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This document discusses neuroleptic drugs, which are used to treat mental illnesses like schizophrenia. Neuroleptics, also called antipsychotics, can be classified into different categories including phenothiazines, butyrophenones, and thioxanthenes. They work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. Neuroleptics are generally safe when used as prescribed but can cause side effects. Their benefits include improving mood and thought processes, while risks include producing side effects that mimic neurological diseases. Treatment involves using typical or atypical antipsychotics depending on the symptoms.

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2 Running head: Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Classes of drugs used to treat schizophrenia The most significant common medication used in the treatment of schizophrenia is antipsychotic medication. There are two types of drugs that are typical and atypical, both work to reduce the positive or negative effects of schizophrenia. Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat mental, emotional and psychosis conditions. Psychosis refers to the state in which an individual loses touch with reality; the individual starts having hallucinations or delusions. To alleviate the problem antipsychotic drugs are used to regulate the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain. Explain their action at the neurotransmitter system. Schizophrenia is linked to changes in the activities of the neurotransmitter in some specific parts of the brain. Antipsychotic medication affects this neurotransmitter affecting their activity too. The medication acts by interfering with the chemical messengers and controlling or lessening the symptoms of the disorder like mood swings, hallucinations, and delusions. There are mainly two types of antipsychotic drugs that is typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. They work by altering dopamine and serotonin receptors. Typical antipsychotics or first generation psychotics were manufactured first in the 1950s. Its function is to block dopamine receptor known as a D2 receptor. Atypical antipsychotics or the second generation antipsychotics were introduced in the 1990s. Just like typical antipsychotic, they block D2 receptors as well as a serotonin receptor known as a 5-HT2A receptor. Analyze and describe the agonist-antagonist activity of the drugs and the receptor types and subtypes involved in the disorder. Partial agonists have a lower rate of activity than full agonists at the receptors. This allows them to function as either a functional agonist or functional antagonist depending on the levels of the neurotransmitter (full agonist). If a neurotransmitter is not present partial agonist display a functional antagonist activity. This is as a result of receptor binding reducing any response with the neurotransmitter. Partial agonist in dopamine D2 receptors is an alternative option when treating schizophrenia. It acts as a functional antagonist mesolimbic dopamine pathway, and the excessive dopamine activity causes positive symptoms. However, reduced dopamine activity in the mesocortical pathway causes cognitive impairment and negative symptoms. Elaborate on the receptor agonist-antagonist actions of the drugs and describe the most common side effects seen with these drugs. Inhibition of dopamine function is the most common feature of antipsychotic drugs. D4 receptor activation in moderate levels helps antipsychotic agents protect the brain from negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. D2 and D3 receptors help improve positive symptoms of schizophrenia but are not successful in countering negative and cognitiv.

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