Nine Phylum of Invertibrates by Tesula Parajuli
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Arthropoda characters & classification
- Arthropoda is the largest phylum of animals, including insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others. They are bilaterally symmetrical, segmented, and have jointed appendages and a chitinous exoskeleton.
- The phylum contains over 80% of all animal species. It is divided into subphyla including Trilobita, Chelicerata, and Mandibulata. Trilobites are extinct marine arthropods. Chelicerates include spiders, scorpions, and others. Mandibulates include insects, crustaceans, centipedes, and millipedes.
- Arthropods live in nearly all environments and have
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This document provides an overview of the classification of animals in the animal kingdom. It discusses the major taxonomic groups from the lowest level of Porifera to the highest level of mammals. Key points include:
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- Major phyla discussed include porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, protochordata and vertebrata.
- Vertebrata is further divided into classes of pisces, amphibians, reptilia, aves
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- The phylum contains over 80% of all animal species. It is divided into subphyla including Trilobita, Chelicerata, and Mandibulata. Trilobites are extinct marine arthropods. Chelicerates include spiders, scorpions, and others. Mandibulates include insects, crustaceans, centipedes, and millipedes.
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Phylum Arthropoda
History of arthropods.
Relation with annelids.
Characteristic features.
Circulatory system.
Classification upto subphylum
Phylum Upto Classes
Metamrization
Tegmatization
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Exoskeleton
Metamorphoses
Habitat and Adaptations
Economic Gains
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- The animal kingdom is classified from the broadest category of kingdom down to more specific categories like phylum, class, order and species.
- Major phyla discussed include porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, protochordata and vertebrata.
- Vertebrata is further divided into classes of pisces, amphibians, reptilia, aves
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2. For Arthropoda, it outlines the characteristics like jointed exoskeleton and segmented body and lists the classes Insecta, Crustacea, Arachnida, etc. It also describes the life cycles of insects like dragonflies and butterflies.
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Phylum Arthropoda includes insects, crustaceans, arachnids and makes up over 82% of all living things. They are characterized by having a segmented body, jointed appendages, and an exoskeleton made of chitin. Arthropods have a head with sensory organs and mouthparts, a thorax for appendage attachment, and some have an abdomen. Their exoskeleton provides protection but limits growth, requiring molting. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and have open circulatory, digestive and nervous systems adapted for their habitat.
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3) Reptiles evolved from amphibians and gained adaptations like scaly skin, internal fertilization, and efficient lungs and kidneys for land survival.
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Arthropods are segmented animals with jointed appendages, an exoskeleton, and a body divided into three parts. They include insects, spiders, crabs, and others. Arthropods have a complete digestive system, respiratory systems like gills or trachea, and open circulatory systems. They are found worldwide and are important as food, for agriculture, and unfortunately can transmit diseases. The phylum is divided into subphylums including Trilobitomorpha, Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, and Hexapoda.
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This document provides an overview of the structural organization and classification of the animal kingdom. It discusses the key characteristics and examples of each phylum, including Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminths, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Cephalochordata, Urochordata, true chordates such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. For each group, it summarizes distinguishing features and provides examples of types of organisms that belong to that group.
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1. The document discusses two phyla - Arthropoda and Echinodermata. It describes the general characteristics and representative classes of each phylum.
2. For Arthropoda, it outlines the characteristics like jointed exoskeleton and segmented body and lists the classes Insecta, Crustacea, Arachnida, etc. It also describes the life cycles of insects like dragonflies and butterflies.
3. For Echinodermata, it discusses the spiny skin, water vascular system and radial symmetry. It provides details on the classes Asteroidea, Holothuroidea, Crinoidea, Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea with examples like sea stars
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The document provides information about the phylum Annelida, specifically focusing on the classes Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea. Some key points:
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2) Polychaeta are mostly marine worms with parapodia and setae. They include sand worms, blood worms, and tube-dwelling filter feeders.
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Phylum Arthropoda includes insects, crustaceans, arachnids and makes up over 82% of all living things. They are characterized by having a segmented body, jointed appendages, and an exoskeleton made of chitin. Arthropods have a head with sensory organs and mouthparts, a thorax for appendage attachment, and some have an abdomen. Their exoskeleton provides protection but limits growth, requiring molting. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and have open circulatory, digestive and nervous systems adapted for their habitat.
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The document summarizes amniotes and their evolution. It discusses:
1) Amniotes are tetrapods with an amniotic egg, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. The amniotic egg allowed reproduction on land.
2) Modern amniotes are classified as synapsids (mammals), anapsids (turtles), or diapsids (reptiles and birds). Diapsids split into lepidosaurs and archosaurs.
3) Reptiles evolved from amphibians and gained adaptations like scaly skin, internal fertilization, and efficient lungs and kidneys for land survival.
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This document summarizes the key marine arthropod classes. It describes their general characteristics including bilateral symmetry, exoskeleton, molting, digestion, and circulatory and nervous systems. The major classes included are Malacostraca, Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, Copepoda, Pentastomida, and Cirripedia. These classes are distinguished by features like body plan, habitat, appendages, life cycle, and ecology.
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Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
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low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations
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Nine Phylum of Invertibrates by Tesula Parajuli
- 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS • PORIFERA • COELENTERATA • PLATYHELMINTHES • NEMATHELMINTHES • ANNELIDA • ARTHROPODA • MOLLUSCA • ECHINODERMATA
- 3. PORIFERA • EXCLUSIVELY MARINE ANIMALS, DIPLOBLASTIC • MULTICELLULAR, BUT TISSUES ARE ABSENT. • RADIAL SYMMETRICAL OR ASYMMETRICAL • HAVE PORES. • SMALL AND NUMEROUS PORES ARE CALLED OSTIA. • SINGLE AND LONGER PORE IS CALLED OSCULUM. • RESPIRE THROUGH GENERAL BODY SURFACE. • EXAMPLE: SYCON, SPONGE, SPONGILLA, ETC. Fig. Sponge Fig. Sycon
- 4. COELENTERATA • MULTICELLULAR, DIPLOBLASTIC • HAVE TISSUE GRADE OF ORGANIZATION • ALIMENTARY CANAL IS INCOMPLETE • HAVE TENTACLES ON MOUTH • BODY ENCLOSE A HOLLOW BODY CAVITY CALLED COELENTERON. • BISEXUAL OR HERMAPHRODITE • RESPIRE THROUGH GENERAL BODY SURFACE. • EXAMPLE: HYDRA, JELLYFISH, CORAL, ETC.
- 5. PLATYHELMINTHES • BODY IS FLAT I.E. RIBBON LIKE OR LEAF LIKE. • HERMAPHRODITE,TRIPLOBLASTIC. • ALIMENTARY CANAL IS INCOMPLETE. • BODY HAS BILATERAL SYMMETRY. • THEY ARE MOSTLY PARASITES. • RESPIRE THROUGH GENERAL BODY SURFACES. • EXAMPLE:TAPEWORM,RIVERFLUKE, BLOODFLUKE
- 6. NEMATHELMINTHES • HAVE ELONGATED , CYLINDRICAL AND ROUND BODY WITH TAPERED ENDS . • UNISEXUAL,TRIPLOBLASTIC,PARASITES • HAVE COMPLETE ALIMENTARY CANAL. • HAVE BILATERAL SYMMETRY. • REPRODUCE ONLY BY SEXUAL METHOD. • EXAMPLES:PINWORM,HOOKWORM,ETC.
- 7. ANNELIDA • HAVE ELONGATED,CYLINDRICAL AND SEGMENTED BODY WITH NUMEROUS RINGS. • TRIPLOBLASTIC AND HAVE BILATERAL SYMMETRY • MOSTLY BISEXUAL, HAVE HIGH REGENERATION CAPACITY. • FOUND IN MOIST LAND AND IN WATER • EXCRETE THROUGH NEPHRIDIA. • RESPIRATION OCCURS THROUGH GENERAL MOIST SKIN. • NERVOUS SYSTEM CONSISTS OF NERVE RING, NERVE CORD AND NERVES. • EXAMPLE: SANDWORM, EARTHWORM, LEECH, ETC.
- 8. ARTHROPEDA • HAVE JOINTED APPENDAGES • ARE FOUND IN AIR, LAND, WATER • BODY DIVIDED INTO HEAD, THORAX AND ABDOMEN • IN SOME ANIMALS,HEAD AND THORAX ARE FOUND TO FORM CEPHALON THORAX. • ARE UNISEXUAL, TRIPLOBLASTIC AND BILATERAL SYMMETRY • RESPIRE THROUGH GILLS , TRACHEA AND GENERAL BODY SURFACE. • EXAMPLES: BUTTERFLY ,MOTH ,ANT ,DRAGONFLY , ETC.
- 9. MOLLUSCA • SOFT BODY,COVERED BY HARD SHELL MADE WITH CACO3 • BODY DIVIDED INTO FOUR PARTS I.E. HEAD, MUSCULAR FOOT, VISCERALMASS AND MANTLE • TENTACLES WITH EYES ARE PRESENT • TRIPLOBLASTIC AND ASYMMETRICAL • FOUND ON LAND OR IN WATER, USUALLY UNISEXUAL • RESPIRE THROUGH GILLS OR PULMONARY SACS OR GENERAL BODY SURFACE • EXAMPLES: OCTOPUS ,SNAIL , ETC
- 10. ECHINODERMATA • HAVE SPINES ON THEIR SKINS • FOUND IN SEA WATER, RESPIRE THROUGH GILLS • HAVE NO DISTINCT HEAD • MOVE WITH THE HELP OF TUBE-FEET • TRIPLOBLASTIC AND RADIAL SYMMETRY • UNISEXUAL • BODY SHAPE IS GLOBULAR, VASE-LIKE, STAR-LIKE, SPHERICAL OR ELONGATED. • EXAMPLE: SEA CUCUMBER, SEA LILY, STARFISH, ETC.
- 11. “ ” THANK YOU A PRESENTATION BY TESULA PARAJULI ANY QUESTIONS?