This document provides information on different animal kingdoms and phyla. It discusses key characteristics of porifera, cnidaria, ctenophora, platyhelminthes, aschelminths, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, hemichordata, chordata, cyclostomata, chondrichthyes, osteichthyes, amphibians, reptiles, aves, and mammalia. For each group, example organisms are given and distinguishing features such as body plan, symmetry, digestive system, and more are described.

1. ANIMAL KINGDOM -CLASS 11
 BY – SAKSHI RAWAT

2. BASIS OF CLASSIFING
ORGANISMS
 LEVEL OF ORGANISATION
 PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF COELEM
 TYPE OF CIRCULATION
 TYPE OF SYMMETRY
 DIGESTION
 PRESENCE OF NOTOCHORD
 SEGMENTATION

3. PHYLUM – PORIFERA
 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS ;
1. ACOELOMATES
2. ASYMMETRICAL
3. CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANISATION
4. FOUND IN MARINE AND ACQUATIC HABITAT
5. FERTILISATION IS EXTERNAL AND INDIRECT
 FEATURES ;
1. THERE ARE TINY PORES IN THE BODY CALLED OSTILIA
THE CENTRAL CAVITY WHERE WATER REACHES THROUGH
PORES IS SPONGOCOEL .
THE PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH THIS WATER COMES OUT IS
CALLED OSCULLUM

4. 2 . PORIFERANS POSSESS WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM ;
THIS WATER HELPS IN RESIRATORY EXCHANGE,
TRANSPORT OF FOOD AND REMOVAL OF WASTE.
3. SKELETON IS MADE OF UP SPICULES
4. CHOANOCYTES OR COLLAR CELLS IS
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF PORIFERANS
4. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION BY GAMETES AND
ASEXUAL BY FRAGMENTATION
5. DIGESTION IS INTRACELLULAR
6. EXAMPLES ; EUSPONGILLA , SYCON ,
SPONGILLA

5. PHYLUM – COELENTERATA
(CNIDARIA)
BASICS CHARACTERISTICS ;
1. ACOELOMATES
2. RADIAL SYMMETRY
3. TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANISATION
4. DIPLOBLASTIC
5. THEY ARE MOSTLE MARINE AND ACQUATIC
6. THEY CAN BE SESSILE OR FREE LIVING
7. NAME DERIVED FROM CNIDOBLAST AND
CNIDOCYSTS

6.  FEATURES
1. THEY EXISTS IN TWO FORMS POLP AND MEDUSA
2. THEY SHOWS ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS
BY THE PROCESS OF METAGENESIS
POLYP REPRODUCES ASEXUALLY TO FORM MEDUSA
AND MEDUSA REPRODUCES SEXUALLY TO FORM
POLYP
3. THEY HAVE CENTRAL GASTRO VASCULAR
CAVITY
4. DIGESTION IS INTRACELLULAR AS WELL AS
EXTRACELLULAR

7. PHYLUM- CTENOPHORA
 THEY ARE COMMONLY KNOWN AS SEA WALNUTS
 AND COMB JELLIES
 DIPLOBLASTIC
 TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANISATION
 RADIAL SYMMETRY
 ACOELOMATES
 EXCLUSIVELY MARINE
 THEY HAVE 8 EXTERNAL ROWS OF CILLIATED COMB
PLATES THAT HELP IN LOCOMOTION
 ONLY SEXUAL REPRODUCTION TAKE PLACE HERE
 DIGESTION IS INTRACELLELAR AND EXTRACELLULAR
 THEY EXHIBITS BIOLUMINISCENSE (PROPERTY OF
EMITTING OWN LIGHT )

8.  EXAMPLES OF CTENOPHORA – CTENOPLANA AND PLUEROBRACIA

9. PHYLUM- PLATYHELMINTHES
 THEY ARE KNOWN AS FLAT WORM AS THEY HAVE
DORSOVENTRICALLY FLATTENED BODY
 BILATERAL SYMMETRY
 ACOELOMATES
 ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL OF ORGANISATION
 TRIPLOBLASTIC
 THEY ARE HEMOPHRODITE
 THESE ORGANISIMS HAVE SPECIALISED CELLS
CALLED FLAME CELL THAT HEPLS IN
OSMOREGULATION AND EXCRETION
 DIGESTION IS INCOMPLETE
 FERTILIZATION IS INTERNAL .
 DO NOT HAVE SEGMENTED BODY EXCEPT
TAPEWORM
 EXAMPLES – TAPEWORM , LIVER FLUKE

10. PHYLUM – ASCHELMINTHES
 THESE ORGANISMS ARE KNOWN AS ROUND WORMS AS
THEY HAVE CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION
 TRIPLOBLASTIC
 THEY CAN BE FREE LIVING ,TERRESTRIAL AND ACQUATIC
 PSEUDOCOELOMATES
 ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL OF ORGANISATION
 BILATERAL SYMMETRY
 THEY ARE DIOCIOUS
 FEMALE BODY IS GENERALLY LONGER THAN MALE BODY
 THEY HAVE EXCRETORY TUBE FOR EXCRETION
 REPRODUCTION IS SEXUAL ONLY
 ALIMENTARY CANAL IS COMPLETE WITH MUSCULAR
PHARYNX
 FERTILISATION IS INTERNAL AND DEVELOPMENT IS DIRECT

11. PHYLUM – ANNELIDA
 TRIPLOBLASTIC
 ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL OF ORGANISATION
 COELOMATES
 BILATERAL SYMMETRY
 THEY HAVE SEGMENTED BODY
 AQUATIC ANNELIDS LIKE NERIES HAVE PARAPODIA FOR
LOCOMOTION
 ANNELIDS HAVE CIRCULAR AND LONGITUDNAL MUSCLE
FOR LOCOMOTION
 CAN BE MONOCIOUS LIKE EARTHWORM AND DIOCIOUS
LIKE NERIES
 THEY CAN BE ACQUATIC, MARINE OR TERRESTRIAL
 THESE ORGANISMS HAVE NEPHRIDIA FOR
OSMOREGULATION AND EXCRETION

12. EXAMPLES OF ANNELIDS : EARTHWORM(PHERETIMA ), NERIES ,
LEECH(HIRUDINARIA)

13. PHYLUM- ARTHROPODA
 IT IS LARGEST PHYLUM
 TRIPLOBLASTIC
 ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL OF
ORGANISATION
 BILATERAL SYMMETRY
 COELOMATES
 THEY ARE COSMOPOLITANS
 THE BODY IS DICIDED INTO HEAD,
THORAX AND ABDOMEN

14.  SENSORY ORGANS ARE ANTENNAE ,
SIMPLE OR COMPOUND EYES AND
STATOSYTS
 EXRETION THROUGH MALPIGHIAN TUBE
 THEY ARE MOSTLY DIOECIOUS
 THESE ORGANISMS HAVE JOINTED
LEGS
 DEVELOPMENT CAN BE DIRECT OR
INDIRECT
 OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 RESPIRATORY ORGANS ARE GILLS ,
BOOK GILLS , BOOK LUNGS AND
TRACHEAL SYSTEM

15.  EXAMPLES OF ORGANISMS UNDER ARTHROPODA –
 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE – APIS (HONEY BEE),BOMBYX(SILKWORM) AND
LACCIFER
 GREGARIOUS PEST – LOCUSTA
 VECTORS- ANOPHELES , ADES , CULEX MOSQUITO
 LIVING FOSSIL- LIMULUS(KING CRAB)

16. PHYLUM- MOLLUSCA
 THIS IS SECOND LARGEST PHYLUM
 TRIPLOBLASTIC
 ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL OF ORGANISATION
 COELOMATES
 BILATERAL SYMMETRY
 THESE ORGANISMS HAVE INNER SOFT BODY
BUT OUTER HARD BODY
 BODY IS DIVIDED INTO MUSCULAR FOOT ,
VISCERAL HUMP AND MUSCULAR FOOT
 HEAD HAS TANTACLES
 THESE ARE DIOECIOUS
 FILE LIKE RASPING ORGAN CALLED
RADULES ARE PRESENT

17.  EXAMPLES OF MOLLUSCANS ; OCTOPUS(DEVIL FISH) ,
PILA (SNELL APPLE) AND SEPIA (CUTTLEFISHES) .

18. PHYLUM – ECHINODERMATA
 KNOWN AS ECHINODERMATA AS THEIR ENDO SKELETON IS MADE UP
OF CALCAREOUS OSSICLES
 TRIPLOBLASTIC
 ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL OF ORGANISATION
 COELOMATES
 BILATERAL SYMMETRY AT LARVAL STAGE AND RADIAL SYMMETRY AT
ADULT STAGE
 HEAD IS ABSENT
 EXCRETORY ORGAN IS ABSENT
 PRESENCE OF WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM
 DIOECIOUS
 EXAMPLES ; STARFISH ( ASTERIAS) , OPHIURA

19. PHYLUM – HEMICHORDATA
 TRIPLOBLASTIC
 ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL OF ORGANISATION
 BILATERAL SYMMETRY
 COELOMATES
 PRESENCE OF NOTOCHORD AT SOME
STAGES OF LIFE
 THE BODY IS DIVIDED INTO PROBOSCIS , A
COLLAR AND A TRUNK
 EXCRETION THROUGH PROBOSCIS GLAND
 THEY ARE DIOECIOUS
 THEY HAVE CYLINDRICAL BODY
 EXAMPLE- BALANOGLOSSUS and
SACCOGLOSUS

20. PHYLUM – CHORDATA
 COLOMATES
 TRIPLOBLASTIC
 ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL OF
ORGANISATION
 BILATERAL SYMMETRY
 HEART IS VENTRAL
 CNS IS DORSAL, HOLLOW AND SINGLE
 CHORDATES HAVE POST ANAL TAIL
 NOTOCHORD IS PRESENT
 PRESENCE OF PAIRED PHYRANGEAL
GILL SLITS

21.  CHORDATES HAVE 3 SUB PHYLLUM;
1. UROCHORDATA: NOTOCHORD IS PRESENT AT
LARVAL STAGE
HERMOPHRODITE
Examples- ascidia, dolium , salpa
2. CEPHALOCHORDATA ; NOTOCHORD IS PRESENT
ALL OVER THE LIFE
THEY ARE DIOECIOUS
Example- bronchistoma
3. VERTEBRATA ; NOTOCHORD AT EMBRYONIC STAGE
AND VERTEBRAL COLUMN AT ADULT STAGE

25. Cyclostomata
 Features’;
i. Circular and sucking mouth
ii. 6-15 pairs of gill slits
iii. Cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous
iv. Body without plates
v. Naturally they are marine but for spawning they
migrates to fresh water and then the fish dies
but after metamorphosis they returns back to
the ocean
vi. Examples; myxine(hagfish) and
Petromyzon(lamprey)
vii. They are mostly ectoparasites

26. Chondrichthyes
 Cartilaginous endoskeleton with streamlined body
 Mouth is ventral
 Placoid scales
 Electrical organs – torpedo
 Poisonous string-trygon
 Mostly viviparous and internal fertilization
 Gill slits without operculum
 Air bladder is absent
 In males the pelvic fins bears claspers
 placoid scales are the modification of teeth directed
backwardly
 Examples- scoliodon , pristis,carchadon,trygon

27.  2 chambered heart
 Poikilothermous
 Notochord is persistent throughout the life

28. OSTEICHTHYES
 BONY ENDOSKELETON WITH STREAMLINED BODY
 MOUTH IS TERMINAL
 CIRCULAR/CTENOID SCALES
 4 PAIRS OF GILL SLITS WITH OPERCULUM
 AIR BLADDER IS PRESENT
 MOSTLY OVIPAROUS AND FERTILISATION IS EXTERNAL
 TWO CHAMBERED HEART
 POIKILOTHERMOUS
 EXAMPLES ; MARINE – EXOCOETUS AND HIPPOCAMPUS
FRESHWATER- LABEO , CATLA AND CLARIAS
ACQARIUM- BETTE AND PTEROPHYLLUM

29. CLASS- AMPHIBIANS
 BODY IS DIVIDED INTO HEAD AND TRUNK
 ALIMENTARY CANAL , REPRODUCTIVE AND URINARY TRACT
OPENS ISTO A COMMON CHAMBER CALLED CLOACA
 BODY HAS MOIST SKIN
 THEY ARE TERRESTRIAL AS WELL AS MARINE
 RESPIRATION TAKES PLACE THROUGH THE LUNGS GILLS AND
THE SKIN
 TYMPANUM REPRESENTS THE EARS
 DIOCEOUS
 THEY ARE OVIPAROUS
 EXTERNAL AND INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT
 THE EYES HAVE EYELIDS
 EXAMPLES- BUFO , TOADS , RANA , SALAMANDRA , HYLA,
ICHTHYOPHIS

30. REPTILES
 DRY AND CORNIFIED SKIN , EPIDERMAL SCALES OR SCUTES
 CRAWLING OR CREEPING MODE OF MOTION
 INTERNAL FERTILISATION AND DIRECT DEVELOPMENT
 THEY SHED OF THEIR SCALES AS SKIN CAST
 TWO PAIRS OF LIMB MAY BE PRESENT
 3 CHANBERED HEART EXCEPT FOR CROCODILE HAVING 4 CHAMBERED HEART
 POIKILOTHERMOUS
 TYMPANUM REPRESENTS THE EARS
 EXAMPLES- CHELON , TESTUDO , CROCODILUS , HEMIDACTYLUS , CHAMELEON
CALOTES , ALLIGATORS

31. AVES
 4 CHAMBERED HEART
 HOMIOTHERMOUS
 PNEUMATIC BONES
 FORELIMBS ARE MODIFIED INTO WINGS
 THEY HAVE ADDITIONALLY CROP AND GIZZARDS
 ENDOSKELETON IS FULLY OSSIFIED
 RESPIRATION THROUGH LUNGS
 FERTILISATION IS INTERNAL AND DEVELOPMENT IS DIRECT
 THEY ARE OVIPAROUS
 OIL GLANDS ARE PRESENT AT THE BASE OF TAIL
 THEY POSSESS BEAK
 FEATHERY BODY
 EXAMPLES- PAVO , COLUMBA,CORVUS ,APTENODYTES ,NEOPHRON

32. MAMMALIA
 PRESENCE OF MAMMARY GLANDS
 4 CHAMBERED HEART
 HOMIOTHERMOUS
 TWO SETS OF TEETHS
 TEETHS ARE ARRANGED IN JAWS
 EXTERNAL EAR CALLED PINNA
 HAIRY BODY
 MOSTLY VIVIPAROUS EXCEPT – PLATYPUS( ORNITHORHYNCHUS)
 INTERNAL FERTILISATION AND DIRECT DEVELOPMENT
 TWO PAIRS OF LIMBS
 RESPIRATION BY LUNGS
 EXAMPLES – Felis , Panthera tigris , Panthera leo ,camelus elephas ,rattus ,
petropus, Macropus