PSM seminar

2. Even if by the year 2015 the proportion of people who are unable to
reach or to afford safe drinking water is halved, between 34 and 76
million people, mostly children, will die from preventable water-borne
diseases
THE FUTURE

3. GLOBAL
Governments
Communities
Individuals

4. • Standardized surveillance of water-borne
disease outbreaks
• Guidelines must be established for
investigating and reporting water-borne
diseases
GLOBAL
SURVEILLANCE

5. ROLE OF GOVERNMENT

7. • Misuse and lack of maintenance are the two main reasons why
drainage structures are often associated with environmental health
problems.
• Due to lack of adequate domestic water supplies and sanitation
facilities, drainage canals or drainage water treatment and disposal
facilities are often misused for washing, drinking and uncontrolled
disposal of human excreta or other waste by the poorest and, thus,
most vulnerable social groups.
• In this way, drainage water contributes to
disease transmission.
DRAINAGE WATER
MANAGEMENT

8. • Proper use and maintenance of water supply and
sanitation systems.
• Discourage the use of sanitation facilities that are not
properly maintained to prevent entry of pathogens back
into the environment through leakage.
• Proper maintenance of pumps and wells.
• Pipes and taps should always be kept clean.
• Regular check for the water pipes for leaks and cracks.
MONITORING THE
WATER SUPPLY

9. CHLORINATION AT
WATER SOURCES
Liquid ChlorineSolid Chlorine Gas Chlorine

10. Potable Water
Tanker Specifications
License of the
Tankers
Monitoring of the
Tanker Water
SET A POLICY FOR THE USE OF
TANKER WATER

11. • Define Health Parameter :
Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform
Turbidity, pH, Residual Chlorine,
• Prepare a testing lab
• Design Municipal Monitoring Programs for monitoring
Water source,
Main Reservoir
Network
Monitor the hot spots in the network
WATER QUALITY
MONITORING

12. TRAINING TO WORKERS

13. The Ministry of Health should work closely with the Ministry of
Education
• To develop a health education (health communication)
component targeted at school children,
• Devise and communicate appropriate health messages.
• Health education models can be jointly developed, tested,
implemented and evaluated for various age groups.
• Research programs in universities and colleges can be encouraged to
include components that produce information of direct importance
(e.g. vector biology and control, case management) or indirect
importance (e.g. improved water supply, educational interventions to
promote community sanitation, waste characterization studies)…..
ROLE OF MINISTRY OF
EDUCATION

14. • The Ministry of Environment can help the Ministry of Health
collect data and information on ecosystems and habitats in or
around cities at high risk of dengue, malaria and other mosquito
borne diseases
• Data and information on local geology and climate, land usages,
forest cover, surface waters, and human populations are useful in
planning control measures for specific ecosystems and habitats,
determining the beneficial and adverse impacts of
various control tactics (chemical, environmental and
biological).
ROLE OF MINISTRY OF
ENVIRONMENT

15. COMMUNITY LEVELS
MEASURES AT

16. SHORT TERM MEASURES

17. HEALTH EDUCATION
Providing education on good sanitation and personal
hygiene,
especially hand-washing
Higher education and training in water related issues
Improvement in Habitation and Changing hygiene
behavior
Education regarding causes of water borne diseases and
mode of spread of diseases

18. At home, the water should be
Boiled,
Filtered,
OR other methods and necessary
steps taken to ensure that it is free
from Microorganisms
HOUSEHOLD HYGIENE
 Cistern Cleaning and disinfection

19. • Improving the quality of drinking water at source, at
the tap, or in the storage vessel
• Increasing the quantity of water available. This allows
better hygiene and can thus prevent disease transmission
from contaminated hands, food, or household utensils.
ADEQUATE AND CLEAN
WATER SUPPLY
• Ensuring uninterrupted provision of safe
drinking water is the most important preventive
measure to be implemented, in order to reduce the
risk of outbreaks of water-borne diseases.

20. Interrupting the routes of transmission of the diseases
Disposing of organic and animal wastes properly to avoid
flies
 Proper Disposal of Human Feces will reduce the number
of cases
 Infected individuals (and domestic animals) should be
treated with medicine to reduce disease transmission.
Waste Water Collection and Treatment
CONTROL OF SPREAD

21. Good food hygiene (food is a significant breeding ground
for pathogens).
Washing food prior to cooking and Cooking food for long
enough at a sufficiently high temperature are both
important to kill harmful bacteria.
Protecting food from flies interrupts the feces-flies-food
route (at a household level).
SAFE FOOD
PREPARATION

22. • The use vaccines for water borne diseases for mass
immunization is not recommended.
• In case of an outbreak, consider immunization of
contacts e.g. Hepatitis A outbreaks
• The use of immunoglobulin is not recommended.
• Vaccination of high-risk groups, such as persons
involved in the
management of drinking water, waste water or sewage
might be considered.
• Vaccination against Hepatitis A and Other Water Disease
for persons at risk, e.g. travellers visiting areas where the
disease is common.
VACCINATION

23. Create Disaster-Preparedness Programs and Early Warning
Systems.
Improve water treatment and sanitation.
Keep infectious disease control programs active and efficient.
Promote tap-water quality regulation and monitoring.
Improve surveillance on a local, national, international and global
level.
Enforce high standards of hygiene.
LONG TERM MEASURES

24. • Notification of outbreaks is correctly done at the best by
doctors
• Prevention and control measures to that particular
locality can be suggested by health workers as they
understand the scenario better than outsiders
• Doctors should take up the research voluntarily for the
better understanding of endemic diseases
• Doctors should trained for management of water borne
diseases at the community level.
• Doctor should also voluntarily take steps to prevent
diseases, not just treating affected individuals.
ROLE OF PHYSICIAN AND OTHER
HEALTH WORKER

25. Information directed at the community at large is best
achieved through the mass media, such as television, radio
and newspapers.
Therefore, the body responsible for information,
communication and the mass media should be approached
to coordinate the release of messages on the prevention and
control of water borne diseases developed by public health
specialists.
ROLE OF MEDIA

26. • NGOs can play an important role in promoting
community participation and implementing environmental
management for water borne diseases
• This will most often involve health education, source
reduction, and housing improvement related to vector
control.
• Community NGOs may be informal neighborhood
groups or formal private voluntary organizations, service
clubs, churches or other religious groups, or
environmental and social action groups.
ROLE OF N.G.O.S

27. • Avoid contacting soil that may be contaminated with human
feces.
• Do not defecate outdoors.
• Dispose diapers properly
• When traveling to countries where sanitation and hygiene are
poor, avoid water or food that may be contaminated.
• Wash, peel or cook all raw vegetables and fruits before eating.
PERSONAL HYGIENE
• Hand washing — this is the most vital component of personal
hygiene in disease prevention. .Hands should be washed with soap
after defecation and after cleaning and disposing of an infant’s
feces or after handling any contaminated material
• Infected individuals (and domestic animals) should be treated with
medicine to reduce disease transmission.

28. • Guidelines for drinking water quality criteria and standards (10M)
• Sanitary well (5M)
• Water borne diseases and their prevention (5M)
• Purification of water on large scale (5M)
• Chlorination of water (5M)
• Purification of water in small scale (5M)
• Role of residual chlorine in drinking water (5M)
• Bacteriological standards of drinking water (5M)
• Disinfection of well in an epidemic (5M)
• Safe and wholesome water (3M)
• Break-point Chlorination (3M)
• Super-chlorination (3M)
• WHO water quality standards (3M)
FREQUENTLY ASKED
QUESTIONS

29. • Diseases transmitted by faeco-oral route. Strategy for control of Hep A
(10M)
• Epidemiology and control measures for Dengue. (10M)
• Factors responsible for resurgence of malaria. (10M)
• Epidemiology and control of Malaria in India. (10M)
• Steps in investigation of an outbreak of food poisoning.(10M)
• Prevention and containment of Hep A. (5M)
• Control of typhoid carriers. (5M)
• Anti-typhoid vaccine. (5M)
• Primary prevention of moebiasis. (5M)
• ORS. (5M)
• Carriers of cholera. (3M)
• Dynamics of typhoid fever transmission. (3M)

30. • K. Park’s textbook Preventive and Social medicine 22nd edition.
• Preventative Measures Against Water-Born Disease & The
Role of Municipalities in Prevention – Majeda Alwaneh
• Diseases produced by water- Melody Muleana & Ana Galiana
• INTERNET:
 Wikipedia
 www.authorstream.com
 www.slideshare.com
• Companion for MBBS III/I by Dr. Singi Yatiraj for questions
REFERENCES