This document discusses algorithms and flow charts. It begins by defining an algorithm as a set of instructions to perform a task, noting they can be simple or complex. Algorithms must have defined steps, produce a result, and halt in a finite time. Flow charts provide a graphical representation of processes, using standard symbols to show steps, decisions, and flow. They can help analyze and improve processes by identifying elements and relationships. Key symbols in flow charts include rectangles for steps, diamonds for decisions, and lines to show progression between steps.
The document discusses several key process scheduling policies and algorithms:
1. Maximum throughput, minimize response time, and other policies aim to optimize different performance metrics like job completion time.
2. Common scheduling algorithms include first come first served (FCFS), shortest job next (SJN), priority scheduling, round robin, and multilevel queues. Each has advantages for different workload types.
3. The document also covers process synchronization challenges like deadlock and livelock that can occur when processes contend for shared resources in certain ordering. Methods to avoid or recover from such issues are important for system design.
Algorithms, flow charts and pseudocodesSatveer Mann
The document discusses algorithms, pseudocode, and flow charts. It defines an algorithm as a finite set of steps to solve a problem, and describes characteristics like finiteness, simplicity, and absence of ambiguity. The document also outlines the typical steps to write an algorithm, methods to verify algorithms, and provides an example of adding two numbers. Additionally, it describes flow charts as a pictorial representation of a problem's solution using standard symbols. Common flow chart symbols like terminators, decision diamonds, and processes are defined. Finally, the document defines pseudocode as a high-level description of an algorithm's logic using plain English phrases instead of programming code.
The document discusses different types of operators used in arithmetic and logic operations. It describes arithmetic operators like addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), exponentiation (^), and modulus (%) that are used to perform numeric calculations on operands. Examples are provided to demonstrate how each arithmetic operator works by showing the operands, operator, and output.
The document discusses flowcharts, which are graphical representations of algorithms and programming logic. It provides examples of common flowchart symbols like terminals, inputs/outputs, processes, decisions, and connectors. It also outlines the typical steps for programming practices and techniques, which include defining requirements, creating a flowchart, dry running the flowchart to check for errors, writing source code, debugging, and documentation. Finally, it provides examples of flowcharts for simple programs like printing a message, calculating the sum of two numbers, and checking if a number is even or odd.
what are loop in general
what is loop in c language
uses of loop in c language
types of loop in c language
program of loop in c language
syantax of loop in c language
An array is a collection of data that holds a fixed number of values of the same type. Arrays allow storing multiple values in a single variable through indices. There are one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and multi-dimensional arrays. One-dimensional arrays use a single subscript, two-dimensional arrays use two subscripts like rows and columns, and multi-dimensional arrays can have more than two subscripts. Arrays can be initialized during declaration with values or initialized at runtime by user input or other methods. Elements are accessed using their indices and operations can be performed on the elements.
The document discusses several key process scheduling policies and algorithms:
1. Maximum throughput, minimize response time, and other policies aim to optimize different performance metrics like job completion time.
2. Common scheduling algorithms include first come first served (FCFS), shortest job next (SJN), priority scheduling, round robin, and multilevel queues. Each has advantages for different workload types.
3. The document also covers process synchronization challenges like deadlock and livelock that can occur when processes contend for shared resources in certain ordering. Methods to avoid or recover from such issues are important for system design.
Algorithms, flow charts and pseudocodesSatveer Mann
The document discusses algorithms, pseudocode, and flow charts. It defines an algorithm as a finite set of steps to solve a problem, and describes characteristics like finiteness, simplicity, and absence of ambiguity. The document also outlines the typical steps to write an algorithm, methods to verify algorithms, and provides an example of adding two numbers. Additionally, it describes flow charts as a pictorial representation of a problem's solution using standard symbols. Common flow chart symbols like terminators, decision diamonds, and processes are defined. Finally, the document defines pseudocode as a high-level description of an algorithm's logic using plain English phrases instead of programming code.
The document discusses different types of operators used in arithmetic and logic operations. It describes arithmetic operators like addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), exponentiation (^), and modulus (%) that are used to perform numeric calculations on operands. Examples are provided to demonstrate how each arithmetic operator works by showing the operands, operator, and output.
The document discusses flowcharts, which are graphical representations of algorithms and programming logic. It provides examples of common flowchart symbols like terminals, inputs/outputs, processes, decisions, and connectors. It also outlines the typical steps for programming practices and techniques, which include defining requirements, creating a flowchart, dry running the flowchart to check for errors, writing source code, debugging, and documentation. Finally, it provides examples of flowcharts for simple programs like printing a message, calculating the sum of two numbers, and checking if a number is even or odd.
what are loop in general
what is loop in c language
uses of loop in c language
types of loop in c language
program of loop in c language
syantax of loop in c language
An array is a collection of data that holds a fixed number of values of the same type. Arrays allow storing multiple values in a single variable through indices. There are one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and multi-dimensional arrays. One-dimensional arrays use a single subscript, two-dimensional arrays use two subscripts like rows and columns, and multi-dimensional arrays can have more than two subscripts. Arrays can be initialized during declaration with values or initialized at runtime by user input or other methods. Elements are accessed using their indices and operations can be performed on the elements.
Importance of loops in any programming language is immense, they allow us to reduce the number of lines in a code, making our code more readable and efficient.
This document discusses different types of loops in programming like while, do-while, and for loops. It also covers statements for exiting loops early like break, continue, and goto. Break exits the entire loop, continue skips to the next iteration, and goto unconditionally jumps to a labeled statement.
This presentation is a part of the COP2271C college level course taught at the Florida Polytechnic University located in Lakeland Florida. The purpose of this course is to introduce Freshmen students to both the process of software development and to the Python language.
The course is one semester in length and meets for 2 hours twice a week. The Instructor is Dr. Jim Anderson.
A video of Dr. Anderson using these slides is available on YouTube at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&x-yt-cl=84503534&v=wj41FZyHIbk&x-yt-ts=1421914688
This document discusses algorithms and flowcharts. It defines an algorithm as a step-by-step method for solving a problem with characteristics like being precise, finite, and applying to a set of inputs. A flowchart is then introduced as a graphical representation of an algorithm that is helpful for understanding and documenting complex programs. The document provides examples of standard flowchart symbols and guidelines for creating effective flowcharts, such as having a logical start and finish with one flow line entering and leaving symbols. An example algorithm and flowchart are given for finding the average of two numbers by inputting the values, adding them, dividing the sum by two, and outputting the average.
Algorithms and flowcharts ppt (seminar presentation)..Nagendra N
The document discusses algorithms and flowcharts. It defines an algorithm as an ordered sequence of steps to solve a problem and notes they are developed during the problem solving phase of programming. Flowcharts are used to visualize the logic and flow of an algorithm by showing the individual steps and connections. Several examples are provided of writing pseudocode algorithms and drawing corresponding flowcharts to solve problems involving calculations, comparisons, and conditional logic. Decision structures like if-then-else and nested ifs are also explained.
The break and continue statements can be used to control the flow of loops in C programming.
- The break statement causes immediate exit from a loop. Program execution continues after the loop. It is commonly used to escape early from a loop or skip the remainder of a switch structure.
- The continue statement skips the remaining statements in the body of a loop for that iteration and proceeds with the next iteration. In a while or do-while loop, the continuation test is evaluated immediately after continue. In a for loop, the increment expression is executed before the continuation test.
- An example shows using continue in a for loop to skip printing the value 5 and proceed to the next iteration of the loop.
Algorithms Lecture 1: Introduction to AlgorithmsMohamed Loey
We will discuss the following: Algorithms, Time Complexity & Space Complexity, Algorithm vs Pseudo code, Some Algorithm Types, Programming Languages, Python, Anaconda.
An algorithm is a well-defined procedure for solving a problem through a series of unambiguous instructions. The word derives from the name of mathematician Mohammad Ibn-Musa-al-Khwarizmi. An algorithm must have specified input and output, be definitive, effective, and finite. Common algorithm types include recursive, backtracking, divide-and-conquer, dynamic programming, greedy, branch-and-bound, brute force, and randomized algorithms. Examples provided include algorithms for making brownies and calculating student grades.
The document discusses different notation styles for representing arithmetic expressions, including infix, prefix, and postfix notations. It provides examples of converting expressions between these notations. Infix notation is the conventional style that humans use, but prefix and postfix notations are better suited for computer parsing. The document also covers parsing expressions, operator precedence, and the steps to convert between infix and prefix and infix and postfix notations.
This document discusses switch-case statements in C programming. It explains that switch-case allows programmers to make decisions from multiple choices based on an integer expression. Each case must have a different constant value. The break statement is used to terminate a switch. Expressions and char values can be used in cases if they are constant. Switch statements are useful for menu-driven programs. They have advantages over if-else statements in that compilers generate jump tables, making switches faster at execution time.
The document discusses algorithms and flowcharts. It defines an algorithm as a sequence of steps to solve a problem and notes they can be expressed in various notations like pseudocode and programming languages. It then defines a flowchart as a diagram that represents an algorithm using symbolic shapes and describes the common shapes used in flowcharts like rectangles, diamonds, and arrows. Examples of flowcharts that compute sums and averages are provided.
The document discusses structured programming languages and the compilation process. It provides algorithms, pseudocode, and flowcharts for finding the average of n numbers as an example. It then explains the four stages of compiling a C program: preprocessing, compilation, assembly, and linking. Preprocessing handles includes, defines, and macros. Compilation generates assembly code. Assembly produces object code. Linking combines object files and libraries into a single executable file.
This document discusses priority queues. It defines a priority queue as a queue where insertion and deletion are based on some priority property. Items with higher priority are removed before lower priority items. There are two main types: ascending priority queues remove the smallest item, while descending priority queues remove the largest item. Priority queues are useful for scheduling jobs in operating systems, where real-time jobs have highest priority and are scheduled first. They are also used in network communication to manage limited bandwidth.
Pseudocode is an outline of a program written in a way that can be easily converted to a programming language. It uses natural language and programming constructs like expressions, methods, decision structures, loops, and array indexing. The three essential programming constructs are selection (if/else), repetition (while loops), and sequence. Pseudocode also uses relational, logical, and arithmetic operators and follows rules like using meaningful names and indenting code blocks.
This document discusses planning tools used in programming, focusing on pseudocode. It defines pseudocode as a way for programmers to develop program logic without worrying about syntax. The document then covers the six basic computer operations that can be represented in pseudocode: (1) receiving input, (2) outputting information, (3) performing arithmetic, (4) assigning values to variables, (5) comparing variables to select actions, and (6) repeating groups of actions. It provides examples and guidelines for writing effective pseudocode using keywords, indentation, and other conventions.
This document provides an overview of linear search and binary search algorithms.
It explains that linear search sequentially searches through an array one element at a time to find a target value. It is simple to implement but has poor efficiency as the time scales linearly with the size of the input.
Binary search is more efficient by cutting the search space in half at each step. It works on a sorted array by comparing the target to the middle element and determining which half to search next. The time complexity of binary search is logarithmic rather than linear.
Operating Systems Process Scheduling Algorithmssathish sak
The document discusses various CPU scheduling algorithms used in operating systems including first-come, first-served (FCFS), round robin (RR), shortest job first (SJF), and shortest remaining time first (SRTF). It explains the assumptions, goals, and tradeoffs of each algorithm such as minimizing response time, maximizing throughput, and ensuring fairness. Examples are provided to illustrate how each algorithm works and its performance compared to others under different conditions involving job lengths. Predicting future job lengths is also discussed as it can impact the performance of algorithms like SRTF.
This document discusses standard input/output functions in C language. It provides examples of functions like printf(), scanf(), gets(), puts() to take input from keyboard and display output. It explains format specifiers like %d, %f used with these functions. Escape sequences and functions like getch(), getche(), clrscr() for character input and screen clearing are also covered along with examples.
This document provides an overview of programming and computational thinking concepts including algorithms and flowcharts. It defines algorithms and their key properties such as finiteness, definiteness, inputs, outputs, and effectiveness. Common flowchart symbols are explained and examples of algorithms and flowcharts are provided to illustrate simple problems and their solutions. The document discusses advantages of algorithms like effective problem solving and consistency, and advantages of flowcharts like communication and documentation. Limitations of flowcharts with respect to complexity and modifications are also noted.
This document provides information about algorithms and flowcharts. It begins with defining an algorithm as a sequence of steps to solve a problem and discusses properties like finiteness, definiteness, inputs, outputs, and effectiveness. Examples of algorithms are provided for tasks like making noodles and checking voter eligibility. Flowcharts are introduced as a way to visually represent algorithms using standard symbols like rectangles, diamonds, and arrows. Advantages of algorithms and flowcharts are that they improve problem solving, communication, and programming. The document concludes with flowchart examples and a short class test.
Importance of loops in any programming language is immense, they allow us to reduce the number of lines in a code, making our code more readable and efficient.
This document discusses different types of loops in programming like while, do-while, and for loops. It also covers statements for exiting loops early like break, continue, and goto. Break exits the entire loop, continue skips to the next iteration, and goto unconditionally jumps to a labeled statement.
This presentation is a part of the COP2271C college level course taught at the Florida Polytechnic University located in Lakeland Florida. The purpose of this course is to introduce Freshmen students to both the process of software development and to the Python language.
The course is one semester in length and meets for 2 hours twice a week. The Instructor is Dr. Jim Anderson.
A video of Dr. Anderson using these slides is available on YouTube at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&x-yt-cl=84503534&v=wj41FZyHIbk&x-yt-ts=1421914688
This document discusses algorithms and flowcharts. It defines an algorithm as a step-by-step method for solving a problem with characteristics like being precise, finite, and applying to a set of inputs. A flowchart is then introduced as a graphical representation of an algorithm that is helpful for understanding and documenting complex programs. The document provides examples of standard flowchart symbols and guidelines for creating effective flowcharts, such as having a logical start and finish with one flow line entering and leaving symbols. An example algorithm and flowchart are given for finding the average of two numbers by inputting the values, adding them, dividing the sum by two, and outputting the average.
Algorithms and flowcharts ppt (seminar presentation)..Nagendra N
The document discusses algorithms and flowcharts. It defines an algorithm as an ordered sequence of steps to solve a problem and notes they are developed during the problem solving phase of programming. Flowcharts are used to visualize the logic and flow of an algorithm by showing the individual steps and connections. Several examples are provided of writing pseudocode algorithms and drawing corresponding flowcharts to solve problems involving calculations, comparisons, and conditional logic. Decision structures like if-then-else and nested ifs are also explained.
The break and continue statements can be used to control the flow of loops in C programming.
- The break statement causes immediate exit from a loop. Program execution continues after the loop. It is commonly used to escape early from a loop or skip the remainder of a switch structure.
- The continue statement skips the remaining statements in the body of a loop for that iteration and proceeds with the next iteration. In a while or do-while loop, the continuation test is evaluated immediately after continue. In a for loop, the increment expression is executed before the continuation test.
- An example shows using continue in a for loop to skip printing the value 5 and proceed to the next iteration of the loop.
Algorithms Lecture 1: Introduction to AlgorithmsMohamed Loey
We will discuss the following: Algorithms, Time Complexity & Space Complexity, Algorithm vs Pseudo code, Some Algorithm Types, Programming Languages, Python, Anaconda.
An algorithm is a well-defined procedure for solving a problem through a series of unambiguous instructions. The word derives from the name of mathematician Mohammad Ibn-Musa-al-Khwarizmi. An algorithm must have specified input and output, be definitive, effective, and finite. Common algorithm types include recursive, backtracking, divide-and-conquer, dynamic programming, greedy, branch-and-bound, brute force, and randomized algorithms. Examples provided include algorithms for making brownies and calculating student grades.
The document discusses different notation styles for representing arithmetic expressions, including infix, prefix, and postfix notations. It provides examples of converting expressions between these notations. Infix notation is the conventional style that humans use, but prefix and postfix notations are better suited for computer parsing. The document also covers parsing expressions, operator precedence, and the steps to convert between infix and prefix and infix and postfix notations.
This document discusses switch-case statements in C programming. It explains that switch-case allows programmers to make decisions from multiple choices based on an integer expression. Each case must have a different constant value. The break statement is used to terminate a switch. Expressions and char values can be used in cases if they are constant. Switch statements are useful for menu-driven programs. They have advantages over if-else statements in that compilers generate jump tables, making switches faster at execution time.
The document discusses algorithms and flowcharts. It defines an algorithm as a sequence of steps to solve a problem and notes they can be expressed in various notations like pseudocode and programming languages. It then defines a flowchart as a diagram that represents an algorithm using symbolic shapes and describes the common shapes used in flowcharts like rectangles, diamonds, and arrows. Examples of flowcharts that compute sums and averages are provided.
The document discusses structured programming languages and the compilation process. It provides algorithms, pseudocode, and flowcharts for finding the average of n numbers as an example. It then explains the four stages of compiling a C program: preprocessing, compilation, assembly, and linking. Preprocessing handles includes, defines, and macros. Compilation generates assembly code. Assembly produces object code. Linking combines object files and libraries into a single executable file.
This document discusses priority queues. It defines a priority queue as a queue where insertion and deletion are based on some priority property. Items with higher priority are removed before lower priority items. There are two main types: ascending priority queues remove the smallest item, while descending priority queues remove the largest item. Priority queues are useful for scheduling jobs in operating systems, where real-time jobs have highest priority and are scheduled first. They are also used in network communication to manage limited bandwidth.
Pseudocode is an outline of a program written in a way that can be easily converted to a programming language. It uses natural language and programming constructs like expressions, methods, decision structures, loops, and array indexing. The three essential programming constructs are selection (if/else), repetition (while loops), and sequence. Pseudocode also uses relational, logical, and arithmetic operators and follows rules like using meaningful names and indenting code blocks.
This document discusses planning tools used in programming, focusing on pseudocode. It defines pseudocode as a way for programmers to develop program logic without worrying about syntax. The document then covers the six basic computer operations that can be represented in pseudocode: (1) receiving input, (2) outputting information, (3) performing arithmetic, (4) assigning values to variables, (5) comparing variables to select actions, and (6) repeating groups of actions. It provides examples and guidelines for writing effective pseudocode using keywords, indentation, and other conventions.
This document provides an overview of linear search and binary search algorithms.
It explains that linear search sequentially searches through an array one element at a time to find a target value. It is simple to implement but has poor efficiency as the time scales linearly with the size of the input.
Binary search is more efficient by cutting the search space in half at each step. It works on a sorted array by comparing the target to the middle element and determining which half to search next. The time complexity of binary search is logarithmic rather than linear.
Operating Systems Process Scheduling Algorithmssathish sak
The document discusses various CPU scheduling algorithms used in operating systems including first-come, first-served (FCFS), round robin (RR), shortest job first (SJF), and shortest remaining time first (SRTF). It explains the assumptions, goals, and tradeoffs of each algorithm such as minimizing response time, maximizing throughput, and ensuring fairness. Examples are provided to illustrate how each algorithm works and its performance compared to others under different conditions involving job lengths. Predicting future job lengths is also discussed as it can impact the performance of algorithms like SRTF.
This document discusses standard input/output functions in C language. It provides examples of functions like printf(), scanf(), gets(), puts() to take input from keyboard and display output. It explains format specifiers like %d, %f used with these functions. Escape sequences and functions like getch(), getche(), clrscr() for character input and screen clearing are also covered along with examples.
This document provides an overview of programming and computational thinking concepts including algorithms and flowcharts. It defines algorithms and their key properties such as finiteness, definiteness, inputs, outputs, and effectiveness. Common flowchart symbols are explained and examples of algorithms and flowcharts are provided to illustrate simple problems and their solutions. The document discusses advantages of algorithms like effective problem solving and consistency, and advantages of flowcharts like communication and documentation. Limitations of flowcharts with respect to complexity and modifications are also noted.
This document provides information about algorithms and flowcharts. It begins with defining an algorithm as a sequence of steps to solve a problem and discusses properties like finiteness, definiteness, inputs, outputs, and effectiveness. Examples of algorithms are provided for tasks like making noodles and checking voter eligibility. Flowcharts are introduced as a way to visually represent algorithms using standard symbols like rectangles, diamonds, and arrows. Advantages of algorithms and flowcharts are that they improve problem solving, communication, and programming. The document concludes with flowchart examples and a short class test.
The document discusses problem-solving and design skills needed for computer programming. It covers several key topics:
1. Candidates should understand top-down design and be able to break down computer systems into subsystems using structure diagrams, flowcharts, pseudocode, and subroutines.
2. Candidates should be able to work with algorithms - explaining them, suggesting test data, and identifying/fixing errors. They should be able to produce algorithms for problems.
3. Top-down design is described as the process of breaking down a computer system into subsystems, then breaking each subsystem into smaller subsystems, until each performs a single action.
This document provides an overview of problem solving and Python programming. It discusses computational thinking and problem solving, including identifying computational problems, algorithms, building blocks of algorithms, and illustrative problems. It also discusses algorithmic problem solving techniques like iteration and recursion. Finally, it briefly introduces the course titled "GE8151-PROBLEM SOLVING AND PYTHON PROGRAMMING".
The document summarizes a lecture on algorithms and algorithm design from a course on algorithms. It introduces the concept of algorithms and what will be covered in the course, which includes analyzing algorithms, sorting techniques as a case study, and various algorithmic problems and solutions. It also discusses implementation issues and keeping mathematical analysis independent of specific programming languages or machines. As an example, it analyzes the brute force algorithm for solving the 2D maxima problem in pseudo-code and calculates its running time.
The document discusses problem solving in computer science and algorithms. It defines an algorithm as a clearly defined set of steps to solve a problem. Key characteristics of algorithms are that they are unambiguous, have well-defined inputs and outputs, terminate in a finite number of steps, and are independent of programming languages. Examples of algorithms that find the largest number among three inputs and calculate a factorial are provided. The document also discusses sorting problems and examples of problems solved by algorithms like the human genome project, internet routing, and electronic commerce.
This document outlines an assignment to analyze and design a program for sequential control flow. The objectives are to understand computational problem solving, sequential logic, and how to create IPO charts, algorithms, and flow charts. As an example, students are instructed to create these analysis tools to solve a temperature conversion problem that takes Celsius input and outputs Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales using defined formulas. The document provides background on problem solving techniques, sequential control flow, and common analysis tools like IPO charts, algorithms using pseudocode, and flow charts using standard symbols.
The document discusses the program development cycle, including problem statements, algorithms, flowcharts, and their purposes. It provides examples of algorithms to find the largest of three numbers and the sum of the first five natural numbers. Flowcharts graphically represent algorithms using standard symbols like rectangles, diamonds, and arrows. While flowcharts help with communication, analysis, and documentation, they can be time-consuming for complex logic and difficult to modify.
The document discusses algorithms and their implementation in computer programs. It defines algorithms as step-by-step instructions to solve a problem and provides examples like recipes and driving directions. Computer algorithms are implemented as programs through programming languages. The document also discusses different types of control structures like sequential, selection, and iteration logic that are used to control the flow and logic of algorithms and programs.
Prepare and Interpret Technical Drawing.pptxRivenBarquilla
The document provides information on preparing and interpreting technical drawings. It discusses basic symbols used in flow charting such as terminators, inputs/outputs, processes, decisions, and arrows. It also covers selecting the appropriate type of technical drawing according to job requirements, such as basic, cross-functional, and data flow diagrams. Finally, it outlines steps for interpreting symbols in a flow chart, such as examining each step and decision point to identify bottlenecks and rework loops.
The document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms analysis. It discusses that a program consists of organizing data in a structure and a sequence of steps or algorithm to solve a problem. A data structure is how data is organized in memory and an algorithm is the step-by-step process. It describes abstraction as focusing on relevant problem properties to define entities called abstract data types that specify what can be stored and operations performed. Algorithms transform data structures from one state to another and are analyzed based on their time and space complexity.
The document discusses the programming process and various concepts involved, including:
- Developing a program involves defining requirements, designing algorithms and pseudocode, coding, testing, documenting, and deploying the program.
- The program development cycle (software development life cycle) outlines stages like requirements gathering, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance.
- An algorithm is a set of steps to solve a problem, with characteristics like being well-defined, finite, deterministic, and producing the correct output. Pseudocode and flowcharts can be used to describe algorithms.
- A flowchart uses graphical symbols to represent a process through steps and decisions, helping communicate logic visually. Pseudocode describes algorithms
The document discusses algorithms and their building blocks. It defines an algorithm as a collection of well-defined, unambiguous and effectively computable instructions that return a proper output. The three building blocks of algorithms are identified as sequence, selection, and iteration. Sequence refers to a series of actions performed in order. Selection allows a program to choose between different actions or conditions. Iteration allows a block of code to be repeated while a condition is true. Pseudocode and flowcharts are introduced as common ways to express algorithms and illustrate the control flow and logic of a program.
This document discusses traditional quality tools and total quality management (TQM) in the IT industry. It describes several traditional quality tools including flowcharts, check sheets, Pareto charts, control charts, histograms, scatter diagrams, and cause-and-effect diagrams. It then discusses how TQM services help ensure reliable information systems in the IT industry through tools like ERP, SAP, and Python. The document uses Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) as a case study, outlining how TCS implemented quality control procedures and maturity models to achieve continuous process improvement.
This document defines and describes flowcharts and flow diagrams. It explains that flowcharts use boxes, lines, and arrows to visually represent steps, decisions, and relationships in a process. The document outlines three common types of flowcharts - system flowcharts, modular program flowcharts, and detailed program flowcharts. It also lists four basic flowchart symbols - circles, ovals, diamonds, and rectangles. Finally, the document states that flowcharts are useful for analyzing, communicating, and improving processes, as well as for programming by representing the logic and sequence of a program.
Algorithm for computational problematic sitSaurabh846965
A computer requires precise instructions from a user in order to perform tasks correctly. It has no inherent intelligence or ability to solve problems on its own. For a computer to solve a problem, a programmer must break the problem down into a series of simple steps and write program code that provides those step-by-step instructions in a language the computer can understand. This process involves understanding the problem, analyzing it, developing a solution algorithm, and coding the algorithm so the computer can execute it. Flowcharts can help visualize algorithms and problem-solving logic in a graphical format before writing program code.
1) The document discusses the software development method which includes 6 key phases: requirement gathering, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, and deployment.
2) It provides details on each phase, including requirement gathering and analysis to define requirements, system analysis to divide the system into modules, system design to design the software architecture, coding to develop the software, testing to identify bugs, and deployment to launch the software.
3) It also discusses related topics like problem analysis, pseudocode, algorithms, and flowcharts which are techniques used during the software development process.
The document discusses algorithms and their key characteristics. It defines an algorithm as a set of well-defined steps to solve a problem. Algorithms must be precise, terminate in a finite time, and not repeat infinitely. The document provides examples of algorithm problems and their solutions, and discusses common ways to represent algorithms as programs, flowcharts, or pseudocode. Flowcharts use symbols to visually represent the logic and sequence of operations.
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Task 1.
1. Use case is a type of tool that is used for analyzing systems in order to identify, organize and clarify systems and their requirements. A use case diagram will thus be defined as a graphical presentation of the elements of a system and how these elements interact in performing the required objectives.
Use case has two types of actors:
Primary actors. These are the ones that the system shall provide services to. They include customers.
Secondary actors are those that manage the system in providing services to the customers, and they include system administrators.
2. <<include>> relationship is used in extraction of use case duplicated use case fragments in multiple use cases. An example is where a user accesses the ATM. The first step is pin, which then grants them access to main menu.
<<extend>> relationship applies where a conditional step is to be added to another use case step that is first class, and is not necessarily a step requirement. An example is when a user in an ATM wants to monitor their accounts. Once the main menu is provided, he or she would be able to monitor the balance, and another option of withdrawing would be an extension or addition to the base use class.
3. Encapsulation is the process of combining data and functions of a program into one component. It is used in protecting codes and data from being accessed randomly by other codes that are defined outside the class. An example in java is where getters and setters are used by the public methods in order to access class fields from outside the java.
Information hiding is the process of differentiating design functions and decisions in a computer program which are vulnerable to change, from modification by other programs. An example is where a programmer decides to create an application for managing a database. The programmer retains the information to modify the program while only releasing the part of the program used to access basic database functions to the public.
Polymorphism refers to the use of one interface to access various entities of different types. An example of polymorphism is where various data types are defined for a particular function, and the computation or data modification done using the best data type method among those defined.
Data abstraction is a methodology used in defining the methods of interaction with the system, starting from easiest tending to the most complex interaction method, with the very difficult ones suppressed. An example is where a programmer inputs data for coding, all the data input is basically plain, and the complex part of data representation by the code is not portrayed on the screen for the programmer.
4. Difference between USDP and Waterfall life Cycles.
In USDP, the stages followed from analysis to testing, are conducted in iterative and concurrent manner while in Waterfall, these processes are done in sequ.
Introduction,Developing a Program, Program Development Life Cycle, Algorithm,Flowchart,Flowchart Symbols,Guidelines for Preparing Flowcharts,Benefits and Limitations of Flowcharts
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Algo and flowchart
1. Algorithm and Flow Chart
2.1 ALGORITHM
2.1.1 Introduction
An algorithm is a set of instructions, sometimes called a procedure or a function that is used to
perform a certain task. This can be a simple process, such as adding two numbers together, or
a complex function, such as adding effects to an image. For example, in order to sharpen a
digital photo, the algorithm would need to process each pixel in the image and determine which
ones to change and how much to change them in order to make the image look sharper.
Most computer programmers spend a large percentage of their time creating algorithms.
(The rest of their time is spent debugging the algorithms that don’t work properly.) The goal is
to create efficient algorithms that do not waste more computer resources (such as RAM and
CPU time) than necessary. This can be difficult, because an algorithm that performs well on one
set of data may perform poorly on other data.
As you might guess, poorly written algorithms can cause programs to run slowly and even
crash. Therefore, software updates are often introduced, touting “improved stability and
performance”. While this sounds impressive, it also means that the algorithms in the previous
versions of the software were not written as well as they could have been.
Operation
An algorithm generally takes some input, carries out a number of effective steps in a finite
2
Chapter
2. 84 Computer Basics with Office Automation
Given a list of numbers, you can easily order them from largest to smallest with the simple
instruction “Sort these numbers.” A computer, however, needs more detail to sort numbers. It
must be told to search for the smallest number, how to find the smallest number, how to compare
numbers together, etc. The operation “Sort these numbers” is ambiguous to a computer because
the computer has no basic operations for sorting. Basic operations used for writing algorithms
are known as primitive operations or primitives. When an algorithm is written in computer
primitives, then the algorithm is unambiguous and the computer can execute it.
Algorithms have effectively computable operations
Each operation in an algorithm must be doable, that is, the operation must be something that is
possible to do. Suppose you were given an algorithm for planting a garden where the first step
instructed you to remove all large stones from the soil. This instruction may not be doable if
there is a four ton rock buried just below ground level. For computers, many mathematical
operations such as division by zero or finding the square root of a negative number are also
impossible. These operations are not effectively computable so they cannot be used in writing
algorithms.
Algorithms produce a result
In our simple definition of an algorithm, we stated that an algorithm is a set of instructions for
solving a problem. Unless an algorithm produces some result, we can never be certain whether
our solution is correct. Have you ever given a command to a computer and discovered that
nothing changed? What was your response? You probably thought that the computer was
malfunctioning because your command did not produce any type of result. Without some visible
change, you have no way of determining the effect of your command. The same is true with
algorithms. Only algorithms which produce results can be verified as either right or wrong.
Algorithms halt in a finite amount of time
Algorithms should be composed of a finite number of operations and they should complete their
execution in a finite amount of time. Suppose we wanted to write an algorithm to print all the
integers greater than 1. Our steps might look something like this:
1. Print the number 2.
2. Print the number 3.
3. Print the number 4.
While our algorithm seems to be pretty clear, we have two problems. First, the algorithm
must have an infinite number of steps because there are an infinite number of integers greater
than one. Second, the algorithm will run forever trying to count to infinity. These problems
violate our definition that an algorithm must halt in a finite amount of time. Every algorithm
must reach some operation that tells it to stop.
3. Algorithm and Flow Chart 85
2.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Algorithms
Advantages
The use of algorithms provides a number of advantages. One of these advantages is in the
development of the procedure itself, which involves identification of the processes, major decision
points, and variables necessary to solve the problem. Developing an algorithm allows and even
forces examination of the solution process in a rational manner. Identification of the processes
and decision points reduces the task into a series of smaller steps of more manageable size.
Problems that would be difficult or impossible to solve wholesale can be approached as a series
of small, solvable subproblems. The required specification aids in the identification and reduction
of subconscious biases. By using an algorithm, decision-making becomes a more rational process.
In additional to making the process more rational, use of an algorithm will make the process
more efficient and more consistent. Efficiency is an inherent result of the analysis and specification
process. Consistency comes from both the use of the same specified process and increased skill
in applying the process. An algorithm serves as a mnemonic device and helps ensure that variables
or parts of the problem are not ignored. Presenting the solution process as an algorithm allows
more precise communication. Finally, separation of the procedure steps facilitates division of
labor and development of expertise.
A final benefit of the use of an algorithm comes from the improvement it makes possible.
If the problem solver does not know what was done, he or she will not know what was done
wrong. As time goes by and results are compared with goals, the existence of a specified
solution process allows identification of weaknesses and errors in the process. Reduction of a
task to a specified set of steps or algorithm is an important part of analysis, control, and evaluation.
Disadvantages
One disadvantage of algorithms is that they always terminate, which means there are some
computational procedures—occasionally even useful ones—which are not algorithms. Furthermore,
all computational procedures, whether they terminate or not, can only give computable results,
so you cannot, for example, design a program which determines a busy beaver number more
quickly than could be done by actually running the associated types of turing machines.
2.2 FLOW CHART
2.2.1 Introduction
A flow chart, or flow diagram, is a graphical representation of a process or system that details
the sequencing of steps required to create output. A typical flow chart uses a set of basic
symbols to represent various functions, and shows the sequence and interconnection of functions
with lines and arrows. Flow charts can be used to document virtually any type of business
system, from the movement of materials through machinery in a manufacturing operation to the
flow of applicant information through the hiring process in a human resources department.
4. 86 Computer Basics with Office Automation
Each flow chart is concerned with one particular process or system. It begins with the
input of data or materials into the system and traces all the procedures needed to convert
the input into its final output form. Specialized flow chart symbols show the processes
that take place, the actions that are performed in each step, and the relationship between
various steps. Flow charts can include different levels of detail as needed, from a high-
level overview of an entire system to a detailed diagram of one component process within
a larger system. In any case, the flow chart shows the overall structure of the process or
system, traces the flow of information and work through it, and highlights key processing
and decision points.
Flow charts are an important tool for the improvement of processes. By providing a
graphical representation, they help project teams to identify the different elements of a process
and understand the interrelationships among the various steps. Flow charts may also be used
to gather information and data about a process as an aid to decision-making or performance
evaluation. For example, the owner of a small advertising agency who hopes to reduce the
time involved in creating a print ad might be able to use a flow chart of the process to
identify and eliminate unnecessary steps. Though flow charts are relatively old design tools,
they remain popular among computer programmers working on systems analysis and design.
In recent years, many software programs have been developed to assist businesspeople in
creating flow charts.
2.2.2 Constructing Flow Charts
Flow charts typically utilize specialized symbols. Some of the main symbols that are used to
construct flow charts include:
• A round-edged rectangle to represent starting and ending activities, which are sometimes
referred to as terminal activities.
• A rectangle to represent an activity or step.
• Each step or activity within a process is indicated by a single rectangle, which is known
as an activity or process symbol.
• A diamond to signify a decision point. The question to be answered or decision to be
made is written inside the diamond, which is known as a decision symbol. The answer
determines the path that will be taken as a next step.
• Flow lines show the progression or transition from one step to another.
Constructing a flow chart involves the following main steps: (1) Define the process and
identify the scope of the flow diagram; (2) Identify project team members that are to be involved
in the construction of the process flow diagram; (3) Define the different steps involved in the
process and the interrelationships between the different steps (all team members should help
develop and agree upon the different steps for the process); (4) Finalize the diagram, involving
other concerned individuals as needed and making any modifications necessary; and (5) Use the
flow diagram and continuously update it as needed.
5. Algorithm and Flow Chart 87
2.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Flow Chart
Advantages
1. Communication: Flow Charts are better way of communicating the logic of a system to
all concerned.
2. Effective Analysis: With the help of flow chart, problem can be analyzed in more effective
way.
3. Proper Documentation: Program flow charts serve as a good program documentation,
which is needed for various purposes.
4. Efficient Coding: The flow charts act as a guide or blueprint during the systems analysis
and program development phase.
5. Proper Debugging: The flow chart helps in debugging process.
6. Efficient Program Maintenance: The maintenance of operating program becomes easy
with the help of flow chart. It helps the programmer to put efforts more efficiently on that
part.
6. 88 Computer Basics with Office Automation
Disadvantages
Complex logic: Sometimes, the program logic is quite complicated. In that case, flow chart
becomes complex and clumsy.
1. Alterations and Modifications: If alterations are required the flow chart may require re-
drawing completely.
2. Reproduction: As the flow chart symbols cannot be typed, reproduction of flow chart
becomes a problem.
3. The essentials of what is done can easily be lost in the technical details of how it is done.
2.3 EXAMPLES
Example 1: Write an algorithm and draw a flow chart to calculate 24
.
Algorithm: Step 1: Input Base (2), Power (4)
Step 2: Product= Base
Step 3: Product = Product * Base
Step 4: Product = Product * Base
Step 5: Product = Product * Base
Step 6: Print Product
Flow chart
7. Algorithm and Flow Chart 89
• Question: What happens if you want to calculate 2 to the power of 1000 (21000
)
• Answer: Use a LOOP (repeated execution of the same set of instructions)
Example 2: Write an algorithm and draw a flow chart to calculate 24
using a loop approach?
Algorithm: Step 1: Input Base (2), Power (4)
Step 2: Product = Base
Step 3: Counter = 1
Step 4: While (Counter < Power)
Repeat steps 4 through 6
Step 5: Product = Product * Base
Step 6: Counter = Counter + 1
Step 7: Print Product
Flow chart
Example 3: Write down an algorithm and draw a flow chart to find and print the largest of three
numbers. Read numbers one by one. (Use 5, 7, 3 as the numbers read)
8. Algorithm and Flow Chart 91
Example 4: Write down an algorithm and draw a flow chart to count and print from 1 to 10.
Algorithm: Step 1: Input Low(1), High(10)
Step 2: Count = 1
Step 4: While (Count £ High)
Repeat steps 4 through 6
Step 5: Print Count
Step 6: Count = Count + 1
Flow chart
Example 5: Write an algorithm and draw a flow chart to calculate the factorial of a number (N).
Verify your result by a trace table by assuming N = 5.
Hint: The factorial of N is the product of numbers from 1 to N.
9. 92 Computer Basics with Office Automation
Algorithm: Step 1: Input N
Step 2: Factor = 1
Step 3: Counter = 1
Step 4: While (Counter £ N)
Repeat steps 4 through 6
Step 5: Factor = Factor * Counter
Step 6: Counter = Counter + 1
Step 7: Print (N, Factor)
Flow chart
REVIEW EXERCISE
1. Write an algorithm and draw a flow chart to print the square of all numbers from LOW
to HIGH. (Test your algorithm with LOW = 1 and HIGH = 10).
2. Write an algorithm and draw a flow chart to print the SUM of numbers from LOW to
HIGH. (Test your algorithm with LOW = 3 and HIGH = 9.)
3. Write an algorithm and draw a flow chart to print all numbers between LOW and HIGH
that are divisible by NUMBER.