Corrections notes
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The document summarizes the history and evolution of imprisonment and community-based sentencing in the United States. It notes that imprisonment became widespread in the last 200 years, replacing punishments like money payments and corporal punishment. Penitentiaries were introduced in the US in the 1800s with goals of labor, silence, and penitence. In the late 1800s, reformatories opened with aims of reforming prisoners and teaching them skills. By the 1900s, prisons were called correctional facilities and alternatives like parole and probation became popular in the 1960s partly due to their lower costs compared to imprisonment. From 1985 to 2004, the prison population in the US tripled largely due to stricter drug laws, and the US
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Chapter 1: Introduction
The first era of the twenty-first century underwent a melodramatic acceleration in federal funding for reentry resourcefulness, beginning with the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI), followed by the Prisoner Reentry Initiative (which concentrated on occupational grounded programming), the Marriage and Incarceration Act (proposing household programming for imprisoned men, and the Second Chance Act (highlighting provisional amenities for formerly confined adult and juvenile offenders) (Lattimore et al, 2010). With the recent change with some of the former initiatives, it is still too premature to assess how they are functioning. Though there is still hesitation over the best delivery for reentry services, the need for some type of aid is clear. Many recidivists are released from imprisonment into some form of observation into the community (Travis 2005). Returning criminals face copious and formidable challenges as they return to their households and societies.
Statement of the Problem
As a higher number of individuals are released from correctional facilities and reenter society, reentry programs can help former offenders reintegrate into society without participating in criminal activity. Inmates will face specify as they attempt to changeover from correctional facilities back to the society. Some of the obstacles include living accommodations, employment, substance abuse and mental health issues. These issues present daunting difficulties to offenders as they attempt to reenter back into the community. Without adequate convict reentry programs, upon release from the prison industrial complex, former inmates experience complications seeking employment and acclimating to society, causing them to recidivate shortly after release. Ultimately, these ex-convicts become victims of recidivism, in most cases shortly after their release.
Purpose for the Study
Rehabilitation policies resurfaced as a goal of U.S. correctional institutions after more than 20 years of their being focused on dissuasion and helplessness, with rehabilitative efforts directed predominantly to substance abuse treatment (Lattimore & Steffey, 2010). Because of so many offenders’ recidivating and not finding employment, housing, no family support and no substance abuse treatment, many of them relapse. They are forced to wander the streets, directionless, surrounded by the same criminal environment that previously led to their illegitimacy. Statistics have shown that reentry programs decreases recidivism. Therefore, it is essential that correctional facilities establishment, initiate, and maintain mandatory reentry programs that will assist in the decrease of the recidivism rate.
Reappearance has become the new exhortation in correctional reform, or at least in Washington, D.C. it is rational to say that the notion means numerous things to countless individuals ...
Erika KytePhotonnicaGet.docx
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Learning Objectives
• Understand desired outcomes for different types of criminal punishment.
• Articulate similarities and differences between philosophies of punishment.
• Explain when the correctional system applies different philosophies of punishment.
• Analyze how criminal punishment affects women, the poor, and racial and ethnic minorities.
• Critically evaluate how race, class, and gender issues come into play in death penalty cases.
Philosophies of Punishment
2
coL82305_02_c02_033-064.indd 33 7/5/13 4:16 PM
Section 2.1 Philosophies of Punishment CHAPTER 2
In 1988, Tina Elliot tried to buy a half kilo of cocaine from an undercover officer in Georgia. She was convicted and was sent to the Georgia state prison for a year. Upon her release, Tina and her five children were reunited, but in 1993 she was indicted
by federal prosecutors for the same offense and sentenced to 20 years in federal prison.
Terry Woodard found himself in the same situation in 1989. After successfully completing
2 years of state parole supervision for possession with intent to distribute methamphet-
amine, he was arrested and convicted for the same offense in federal court and sentenced
to 10 years in prison without the possibility of parole.
The punishment of Tina Elliot and Terry Woodard reflects what some criminologists call
dangerization. Dangerization is a view that assumes that society can be protected by
predicting and controlling the risk and danger of victimization that some individuals
pose to society (Lianos & Douglas, 2000). In this case, the decision to prosecute Elliot
and Woodard twice for the same offense may have been based on the perceived danger
and harm that both offenders continue to pose to society even after having been punished
by serving time in state prisons. Under some circumstances, in cases such as Elliot’s and
Woodard’s, prosecution and punishment by the state and the federal governments for the
same offense do not violate the U.S. constitutional protection known as double jeopardy.
2.1 Philosophies of Punishment
In this chapter we will examine why and how we punish offenders, as well as several philosophies of punishment and various methods employed to try to control crimi-nal behavior. In general, society adopts a philosophy of punishment hoping it will
effectively prevent or reduce crime. Punishment, in short, is the use of a penalty to inflict
consequences on those who violate the criminal law. In his 1968 influential book, The
Limits of the Criminal Sanction, Herbert L. Packer, emphasized two major functions of
punishment: inflicting pain and preventing crime. Traditionally, these forms of penal-
ties have been based on different philosophies of punishment including retribution
(eye-for-an-eye), incapacitation (incarceration), rehabilitation (treatment), reintegration,
and deterrence. The pain inflicted through these penalties c ...
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IMPACT OF ISLAM AS A SOCIAL TOOL FOR REFORMING INMATES: A CASE STUDY OF IFE P...
Religion is a universal phenomenon and is a social tool in most part of the world we live in today. Several studies has clearly shown that spirituality is sufficient enough to rehabilitate and reform humans in as much as they seek it (religion) and are ready to go by its dictates. This study investigated the impact of Islam as a tool for reforming prison inmates using Ile-Ife, Osun state prison as a case study. A qualitative research methodology was used whereby oral interviews were carried out and questionnaires were issued. The population used for the study comprised of 20 inmates from an only-male prison in Ile-ife, Nigeria. The data collected through questionnaires were analyzed using frequency, tables and percentage. The findings revealed that Islam has been very useful in reforming the inmates of Ife prison. Muslim missionaries have helped in establishing good relationships, end disputes and foster love between convicts and their families. The study revealed that the impact of I am and the activities of Muslim missionaries in curbing crime and reforming inmates have been great but lack of empirical data makes it difficult to quantify or measure this development.
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Phillips
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Chapter 1: Introduction
The first era of the twenty-first century underwent a melodramatic acceleration in federal funding for reentry resourcefulness, beginning with the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI), followed by the Prisoner Reentry Initiative (which concentrated on occupational grounded programming), the Marriage and Incarceration Act (proposing household programming for imprisoned men, and the Second Chance Act (highlighting provisional amenities for formerly confined adult and juvenile offenders) (Lattimore et al, 2010). With the recent change with some of the former initiatives, it is still too premature to assess how they are functioning. Though there is still hesitation over the best delivery for reentry services, the need for some type of aid is clear. Many recidivists are released from imprisonment into some form of observation into the community (Travis 2005). Returning criminals face copious and formidable challenges as they return to their households and societies.
Statement of the Problem
As a higher number of individuals are released from correctional facilities and reenter society, reentry programs can help former offenders reintegrate into society without participating in criminal activity. Inmates will face specify as they attempt to changeover from correctional facilities back to the society. Some of the obstacles include living accommodations, employment, substance abuse and mental health issues. These issues present daunting difficulties to offenders as they attempt to reenter back into the community. Without adequate convict reentry programs, upon release from the prison industrial complex, former inmates experience complications seeking employment and acclimating to society, causing them to recidivate shortly after release. Ultimately, these ex-convicts become victims of recidivism, in most cases shortly after their release.
Purpose for the Study
Rehabilitation policies resurfaced as a goal of U.S. correctional institutions after more than 20 years of their being focused on dissuasion and helplessness, with rehabilitative efforts directed predominantly to substance abuse treatment (Lattimore & Steffey, 2010). Because of so many offenders’ recidivating and not finding employment, housing, no family support and no substance abuse treatment, many of them relapse. They are forced to wander the streets, directionless, surrounded by the same criminal environment that previously led to their illegitimacy. Statistics have shown that reentry programs decreases recidivism. Therefore, it is essential that correctional facilities establishment, initiate, and maintain mandatory reentry programs that will assist in the decrease of the recidivism rate.
Reappearance has become the new exhortation in correctional reform, or at least in Washington, D.C. it is rational to say that the notion means numerous things to countless individuals ...
Erika KytePhotonnicaGet.docx
Er
ik
a
Ky
te
/P
ho
to
nn
ic
a/
G
et
ty
Im
ag
es
Learning Objectives
• Understand desired outcomes for different types of criminal punishment.
• Articulate similarities and differences between philosophies of punishment.
• Explain when the correctional system applies different philosophies of punishment.
• Analyze how criminal punishment affects women, the poor, and racial and ethnic minorities.
• Critically evaluate how race, class, and gender issues come into play in death penalty cases.
Philosophies of Punishment
2
coL82305_02_c02_033-064.indd 33 7/5/13 4:16 PM
Section 2.1 Philosophies of Punishment CHAPTER 2
In 1988, Tina Elliot tried to buy a half kilo of cocaine from an undercover officer in Georgia. She was convicted and was sent to the Georgia state prison for a year. Upon her release, Tina and her five children were reunited, but in 1993 she was indicted
by federal prosecutors for the same offense and sentenced to 20 years in federal prison.
Terry Woodard found himself in the same situation in 1989. After successfully completing
2 years of state parole supervision for possession with intent to distribute methamphet-
amine, he was arrested and convicted for the same offense in federal court and sentenced
to 10 years in prison without the possibility of parole.
The punishment of Tina Elliot and Terry Woodard reflects what some criminologists call
dangerization. Dangerization is a view that assumes that society can be protected by
predicting and controlling the risk and danger of victimization that some individuals
pose to society (Lianos & Douglas, 2000). In this case, the decision to prosecute Elliot
and Woodard twice for the same offense may have been based on the perceived danger
and harm that both offenders continue to pose to society even after having been punished
by serving time in state prisons. Under some circumstances, in cases such as Elliot’s and
Woodard’s, prosecution and punishment by the state and the federal governments for the
same offense do not violate the U.S. constitutional protection known as double jeopardy.
2.1 Philosophies of Punishment
In this chapter we will examine why and how we punish offenders, as well as several philosophies of punishment and various methods employed to try to control crimi-nal behavior. In general, society adopts a philosophy of punishment hoping it will
effectively prevent or reduce crime. Punishment, in short, is the use of a penalty to inflict
consequences on those who violate the criminal law. In his 1968 influential book, The
Limits of the Criminal Sanction, Herbert L. Packer, emphasized two major functions of
punishment: inflicting pain and preventing crime. Traditionally, these forms of penal-
ties have been based on different philosophies of punishment including retribution
(eye-for-an-eye), incapacitation (incarceration), rehabilitation (treatment), reintegration,
and deterrence. The pain inflicted through these penalties c ...
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Corrections notes
- 1. Notes