crisis.
Also, the way in which the old thinking of public administration repeatedly
emphasized the importance of organizational policy for the efficiency of an
organization, seems to be unrealistic and futile in the crisis situation during the
world war.
After World War 2 a number of nations emerged (became independent from the
colonial period) in the name of third world countries. They were facing a
number of problems like poverty, unemployment, nation-building,
backwardness, etc.
The 1960s and early 1970s were periods of turbulence, instability and confusion
in the West, particularly in the United States. Like other social sciences such as
psychology, sociology and political science, public administration was shaken
by this revolutionary period.
The earlier dogmas of public administration ‘economy’ and ‘efficiency’ were
found inadequate and incomplete objectives of administrative activity. it began
to be said that efficiency is not the whole of public administration. Man is the
centre stage of all administrative activity who cannot be subjected to the
mechanical test of efficiency.
The impact of administration on human character is more important than its
efficiency and economy. Public administration cannot be ‘value free’, it is to be
‘value-oriented’ as certain human values are to promote in the society.
The term New Public Administration was used to describe this new trend in
the field of public administration. The two books “Towards a New Public
Administration, The Minnow-brook Perspective” edited by Frank Marini
and published in 1971 and “Public Administration in a Time of
3. Turbulence” edited by Dwight Waldo and published simultaneously gave
currency to the concept of New Public Administration.
These two books edited the ideas of an academic get together of younger
age-group on public administration called the Minnow-brook Conference
held in 1968. This conference expressed dissatisfaction with the state of the
discipline of public administration and sought to give it a new image by
discarding traditional concepts and making it alive to the problems presented
by the “turbulent times”
We have already concerned that in the sixties, there was a kind of frustration
among the younger generation about various government activities in the United
States. On the one hand, the Vietnam War, on the other hand, the racist riots,
various social evils caused a kind of frustration in the minds of the people about
all kinds of administration and institutions.
Some young theorists then met with their new thoughts in 1968 at the
Minnowbrook Conference Center at Syracuse University in the United States
under the patronage of Dwight Waldo. This Minnowbrook conference was
marked as the beginning of the new public administration discussion.
The main purpose of this conference was to discuss the new theories of public
administration and to identify how to give more importance to the ‘Public’ part
of public administration.
First Minnow Brook Conference -
1. It was organised in the backdrop of anger and unrest against the Government.
2. It was organised in opposition to Philadelphia Conference.
3. It had participants from department of Political Science. Hence its approach
was narrow and limited.
4. It focus was Change, Relevance, Social Equity and Value.
5. It gave rise to the concept of Public Administration.
4. 6. New Public Administration failed in practise.
7. Its theme, tenure, tone and temperament was more radical and anti
Government.
8. Its proceeding were combined in a report by Frank Marini in 1971 named
"Toward a New Public Administration:The Minnow Brook Perspective".
9. It was held under the chairmanship of Dwight Waldo.
Second Minnow Brook Conference -
1. It was organised when the economy of USA was upbeat and a sense of
euphoria was present among the masses.
2. It was organised for the support and expansion of US Public Administration.
3. Its participants were from field of Public Administration, Political Science,
law, management, administration etc. Hence it was more broad-based and
liberal.
4. Its focus was LPG - Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation.
5. It gave rise to the concept of New Public Management.
6. New Public Management proved to be successful.
7. It was highly encouraging and supportive.
8. All its proceedings were published in the essays in the Minnow Brook
tradition edited by Richard T. Mayor and published by Timmy Bailey - "Public
Management in the Inter-Connected World:Essays in the Minnow Brook
Tradition." (1990)
9. It was held under the chairmanship of H George Fredrickson.
5. Third Minnow Brook Conference -
1. It was organised when American economy was downgrading and
global terrorism had shown its first effect.
2. It was organised for global concerns like global terrorism, economy
and ecological imbalances etc.
3. This invited participants from other countries as well hence it was
global in approach focussing upon global challenges and problems of
Public Administration.
4. Its focus was upon structural and functional reforms or second
generation reforms.
5. It gave rise to the concept of 3 E's - Economy, Efficiency and
Effectiveness.
6. Its consequences are yet to be realised.
7. It was more mild, mellow and sober.
8. Its proceedings are published in "The Future of Public
Administration Around the World: The Minnowbrook Perspective"
by Rosemary O'Leary, David M. Van Slyke, Soonhee Kim.
9. It was held under the chairmanship of Rosemary O'Leary.
Outcome / Solution (NPA)
They needed the rapid development of their economy, the industrial,
agricultural sectors. So at that time, it was called there was a crisis after the
6. second world war in third world countries. So the questions arose about how to
develop these nations.
The western model (traditional managerial administration) of public
administration failed to overcome these crises in the third world nations.
It was a period of the 1960s. This was known as the period of crisis and turmoil
in the socio-economic aspect of the United states. There was huge
unemployment and traditional public administration almost gave up to resolve
those problems.
So as a result in order to respond to these problems, a new approach of public
administration evolves. The approach was called the New Public
Administration.
There are a number of differences between New and old public administration.
No Old Public Administration New Public Administration
1 Structural and Rigid Flexible and Dynamic
2
Focus on Principles, and
maintain the status quo
Change Oriented
3 Profit Oriented Client Oriented
So New Public administration focuses on-
flexible means less focus on bureaucratic structure.
It believes in change means public administration will change when
socio-economic aspects of the nation will be changed.
It is client-oriented means public administration is more concerned about
services to the people. People are seen as a client.
Important Publications
This new movement of public administration realizes the political importance in
the administration. Some publications have breathed new life into this new
movement of public administration.
7. Authors Books/ Articles Year of Publication
Dwight Waldo
Public Administration in a Time of
Revolutions
1968
Frank Marini
Towards a New Public Administration:
The Minnowbrook Perspective
1971
Dwight Waldo
Public Administration in a Time of
Turbulence
1971
George
Frederickson
New Public Administration 1980
Dwight Waldo is considered to be the father of the New Public Administration
for his precise contribution.
Goals and Principles of the New Public Administration
The goal of NPA is to achieve a total of 5 components. Many people also
identify these 5 components as the principles of NPA. These are –
1. Relevance
2. Values
3. Change
4. Social Equity
5. Client Orientation
1. Relevance
Conventional public administration emphasizes organizational efficiency and
cost reduction. Management, on the other hand, emphasizes on how to enhance
the skills of staff.
The new movement of public administration seeks to highlight contemporary
issues and discuss how administrative decisions are made in a particular
political environment.
8. In this way, the weaknesses of the old public administration and management
related public administration are highlighted in the new public administration.
This new movement calls for a major overhaul of the public administration
curriculum at various universities and emphasizes the relevance of public
administration in modern public life.
2. Values
This new movement of public administration clearly rejects the value neutrality
in traditional public administration.
In the case of public administration, value neutrality is unrealistic, and it
believes that the responsibility of the public administration towards the rustic
people of the society must be discussed.
The new movement believes that the values that are established through
administrative decisions should be openly acknowledged by the public
administration.
The new public administration is more pro-people, more direct-oriented than its
predecessors, more pro-client-oriented than institutional, more loyal to policy
than neutrality.
3. Social Equity
One of the goals of public administration is to establish equality in the society.
They think that an administrator should keep in mind the impact of government
work on the people. The new public administration thinks that the main goal of
public administration is to alleviate the economic, social, and psychological
suffering of the people.
So from this perspective it can be called that NPA is action oriented.
4. Change
The new public administration thinks that social integration needs a change. It is
necessary to fight against stagnation and influential forces. The new public
administration focuses on how to change the way administrative work is done
and how to reduce bureaucratic tendencies in government institutions.
The new public administration wants to break the perpetual institutions that are
slowly emerging as centers of power in the society. This new movement of
9. public administration is trying to find out how to fight against institutionalism
and bureaucracy in the society.
5. Client Orientation
Client refers to the citizen. The prime goal of NPA is to provide satisfactory
service to the citizens.
Features of New Public Administration
In the light of the above discussion, some features of the New Public
Administration (NPA) can be identified. These are –
1. It is more prescriptive rather than descriptive.
2. It is a value-based concept. Value is inevitable in public administration.
3. It is more oriented towards changing reality.
4. NPA is more flexible and dynamic.
5. It is more ready to influence policies that can improve the quality of
working life, as well as more competent to implement such policies.
6. It is also more oriented towards clients. Here clients refer to the citizen.
7. It assures the people participation in the decision making process of
public administration.
Conclusion of New Public Administration
From the above discussion on New Public Administration, it can be concluded
that The New Public Administration was able to bring about a great change in
the old way of thinking about public administration. This movement
transformed public administration into a socially conscious discipline.
This movement had a special contribution, especially in developing countries.
This new administration had a special significance in bringing about a
qualitative change by freeing the administration from the shackles of
bureaucratic red tape.
10. It can be clearly said that this new movement of public administration seeks to
change the quality of public life, believes in a certain ideology and seeks to
alleviate the sufferings of the neglected people of the society to some extent.
To the proponents of this movement the structure of an organization, the
process of action is relatively secondary; Social problems make them think a lot
more. Ethics, values, new thinking, variability, social problems, these are
relevant and important to the new public administration.
References
https://schoolofpoliticalscience.com/new-public-administration/
https://www.ifioque.com/career-
workshop/management/3rd_Minnowbrook_Conference
https://www.padmad.org/2014/02/1st-2nd-3rd-minnow-brook-conferences.html
https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/study-material/public-administration/new-
public-administration/