Bipolar disorder is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood and ability to function. It is characterized by periods of depression and periods of mania or hypomania. There are two main types - bipolar I involves episodes of mania and depression, while bipolar II involves hypomania and depression. Bipolar disorder affects approximately 23 million Americans and has genetic and biological causes related to neurotransmitter functioning, though environmental factors also play a role. Left untreated, it typically follows a course of increasing episode frequency over time. Proper treatment can help manage symptoms and allow people to lead productive lives.
The psychological and social impacts of HIV/AIDS can be significant. People living with HIV/AIDS may experience fear, anxiety, depression, social isolation, and stigmatization. They can face challenges in relationships, employment, and perceptions from others. Children with HIV/AIDS may have to cope with a lack of a normal childhood, fears of dying, and changes in parental relationships. Overall, living with a chronic illness like HIV/AIDS takes a psychological and social toll on many people's well-being and quality of life.
This document provides information about bipolar disorder, including:
1) Bipolar disorder involves periods of elevated or irritable mood alternating with periods of depression, with abrupt mood swings between mania and depression.
2) Symptoms include dramatic shifts between overly energetic or irritable moods and sadness or hopelessness. Left untreated, it can damage relationships and impact work or school.
3) Bipolar disorder has genetic and environmental factors and is a biological brain disorder involving neurotransmitter dysfunction. While the exact causes are unknown, family history and life stressors can be triggers.
August 2013 PLUS HIV and its impact on mental healthPositive_Force
Receiving an HIV+ diagnosis can cause strong emotional reactions like distress, sadness, denial, anxiety or anger. Common emotional symptoms include denial, shame, anger, depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts. It is important to cope through self-care, social support, education, and managing stress. Seek counseling or medical help if symptoms are severe or persistent, or if having suicidal thoughts. Support services are available to help with mental health and adjusting to an HIV diagnosis.
Self-advocacy refers to individuals taking control of their own lives and healthcare decisions. It has its roots in the civil rights movement for people with disabilities. Practicing self-advocacy involves being assertive when expressing needs and desires, knowing one's rights, and controlling anger in a reasonable manner. Having experience achieving tasks, observing others' successes, and receiving encouragement can boost self-efficacy and self-advocacy. When meeting with doctors, individuals should write down questions, speak up if anything is unclear, and ask for written information. The Patient Bill of Rights protects individuals' ability to make healthcare decisions.
This document provides information about child abuse and neglect in Arizona. It discusses the different types of child maltreatment including physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, emotional abuse, and exploitation. It also outlines the results of abuse, details on child victims in Arizona in 2009, common perpetrators, and requirements for reporting abuse or neglect. Key statistics include over 32,000 screened in reports and 30 child fatalities in Arizona that year. The document emphasizes that certain professionals and individuals who have contact with children are required by law to report any reasonable suspicions of abuse or neglect.
This document discusses signs and prevention of different types of abuse including spousal abuse, child abuse, abuse of endangered adults, elder abuse, and abuse in healthcare settings. It notes that healthcare providers are mandated by law to report suspected cases of child abuse, abuse of endangered adults, and elder abuse. The document provides guidance on properly documenting any suspected abuse cases and protecting patients during an investigation.
This document provides an overview of child abuse and neglect. It defines different types of abuse, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional abuse/neglect. It discusses characteristics of abusers and abused children. The document presents statistics on the prevalence of different types of abuse from studies in the US and India. It also outlines signs, symptoms and evidence of different types of physical abuse like fractures, shaken baby syndrome, and battered baby syndrome. The conclusion discusses several studies that have examined injuries in abused children, with many finding injuries to the head and face.
Bipolar disorder is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood and ability to function. It is characterized by periods of depression and periods of mania or hypomania. There are two main types - bipolar I involves episodes of mania and depression, while bipolar II involves hypomania and depression. Bipolar disorder affects approximately 23 million Americans and has genetic and biological causes related to neurotransmitter functioning, though environmental factors also play a role. Left untreated, it typically follows a course of increasing episode frequency over time. Proper treatment can help manage symptoms and allow people to lead productive lives.
The psychological and social impacts of HIV/AIDS can be significant. People living with HIV/AIDS may experience fear, anxiety, depression, social isolation, and stigmatization. They can face challenges in relationships, employment, and perceptions from others. Children with HIV/AIDS may have to cope with a lack of a normal childhood, fears of dying, and changes in parental relationships. Overall, living with a chronic illness like HIV/AIDS takes a psychological and social toll on many people's well-being and quality of life.
This document provides information about bipolar disorder, including:
1) Bipolar disorder involves periods of elevated or irritable mood alternating with periods of depression, with abrupt mood swings between mania and depression.
2) Symptoms include dramatic shifts between overly energetic or irritable moods and sadness or hopelessness. Left untreated, it can damage relationships and impact work or school.
3) Bipolar disorder has genetic and environmental factors and is a biological brain disorder involving neurotransmitter dysfunction. While the exact causes are unknown, family history and life stressors can be triggers.
August 2013 PLUS HIV and its impact on mental healthPositive_Force
Receiving an HIV+ diagnosis can cause strong emotional reactions like distress, sadness, denial, anxiety or anger. Common emotional symptoms include denial, shame, anger, depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts. It is important to cope through self-care, social support, education, and managing stress. Seek counseling or medical help if symptoms are severe or persistent, or if having suicidal thoughts. Support services are available to help with mental health and adjusting to an HIV diagnosis.
Self-advocacy refers to individuals taking control of their own lives and healthcare decisions. It has its roots in the civil rights movement for people with disabilities. Practicing self-advocacy involves being assertive when expressing needs and desires, knowing one's rights, and controlling anger in a reasonable manner. Having experience achieving tasks, observing others' successes, and receiving encouragement can boost self-efficacy and self-advocacy. When meeting with doctors, individuals should write down questions, speak up if anything is unclear, and ask for written information. The Patient Bill of Rights protects individuals' ability to make healthcare decisions.
This document provides information about child abuse and neglect in Arizona. It discusses the different types of child maltreatment including physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, emotional abuse, and exploitation. It also outlines the results of abuse, details on child victims in Arizona in 2009, common perpetrators, and requirements for reporting abuse or neglect. Key statistics include over 32,000 screened in reports and 30 child fatalities in Arizona that year. The document emphasizes that certain professionals and individuals who have contact with children are required by law to report any reasonable suspicions of abuse or neglect.
This document discusses signs and prevention of different types of abuse including spousal abuse, child abuse, abuse of endangered adults, elder abuse, and abuse in healthcare settings. It notes that healthcare providers are mandated by law to report suspected cases of child abuse, abuse of endangered adults, and elder abuse. The document provides guidance on properly documenting any suspected abuse cases and protecting patients during an investigation.
This document provides an overview of child abuse and neglect. It defines different types of abuse, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional abuse/neglect. It discusses characteristics of abusers and abused children. The document presents statistics on the prevalence of different types of abuse from studies in the US and India. It also outlines signs, symptoms and evidence of different types of physical abuse like fractures, shaken baby syndrome, and battered baby syndrome. The conclusion discusses several studies that have examined injuries in abused children, with many finding injuries to the head and face.
Major depressive disorder is a common psychological disorder characterized by a depressed mood lasting more than two weeks along with symptoms like loss of interest, sleep, and pleasure. It can be caused by genetic, biological, cognitive, social, and environmental factors. Treatment approaches include biomedical treatments using antidepressant drugs, individual cognitive therapies to change negative thoughts, and group therapies where people with similar issues provide support. The effectiveness of different treatment approaches is evaluated based on how long symptoms are relieved and whether observable behavior changes.
This document provides an overview of child abuse and neglect. It defines different types of child abuse like physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. It also discusses factors contributing to child abuse, statistics on abuse, clinical assessment of abuse, signs of abuse, and legal requirements for reporting suspected abuse. The goal is to educate dental professionals on properly identifying, documenting, treating, and reporting suspected cases of child abuse.
This document provides an overview of child abuse and neglect (CAN). It defines the different types of CAN including physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. It discusses the prevalence of CAN globally and in India. The document outlines the consequences of CAN on psychological, neurobiological, and psychiatric development. It also examines predisposing factors, historical background, common injuries seen in physical abuse like burns and fractures, and conditions like shaken baby syndrome.
This document summarizes key aspects of bipolar disorder, including:
1) Bipolar disorder is characterized by recurring manic or hypomanic episodes that alternate with depressive episodes. It exists on a spectrum from bipolar I to bipolar II disorder.
2) Bipolar disorder has a lifetime prevalence of around 2.4% worldwide and is associated with significant disability. However, it often goes undiagnosed for around 10 years.
3) People with bipolar disorder have high risks of suicide, psychiatric comorbidities, and medical comorbidities. They also face impairments in education, work and development due to the disorder.
This document discusses non-accidental child injury. It begins by defining non-accidental child injury as injuries sustained by children due to mistreatment or abuse by their caregivers. It then outlines various types of child abuse including physical, sexual, emotional abuse and neglect. For each type, it provides examples of common injuries and signs. It also discusses myths around child abuse and steps that should be taken if abuse is suspected, such as listening without judgment, seeking explanations, documenting findings, and treating injuries. Lastly, it recommends some ways to prevent child abuse like public awareness, early support for vulnerable families, and establishing child protection laws.
This document discusses child abuse and the role of EMS providers. It begins with definitions of child abuse and outlines the four main categories: neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse. Statistics on child abuse in the US, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington are provided. Risk factors for victims and perpetrators are described. Common injuries associated with different types of abuse are illustrated and explained. The document stresses that all EMS providers are mandatory reporters of suspected child abuse in their states and outlines reporting procedures and protections for reporters. The goal is to help EMS providers recognize and appropriately respond to suspected abuse.
Child abuse and neglect pediatric and child rightBassam Daqaq
This document discusses the effects of divorce and separation on children of different ages. Younger children may feel confused, angry and sad by the changes in routine. Children aged 6-8 may feel guilty about not being able to "take care" of their parents. Older children can understand two points of view but need help expressing feelings like anger. Teenagers find peer relationships more important and divorce can accelerate their independence. Lack of consistency after separation can be unsettling for children of all ages. Overall, divorce typically results in feelings of abandonment, helplessness, worry and grief for the departed parent across developmental stages.
Child abuse and neglect is a widespread problem globally that has both short and long term health and social consequences. It can take many forms including physical, sexual, and emotional abuse as well as neglect. There are many risk factors at different levels including characteristics of the child, family dynamics, and broader societal stresses. In India, millions of children lack basic needs and over 100 million are not in school, putting them at risk. Child abuse and neglect prevention requires addressing factors at individual, family, community, and societal levels.
Gender Relationship with Depressive Disorderasclepiuspdfs
Depression rate is more prevalence in female than in males. There are many hypotheses for gender differences in depression, but still, there is no conclusive theory to explain it fully. Depression in men manifest as more acting out the depression symptoms to the surroundings, while the depressed women keeps the symptoms for themselves.
The document provides a case study of a 1-year-old female patient admitted to the hospital for pneumonia. Key details include:
- The patient was admitted on January 9, 2011 with a temperature of 38.0 C and pulse of 105 bpm.
- Her medical history includes a previous hospitalization for LBM and no known allergies.
- She presented with a 2-day history of productive cough and intermittent fever.
- Laboratory results show elevated white blood cell count of 30.5.
- She is being treated with medications including Cefaclor, Salbutamol Sulfate, and Paracetamol.
- Nursing assessments show abnormal breath sounds and fever as her
Impulse-control disorders (ICDs) are psychological disorders characterized by the repeated inability to refrain from performing a particular action that is harmful either to oneself or others.
The individual fails to resist performing a potentially harmful act and it is usually accompanied by a sense of tension or arousal before committing the act and a sense of relief or pleasure when it is committed.
The hallmark in describing any of the ICDs is a tendency to gratify an immediate desire or impulse regardless of the consequences to one's self or to others.
This document discusses and compares two diseases: chicken pox and anorexia nervosa. Chicken pox is a highly contagious viral disease that causes an itchy rash. It spreads through contact with infected individuals and can be prevented through vaccination. Anorexia nervosa is a psychological disorder characterized by an obsessive fear of gaining weight and refusal to eat. It has complex cultural, biological, and psychological causes and can lead to severe physical and mental health issues if not properly treated through hospitalization and monitored recovery programs. Both diseases are most common in adolescents and have become more prevalent in recent decades, influenced by modern culture.
This document discusses child maltreatment in Malaysia. It provides definitions of different types of child abuse according to WHO, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and exploitation. It then summarizes prevalence rates of different types of abuse in several Southeast Asian countries based on various studies. The document also discusses risk factors for child abuse, signs that should raise suspicion of maltreatment, diagnostic approaches, and features that indicate abusive head trauma versus accidental head injuries in children.
This presentation provides an overview of cultural considerations for healthcare providers treating Cuban patients. It discusses the Cuban family structure, common health risks like hypertension and diabetes, and cultural interpretations of illness. The presentation advises healthcare providers to respect gender and parental roles, include extended family, and assess traditional remedies. It also provides strategies for culturally-competent care, like using interpreters and showing respect. A case study example illustrates how to effectively interview Cuban patients to identify and address barriers to treatment compliance.
- Women experience higher rates of depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms than men. Certain life events that disproportionately affect women, such as gender-based violence and low socioeconomic status, are risk factors for these common mental disorders.
- Throughout a woman's life, hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause can impact mental health and susceptibility to mental illness. Conditions like premenstrual dysphoric disorder and postpartum depression are more prevalent in women.
- Women are also more likely to be affected by disorders like PTSD due to higher rates of sexual violence and trauma. While research on gender differences in mental health is growing, more work is still needed to improve identification and treatment
Somatoform disorders are a group of mental illnesses characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by medical factors. Key features include symptoms not being imaginary, but also not correlating with medical test results. Common types are somatization disorder, conversion disorder, hypochondriasis, body dysmorphic disorder, pain disorder, and undifferentiated somatiform disorder. These disorders are thought to involve both psychosocial factors like how symptoms are interpreted emotionally, as well as potential biological and genetic components. Treatment involves both medical evaluation and psychological or psychiatric approaches.
This document provides an overview of mental health and mental disorders. It discusses that mental illness is a medical disease that prevents happiness and health. There are two main types of mental disorders: organic caused by physical brain issues, and functional caused by psychological factors without brain damage. Some specific disorders discussed are anxiety disorders like phobias, OCD, PTSD; affective disorders involving mood swings like depression; and personality disorders. The document also covers signs that someone may need mental health help and common providers like psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers.
Storytelling, Social Movements and the Prevention of Child Abuse and NeglectJim McKay
This presentation from Ben Tanzer, Director of Strategic Communications for Prevent Child Abuse America, explores the latest research about communications and messaging related to child abuse prevention.
This document provides an overview of somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, and related conditions. It describes somatoform disorders as involving physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained medically and are often described dramatically. Specific somatoform disorders discussed include conversion disorder, hypochondriasis, and factitious disorder. Conversion disorder involves neurological symptoms from psychological stress. Hypochondriasis involves excessive health concerns. Factitious disorder involves feigning or inducing illness for secondary gain. Dissociative disorders disrupt consciousness and arise as a defense against trauma. Treatment involves psychotherapy and anxiolytics or antidepressants depending on the condition.
Mood Disorders
...no longer Mood Disorders...
Major Depressive Disorder
! Depressed mood or loss of interest over a 2 week period
! 5 or more symptoms present (with at least 1 symptom being
depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure)
! Depressed mood (in kids, can be irritability)
! Diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities
! Significant weight loss or weight gain (not from dieting;
change of more than 5%)
! Insomnia or hypersomnia
! Psychomotor agitation or retardation
! Fatigue/loss of energy
! Feelings of worthlessness/excessive guilt
! Diminished ability to think or concentrate
! Suicidal ideation
! Criterion B: Symptoms cause clinically significant
distress or impairment in social/occupational
! Criterion C: Not attributable to physiological effects
of a substance or general medical condition
! Criterion D: Depressive episode not better
explained by schizoaffective disorder,
schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder,
delusional disorder
! Criterion E: No history of manic or hypomanic
episode
Specifiers
! Severity: mild, moderate, severe
! With mixed features (experience at least 3 manic or
hypomanic symptoms during the course of a major
depressive episode)
! With anxious distress (experience of at least 2 anxiety
symptoms during course of depressive episode)
! Melancholic features, atypical features, mood-congruent
psychotic features, mood-incongruent psychotic
features, with catatonia, with seasonal pattern
Bye Bye Bereavement
Exclusion
! Removed exclusion that depression cannot be
diagnosed in context of bereavement within 2
months of loss
! Ensured that someone grieving was not diagnosed as
ill/depressed
! Why did DSM 5 get rid of it?
! Used Wakefield’s research against him
Wakefield’s Research on
Loss
! Why are/were other serious losses that can cause sadness
ignored? Why only exclusion for bereavement?
! Is bereavement different than other losses/stresses?
! Mined data from NIMH survey
! No differences between those whose symptoms were triggered
by bereavement vs. different losses (e.g., divorce, financial)
! Looked at how bereaved vs. nonbereaved differed on number of,
and duration of, symptoms (as well as which symptoms were
reported)
! Conclusion: other losses just as likely to leave a person
depressed
! No scientific reason to treat death of loved one differently
! Expand bereavement exclusion to “other life stressors” to
distinguish disorder from suffering?
Wakefield vs. DSM 5
! Return to pre-DSM II idea that sadness in response
to loss is normal/human condition (reaction)
! Differentiates suffering from disorder
! DSM 5 taskforce: these findings show that
bereavement should not be a special exclusion
! All qualify as mentally ill
! Oh…I see what you did there…
Persistent Depressive
Disorder
! The new dysthymia and chronic MDD
! This is ...
The document discusses the neurobiology of trauma and its effects on the brain and behavior. It notes that repeated or prolonged traumatic experiences in childhood can result in a hypervigilant stress response that is easily triggered. This causes the "thinking" prefrontal cortex to deactivate, leaving a person governed by the emotional limbic system. Treatment aims to help people maintain a regulated state, prevent re-experiencing trauma, and employ cognitive strategies to engage the prefrontal cortex even during stress. Having a belief in recovery is also important as it shapes expectations that can become self-fulfilling prophecies.
Major depressive disorder is a common psychological disorder characterized by a depressed mood lasting more than two weeks along with symptoms like loss of interest, sleep, and pleasure. It can be caused by genetic, biological, cognitive, social, and environmental factors. Treatment approaches include biomedical treatments using antidepressant drugs, individual cognitive therapies to change negative thoughts, and group therapies where people with similar issues provide support. The effectiveness of different treatment approaches is evaluated based on how long symptoms are relieved and whether observable behavior changes.
This document provides an overview of child abuse and neglect. It defines different types of child abuse like physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. It also discusses factors contributing to child abuse, statistics on abuse, clinical assessment of abuse, signs of abuse, and legal requirements for reporting suspected abuse. The goal is to educate dental professionals on properly identifying, documenting, treating, and reporting suspected cases of child abuse.
This document provides an overview of child abuse and neglect (CAN). It defines the different types of CAN including physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. It discusses the prevalence of CAN globally and in India. The document outlines the consequences of CAN on psychological, neurobiological, and psychiatric development. It also examines predisposing factors, historical background, common injuries seen in physical abuse like burns and fractures, and conditions like shaken baby syndrome.
This document summarizes key aspects of bipolar disorder, including:
1) Bipolar disorder is characterized by recurring manic or hypomanic episodes that alternate with depressive episodes. It exists on a spectrum from bipolar I to bipolar II disorder.
2) Bipolar disorder has a lifetime prevalence of around 2.4% worldwide and is associated with significant disability. However, it often goes undiagnosed for around 10 years.
3) People with bipolar disorder have high risks of suicide, psychiatric comorbidities, and medical comorbidities. They also face impairments in education, work and development due to the disorder.
This document discusses non-accidental child injury. It begins by defining non-accidental child injury as injuries sustained by children due to mistreatment or abuse by their caregivers. It then outlines various types of child abuse including physical, sexual, emotional abuse and neglect. For each type, it provides examples of common injuries and signs. It also discusses myths around child abuse and steps that should be taken if abuse is suspected, such as listening without judgment, seeking explanations, documenting findings, and treating injuries. Lastly, it recommends some ways to prevent child abuse like public awareness, early support for vulnerable families, and establishing child protection laws.
This document discusses child abuse and the role of EMS providers. It begins with definitions of child abuse and outlines the four main categories: neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse. Statistics on child abuse in the US, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington are provided. Risk factors for victims and perpetrators are described. Common injuries associated with different types of abuse are illustrated and explained. The document stresses that all EMS providers are mandatory reporters of suspected child abuse in their states and outlines reporting procedures and protections for reporters. The goal is to help EMS providers recognize and appropriately respond to suspected abuse.
Child abuse and neglect pediatric and child rightBassam Daqaq
This document discusses the effects of divorce and separation on children of different ages. Younger children may feel confused, angry and sad by the changes in routine. Children aged 6-8 may feel guilty about not being able to "take care" of their parents. Older children can understand two points of view but need help expressing feelings like anger. Teenagers find peer relationships more important and divorce can accelerate their independence. Lack of consistency after separation can be unsettling for children of all ages. Overall, divorce typically results in feelings of abandonment, helplessness, worry and grief for the departed parent across developmental stages.
Child abuse and neglect is a widespread problem globally that has both short and long term health and social consequences. It can take many forms including physical, sexual, and emotional abuse as well as neglect. There are many risk factors at different levels including characteristics of the child, family dynamics, and broader societal stresses. In India, millions of children lack basic needs and over 100 million are not in school, putting them at risk. Child abuse and neglect prevention requires addressing factors at individual, family, community, and societal levels.
Gender Relationship with Depressive Disorderasclepiuspdfs
Depression rate is more prevalence in female than in males. There are many hypotheses for gender differences in depression, but still, there is no conclusive theory to explain it fully. Depression in men manifest as more acting out the depression symptoms to the surroundings, while the depressed women keeps the symptoms for themselves.
The document provides a case study of a 1-year-old female patient admitted to the hospital for pneumonia. Key details include:
- The patient was admitted on January 9, 2011 with a temperature of 38.0 C and pulse of 105 bpm.
- Her medical history includes a previous hospitalization for LBM and no known allergies.
- She presented with a 2-day history of productive cough and intermittent fever.
- Laboratory results show elevated white blood cell count of 30.5.
- She is being treated with medications including Cefaclor, Salbutamol Sulfate, and Paracetamol.
- Nursing assessments show abnormal breath sounds and fever as her
Impulse-control disorders (ICDs) are psychological disorders characterized by the repeated inability to refrain from performing a particular action that is harmful either to oneself or others.
The individual fails to resist performing a potentially harmful act and it is usually accompanied by a sense of tension or arousal before committing the act and a sense of relief or pleasure when it is committed.
The hallmark in describing any of the ICDs is a tendency to gratify an immediate desire or impulse regardless of the consequences to one's self or to others.
This document discusses and compares two diseases: chicken pox and anorexia nervosa. Chicken pox is a highly contagious viral disease that causes an itchy rash. It spreads through contact with infected individuals and can be prevented through vaccination. Anorexia nervosa is a psychological disorder characterized by an obsessive fear of gaining weight and refusal to eat. It has complex cultural, biological, and psychological causes and can lead to severe physical and mental health issues if not properly treated through hospitalization and monitored recovery programs. Both diseases are most common in adolescents and have become more prevalent in recent decades, influenced by modern culture.
This document discusses child maltreatment in Malaysia. It provides definitions of different types of child abuse according to WHO, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and exploitation. It then summarizes prevalence rates of different types of abuse in several Southeast Asian countries based on various studies. The document also discusses risk factors for child abuse, signs that should raise suspicion of maltreatment, diagnostic approaches, and features that indicate abusive head trauma versus accidental head injuries in children.
This presentation provides an overview of cultural considerations for healthcare providers treating Cuban patients. It discusses the Cuban family structure, common health risks like hypertension and diabetes, and cultural interpretations of illness. The presentation advises healthcare providers to respect gender and parental roles, include extended family, and assess traditional remedies. It also provides strategies for culturally-competent care, like using interpreters and showing respect. A case study example illustrates how to effectively interview Cuban patients to identify and address barriers to treatment compliance.
- Women experience higher rates of depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms than men. Certain life events that disproportionately affect women, such as gender-based violence and low socioeconomic status, are risk factors for these common mental disorders.
- Throughout a woman's life, hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause can impact mental health and susceptibility to mental illness. Conditions like premenstrual dysphoric disorder and postpartum depression are more prevalent in women.
- Women are also more likely to be affected by disorders like PTSD due to higher rates of sexual violence and trauma. While research on gender differences in mental health is growing, more work is still needed to improve identification and treatment
Somatoform disorders are a group of mental illnesses characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by medical factors. Key features include symptoms not being imaginary, but also not correlating with medical test results. Common types are somatization disorder, conversion disorder, hypochondriasis, body dysmorphic disorder, pain disorder, and undifferentiated somatiform disorder. These disorders are thought to involve both psychosocial factors like how symptoms are interpreted emotionally, as well as potential biological and genetic components. Treatment involves both medical evaluation and psychological or psychiatric approaches.
This document provides an overview of mental health and mental disorders. It discusses that mental illness is a medical disease that prevents happiness and health. There are two main types of mental disorders: organic caused by physical brain issues, and functional caused by psychological factors without brain damage. Some specific disorders discussed are anxiety disorders like phobias, OCD, PTSD; affective disorders involving mood swings like depression; and personality disorders. The document also covers signs that someone may need mental health help and common providers like psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers.
Storytelling, Social Movements and the Prevention of Child Abuse and NeglectJim McKay
This presentation from Ben Tanzer, Director of Strategic Communications for Prevent Child Abuse America, explores the latest research about communications and messaging related to child abuse prevention.
This document provides an overview of somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, and related conditions. It describes somatoform disorders as involving physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained medically and are often described dramatically. Specific somatoform disorders discussed include conversion disorder, hypochondriasis, and factitious disorder. Conversion disorder involves neurological symptoms from psychological stress. Hypochondriasis involves excessive health concerns. Factitious disorder involves feigning or inducing illness for secondary gain. Dissociative disorders disrupt consciousness and arise as a defense against trauma. Treatment involves psychotherapy and anxiolytics or antidepressants depending on the condition.
Mood Disorders
...no longer Mood Disorders...
Major Depressive Disorder
! Depressed mood or loss of interest over a 2 week period
! 5 or more symptoms present (with at least 1 symptom being
depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure)
! Depressed mood (in kids, can be irritability)
! Diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities
! Significant weight loss or weight gain (not from dieting;
change of more than 5%)
! Insomnia or hypersomnia
! Psychomotor agitation or retardation
! Fatigue/loss of energy
! Feelings of worthlessness/excessive guilt
! Diminished ability to think or concentrate
! Suicidal ideation
! Criterion B: Symptoms cause clinically significant
distress or impairment in social/occupational
! Criterion C: Not attributable to physiological effects
of a substance or general medical condition
! Criterion D: Depressive episode not better
explained by schizoaffective disorder,
schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder,
delusional disorder
! Criterion E: No history of manic or hypomanic
episode
Specifiers
! Severity: mild, moderate, severe
! With mixed features (experience at least 3 manic or
hypomanic symptoms during the course of a major
depressive episode)
! With anxious distress (experience of at least 2 anxiety
symptoms during course of depressive episode)
! Melancholic features, atypical features, mood-congruent
psychotic features, mood-incongruent psychotic
features, with catatonia, with seasonal pattern
Bye Bye Bereavement
Exclusion
! Removed exclusion that depression cannot be
diagnosed in context of bereavement within 2
months of loss
! Ensured that someone grieving was not diagnosed as
ill/depressed
! Why did DSM 5 get rid of it?
! Used Wakefield’s research against him
Wakefield’s Research on
Loss
! Why are/were other serious losses that can cause sadness
ignored? Why only exclusion for bereavement?
! Is bereavement different than other losses/stresses?
! Mined data from NIMH survey
! No differences between those whose symptoms were triggered
by bereavement vs. different losses (e.g., divorce, financial)
! Looked at how bereaved vs. nonbereaved differed on number of,
and duration of, symptoms (as well as which symptoms were
reported)
! Conclusion: other losses just as likely to leave a person
depressed
! No scientific reason to treat death of loved one differently
! Expand bereavement exclusion to “other life stressors” to
distinguish disorder from suffering?
Wakefield vs. DSM 5
! Return to pre-DSM II idea that sadness in response
to loss is normal/human condition (reaction)
! Differentiates suffering from disorder
! DSM 5 taskforce: these findings show that
bereavement should not be a special exclusion
! All qualify as mentally ill
! Oh…I see what you did there…
Persistent Depressive
Disorder
! The new dysthymia and chronic MDD
! This is ...
The document discusses the neurobiology of trauma and its effects on the brain and behavior. It notes that repeated or prolonged traumatic experiences in childhood can result in a hypervigilant stress response that is easily triggered. This causes the "thinking" prefrontal cortex to deactivate, leaving a person governed by the emotional limbic system. Treatment aims to help people maintain a regulated state, prevent re-experiencing trauma, and employ cognitive strategies to engage the prefrontal cortex even during stress. Having a belief in recovery is also important as it shapes expectations that can become self-fulfilling prophecies.
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder. This mental condition can manifest itself in a variety of ways. The predominant difficulties associated with schizophrenia are related to a person's thinking, which is unusual or bizarre. Because the person's thinking is intermittently disordered, a person with schizophrenia may have a variety of behaviors that appear odd or strange to others. In addition, the person's speech is irrational or disjointed.
The document discusses schizophrenia, providing facts and information about symptoms, types, treatment, and management. Some key points:
- Schizophrenia affects about 1% of the population and often develops between ages 15-25. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.
- There are positive symptoms like hallucinations and negative symptoms like lack of emotion. Different types include paranoid, disorganized, and catatonic.
- Treatment involves antipsychotic medication, psychotherapy, social support, developing skills and routines. Long-term management is important as the disorder requires lifelong attention.
Mood disorders are characterized by disturbances in emotion and mood, ranging from mild to extreme. Major depressive disorder is the most severe form of depression, characterized by depressed mood and loss of interest in activities. Bipolar disorder involves severe mood swings between depression and mania. Biological factors like changes in brain chemicals and genetics contribute to mood disorders, as do psychological factors such as negative thought patterns and learned helplessness. Mood disorders are prevalent and have significant impacts.
Current and emerging issues in guidance and counseling in the philippinesRey Tagum
The document discusses current issues in guidance and counseling in the Philippines, including stress, depression, suicide, substance abuse, and other challenges faced by children, youth, adults, and families. It provides information on the causes and symptoms of stress and depression, risk factors for suicide, and tips for dealing with depression through cultivating social support, healthy lifestyle habits, challenging negative thinking, and seeking professional help when needed. Statistics on suicide rates in the Philippines and worldwide are also presented.
This document discusses domestic violence, providing information on epidemiology, dynamics of abusive relationships, barriers to leaving, screening and treatment recommendations. It notes domestic violence is a widespread but under-recognized problem, crossing all demographics. Relationships involving abuse typically progress through cycles of tension building, violence and a honeymoon phase. Health care providers are encouraged to routinely screen for abuse and create a supportive environment, while avoiding insistence on immediately leaving the relationship and prioritizing safety planning.
This document provides an outline and information for a case presentation on schizophrenia (F20). It includes an introduction to schizophrenia and statistics on the disorder. Demographic information is provided for the client, S.X., including her referral from another hospital. The chief complaint and past psychiatric history indicate positive symptoms like suspiciousness and disorganized behavior emerging at age 20. Previous unsuccessful treatments including quetiapine and benztropine are noted. Theoretical perspectives on schizophrenia and descriptions of positive and negative symptoms are also summarized.
Trauma Informed Care & Graduation Rates (Joseph Lavoritano)JoeLavoritano
Developmental trauma is real, and disproportionately affects children from poor neighborhoods.
Prolonged exposure to stress and trauma has a deleterious effect on the developing brain.
Moving from a "sickness model" to an "injury model" of trauma-informed care has had a positive impact on outcomes for the youth in the St. Gabriel's system.
Psychological management of maxillofacial prosthetic patient/cosmetic dentist...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Mental illnesses are medical conditions that disrupt thinking, mood, and behavior. Common mental illnesses include depression, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, general anxiety disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and phobias. These conditions are caused by biological and environmental factors and can be effectively treated through medication and therapy. However, stigma surrounding mental illness prevents many people from seeking the help and treatment they need.
Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health IntroductionAdam Motiwala
This document provides an introduction to mental health and stigma. It discusses how mental illness affects 1 in 4 people and outlines some of the most common mental health conditions like depression, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia. It also examines views of mental illness in different cultures like the Arab community, where it is often attributed to spiritual forces. The document emphasizes that mental illness is treatable with professional help and outlines some common signs and symptoms to look for.
Mental health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. Around 20% of the world's children and adolescents have a mental disorder. Mental health involves realizing one's abilities and coping with stress while contributing productively to the community. Historically, the mentally ill were mistreated but psychiatry has advanced scientifically. Common mental illnesses include depression, schizophrenia, substance use disorders, and neuroses. Genetics, environment, life stressors, and lack of needs fulfillment can all contribute to poor mental health. Community mental health services aim to prevent and treat illness through education, early intervention, and rehabilitation.
Counseling is important for AIDS patients to help them cope with the emotional impact of their diagnosis and improve their psychological health and quality of life. AIDS patients experience issues like anxiety, depression, stigma, confidentiality concerns, and death anxiety. Therapeutic interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation techniques, support groups, and family therapy can help AIDS patients address emotional challenges and improve medication adherence. Counseling is crucial, as emotional distress can negatively impact disease progression.
This document summarizes notes about mental illness, specifically bipolar disorder. It discusses high suicide rates among those with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Firearms are a highly lethal method of suicide. The document outlines symptoms of bipolar disorder like suicidal thoughts, addictions, spending binges, and difficulty with relationships. It provides tips for managing bipolar disorder like maintaining stable routines, exercise, social support, and avoiding firearms.
This document discusses stigma surrounding mental illness. It begins by defining stigma and noting that while physical illnesses are generally accepted, mental illnesses often face stigma due to lack of understanding. People are misinformed about mental illness due to insufficient education and myths. This stigma leads to discrimination and prevents stigma from being removed. The document then poses trivia questions to test knowledge about conditions like depression and suicide rates. It reveals answers like 15-20% of people having depression and suicide being more common in summer. Additional facts provided emphasize depression is highly treatable but often untreated, and more action is needed to educate about mental illness and reduce stigma.
Addiction is a complex disease influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. Treatment works and is cost-effective in the long run. There are three components to addiction: loss of control over substance use, compulsion to seek and take the substance, and chronic relapsing nature. Addiction is a brain disease that changes the brain in fundamental and lasting ways. Most people with addiction also have co-occurring mental health disorders, and outcomes are generally worse for those with co-occurring disorders compared to those with only substance abuse or a mental illness. Recovery is a process that involves abstinence, developing a sense of responsibility, managing a range of emotions, and developing intimacy.
This document summarizes psychiatry emergencies that may occur in children. It can be divided into life-threatening emergencies and urgent but non-life threatening issues. Life-threatening emergencies include suicidal behavior, violent behavior, fire setting, child abuse, neglect, anorexia nervosa, and AIDS. Assessment involves interviewing the child and family to evaluate risk factors. Hospitalization may be required for safety. Urgent but non-life threatening issues include school refusal and Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Assessment and interventions aim to address underlying causes and ensure the child's well-being.
The document discusses various topics related to social problems involving alcohol, drugs, physical health, and mental health. It provides definitions and statistics on substance abuse and addiction, discusses the health effects of alcohol, tobacco, and various illegal drugs. It also covers leading causes of death in the US and worldwide, statistics on AIDS, and types of mental illness and factors influencing physical and mental health. Videos are linked on the meth epidemic and AIDS epidemic for students to watch.
An overview of Cluster B Personality Disorder. This presentation discusses the criteria, causes, prevalence and interventions for each personality disorders.
Similar to Hidden Lives: Women and Adolescents with HIV (20)
Katherine Promer Flores, MD (she/her)
Staff Physician
Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California San Diego
Daniel Lee, MD
Clinical Professor of Medicine
Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
Leandro Mena, MD, MPH
Chair and Professor of Population Health Science
Department of Population Health Science
University of Mississippi Medical Center
Maile Young Karris, MD
Associate Professor
Co-Director San Diego Center for AIDS Research Clinical Investigations Core
Divisions of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health and Geriatrics & Gerontology
Department of Medicine
University of California San Diego
Edward Cachay, MD, MAS
Professor of Medicine
Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
Gabriel Wagner, MD
Associate Clinical Professor
Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
Jocelyn Keehner, MD
Infectious Disease Fellow
Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
This presentation summarizes research on cryptococcal antigen screening and treatment in resource-limited settings. It finds that screening individuals with CD4 counts <100 cells/uL and <200 cells/uL can reduce mortality, and point-of-care tests now enable screening in primary care clinics. Studies of simplified treatment regimens show promise, such as using high-dose liposomal amphotericin B for only 1-2 weeks. Field work in Mozambique demonstrated a 7.3% prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia through screening at two clinics, and identified opportunities to improve care through expanded screening and ambulatory treatment models.
Richard Garfein, PhD, MPH
Professor
Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science
Adjunct Professor
Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
Este documento fornece informações sobre uma sessão de treinamento virtual sobre HIV/AIDS para militares internacionais. A agenda inclui atualizações sobre a vacina COVID-19 e sua implementação na Nigéria, com discussões sobre implicações para pessoas vivendo com HIV. A sessão é conduzida pelo programa MIHTP-ECHO com o objetivo de melhorar o atendimento e prevenção de HIV em militares em todo o mundo.
This document provides information about a MIHTP-ECHO training session on COVID-19 vaccines. It includes the agenda, presenters, and an overview of MIHTP and the ECHO model. The presentation by Dr. Allen McCutchan will discuss COVID epidemiology, vaccine mechanisms of action, effectiveness, safety, and duration of protection. It will also cover implications for people living with HIV and emerging variants. A presentation by Captain UO Adekanye will provide an update on Nigeria's COVID vaccine rollout and implications for people living with HIV. The session aims to inform participants and facilitate discussion on these topics.
Laura Bamford, MD, MSCE
Associate Professor of Medicine
Medical Director, Owen Clinic
Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
Davey Smith, MD, MAS
Professor of Medicine
Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health
Co-Director, San Diego Center for AIDS Research (CFAR)
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
Elliot Welford, MD
Infectious Diseases Fellow
Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
Darcy Wooten, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Associate Program Director, Infectious Diseases Fellowship
Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
This document summarizes a presentation on new and investigational antiretrovirals given at the UC San Diego HIV & Global Health Rounds. The presentation reviewed fostemsavir, cabotegravir/rilpivirine, leronlimab, islatravir, and lenacapavir. For each drug, the presenter discussed indications, dosing, efficacy and safety data from clinical trials, resistance profiles, and potential advantages and limitations. The goal of the HIV & Global Health Rounds is to provide clinicians and researchers with the most up-to-date information on HIV, hepatitis, tuberculosis, and other infectious diseases.
This document summarizes a presentation on hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemiology and screening recommendations. It discusses global and local HCV prevalence, the health impacts and economic costs of HCV infection, and the potential for HCV elimination with new direct-acting antiviral treatments. It also reviews evolving HCV screening guidelines and epidemiologic trends in the US, including increasing infections associated with opioid epidemics. Risk factors for HCV transmission are identified based on a study of HCV-positive blood donors.
More from UC San Diego AntiViral Research Center (20)
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...
Hidden Lives: Women and Adolescents with HIV
1. The UC San Diego AntiViral Research Center sponsors weekly
presentations by infectious disease clinicians, physicians and
researchers. The goal of these presentations is to provide the most
current research, clinical practices and trends in HIV, HBV, HCV, TB
and other infectious diseases of global significance.
The slides from the AIDS Clinical Rounds presentation that you are
about to view are intended for the educational purposes of our
audience. They may not be used for other purposes without the
presenter’s express permission.
AIDS CLINICAL ROUNDS
3. Maria
! Maria is a 39yo Latina here for f/u labs and
resistance testing. She is here with her 4yo son.
! 4/15 CD4 = 63(3%) VL = 11265
! She is on RIL/TDF/FTC
! Genotype from last month:
! M184V
! K103R, V179D and Y181C
4. Maria
! Diagnosed during pregnancy with both HIV and
syphilis
! Had trouble with adherence during her pregnancy,
but her son was born HIV negative
! Hospitalized for PCP a few years ago
! Misses a lot of appointments despite reminder
calls
! Vague about her adherence – no great explanation
5. My Response to Maria
! Dread her appointments
! I feel helpless to help her
! I feel like it’s a waste of time
! She’s really guarded and flat
! I wonder about her cognitive function
! I wonder about her ability as a mother
! Compassion fatigue
6. Maria
! Lives with her sister, who doesn’t know her
diagnosis
! She and her son sleep on the couch
! No car; no work
! Her ex-BF was verbally abusive of her when she
disclosed her status to him
! “Slut”
! “Horrible mother”
! She hears his voice in her head when she looks at the
meds
7. Frequently Seen Stressors
! Homelessness
! Gas & electric and
water interruptions
! Isolation
! Single Parenting
! Domestic Violence
! Substance Use
! Mental Illness
! Unemployment/
Underemployment
! Poverty
! Limited
Transportation
! Low Literacy
! Stigma
8. Marcus
! 19 yo here for routine f/u. He is on DRV/r + TRU
! 2/15 CD4 = 681 VL <20
! Has missed the last 2 appointments
! Admits to missing meds ~ 2x/week now for
unknown amount of time. No side effects – just
misses
! Has been clean and sober for ~ 1 yr
! Had unprotected sex last weekend with a man who
is also HIV+; doesn’t know if he’s on meds or not
9. What do you do next?
! After reminding him of the importance of adherence and the risk
of developing resistance you:
! A. Have him do an interactive computer program to reinforce this
education
! B. Discuss getting a pill box and setting an alarm on his phone
! C. Get a viral load and a genotype
! D. Refer him for therapy
! E. A, B and C
! E. C & D
! F. All of the above
10. Marcus – more history
! Foster care kid; Sexually and physically abused as
a kid
! Survival sex for food, clothing, and shelter
! At last visit, he was really proud of himself for
maintaining sobriety but admitted it felt “weird”
! Now admits to feelings of anger and depression
! His HIV meds remind him of his drug abuse and
prostitution
! He feels a lot of shame
11. Hidden Barriers to Health
! H/o childhood abuse
! They may not recognize that they were abused
! They don’t want to talk about it – may take years
! Pills are reminders of disease, of what led to the
disease
! Trigger feelings of anger and helplessness
! Medical visits are reminders of disease, of rejection
! May take months to get a patient into clinic
! Takes even more time to get them to come back
12. Question
! Childhood maltreatment is ass’d with which of the
following:
! Ischemic heart disease
! Cancer
! > 30 lifetime partners
! Low IQ
! A,B,C
! All of the above
! None of the above
13.
14. Stress/Trauma
! Stress: when a person is challenged in their
emotional, mental or physical well-being to an
extent that exceeds their ability to cope
! Trauma: Any event that causes an unusually high
level of emotional stress and has a long lasting
negative effect on a person
! Depends on the subjective emotional experience of it
15. Stress/Trauma
! Personal
! Physical and Sexual Abuse
! Verbal Abuse
! Neglect
! Social deprivation
! Financial abuse – i.e.
withhold funds (for gas
money, etc)
! Usually multiple forms of
trauma
! i.e. physical/sexual abuse
usually accompanied by
neglect
! Household dysfunction
! Witnessing violence
! Criminal activity
! Parental separation
! Parental death or illness
! Poverty
! Substance abuse
16. Response to Stress/Trauma
! Big T Trauma: events that cause physical harm
and/or a threat to life or physical safety
! Little T Trauma: upsetting life experiences that are
more common but not thought of as trauma
! Simple traumas clear on their own
! Complex trauma take longer to heal and leave life-
long scars
17. Trauma and HIV
! Increased HIV risk behavior leading to increased
acquisition and transmission of HIV
! Poor adherence to treatment
! Poor HIV-related outcomes
18. Response to Stress/Trauma
! Depends on the sex of the person
! Fight or Flight
! Tend and Befriend
! Seen more in women
! In response to a threat, it refers to protection of off-
spring (tending) and seeking out the social group for
mutual defense (befriending).
! Depends on age/development of the brain
! Early life stress is ass’d with emotional disorders and
attention regulation
19. Question
Childhood sexual and physical abuse predict worse
performance on assessments of executive function,
problem solving and non-verbal reasoning in
adulthood (i.e. 40s).
True
False
21. The Adverse Childhood
Experiences Study
! On going collaborative research between CDC and
Kaiser in San Diego
! Over 17,000 patients undergoing routine health
care volunteered to give detailed information about
their childhood experience of abuse, neglect and
family dysfunction
! Examined relationship between these experiences
and adult disease, health status and risk behavior
22. The Adverse Childhood
Experiences Study
Personal Abuse
! Physical Abuse
! Verbal Abuse
! Sexual Abuse
! Physical neglect
! Emotional neglect
Household Dysfunction
! Separation from parent
! Substance Abuse
! Domestic Violence
! Incarceration
! Mental Illness
24. ACE Study Outcomes
! Dose-response relationship between # of adverse
childhood exposures and the following:
! Ischemic heart disease
! Any cancer
! Stroke
! COPD
! Diabetes
25. ACE Study Demographics
! Female 54%
! White 75%
! Hispanic 11%
! High School Grad 93%
! College Grad 40%
26.
27.
28. Question
! Living with someone who is depressed or mentally
ill during the first 18 years of your life is ass’d with
! A. Having more than 30 lifetime sexual partners
! B. Ischemic heart disease
! C. Cancer
30. The Science of Stress
! Sympathetic nervous
system is activated
! Hypothalamic-pituitary axis
leads to the release of
ACTH, cortisol and
catecholamines from the
pituitary, adrenal cortex
and adrenal medulla
! Cortisol negative feedback
restores stress-related
reactions back to baseline
31. Limbic System
! The set of evolutionarily
primitive brain structures
located on top of the
brainstem and buried
under the cortex
! Involved in our emotions
and motivations, esp those
that are related to survival.
! Fear and anger
! Pleasure from eating
! Emotions related to sexual
behavior.
32. Limbic System
! Amygdala: essential for decoding stimuli that are
threatening to the organism; Fear processing
! Hippocampus: sends memories out to cortex for long-
term storage and then retrieves them; provides context
! Thalamus: relays sensory signals to and from the spinal
cord to the cortex
! Hypothalamus: vegetative and endocrine functions;
regulates hormones, body temperature, etc
! Prefrontal Cortex: planning, evaluating, decision
making, etc - higher order brain functions
33. Amygdala
! One of it’s main functions is
to protect us from a threat
! The integrative center for
attention, emotions,
emotional behavior and
motivation
! Important in face
perception; social
processing
! Receives input from all
senses and visceral inputs
! It’s size correlates with
aggressive behavior in all
species
34. Amygdala
! The link between prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus,
and amygdala creates emotion.
! Visceral input gives us our gut feelings, those
subjective feelings about what is good and what is
bad.
! Destruction of the amygdala leads to fearlessness
and a flat affect and inability to recognize emotion
in others
! Injury of the amygdala leads to trustworthiness
confusion
35. Startle Response
! All sensory info goes to the
thalamus
! Then goes straight to the
amygdala
! Then to the brainstem (w/
in hundredths of a second)
! React before you’ve even
had a chance to think
about it
37. Amygdala Hijack
! An immediate and overwhelming emotional
response out of proportion to the stimulus because
it has triggered a more significant emotional
response
! In low to moderate stress, the prefrontal cortex can
inhibit the amygdala
! In extreme stress, the amygdala shuts down the
cortex
! Evolutionary response - there is no time for thinking
38. The Limbic System in
Action
! Amygdala - excitatory
control of hypothalamus
! Heightened response to
stimulus
! Hippocampus - inhibitory
control
! Cortisol binds to receptors
here
Hypothalamus
39. Depressive Response
! VMPF cortex regulates fear
output from the amygdala
! Depression is ass’d with
abnl VMPF activity
! Unable to suppress
negative emotions when
it’s compromised
! Rational long term
decisions and moral
judgments are
compromised
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Limbic System
Orbital Frontal
Cortex Ventromedial
Cortex
41. Trauma and the Brain
! During periods of trauma there is adrenergic overload,
and the frontal lobe can not be accessed because the
amygdala is in control
! If a person is triggered at the limbic level, the quickest
way to alleviate the pain is to feed the pleasure
principal- alcohol, drugs, sex, food, gambling, hoarding.
! Traumatized individuals are often stuck in survival mode
because the individual is not able to link the limbic
activation to the frontal lobe.
! Thus, cognitive processing is impacted.
42. Trauma and the Developing
Brain
! Timing of trauma/stress
affects those brain regions
undergoing growth spurts
at that time
! Brain regions with
extended post-natal
development are most
vulnerable to long term
sequelae of stress
! Amygdala is fully formed
at birth
! Frontal lobe is the last to
develop
BRAINSTEM
43. The Limbic System
! The interface between the
primitive brainstem and
the rational cortex
! Emotions
! Attention
! Memory
! Motivation
! Attachmen
44.
45. Emotions
! Input from all the senses and visceral inputs
become emotions in the limbic system
! This subcortical input is what gives us our “gut
feelings” or perceptions
! Nonverbal signals
! Non-rational since it’s subcortical
!
46. Attention/Meaning
! Prefrontal Cortex
! Anterior Cingulate Cortex
! Orbitofrontal region
! Integrates subcortical input with cortical
processing
! Determines importance - Is it worth paying
attention to
47. Memory
! Implicit Memory
! A type of memory in which previous experiences aid the
performance of a task without conscious awareness of
these previous experiences
! Didn’t require focal attention to be encoded or retrieved
! Fear - amygdala
! Explicit Memory
! Conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences
and information
! Requires focal attention to be encoded
! Impaired when there is excessive catecholamines and
cortisol
! Hippocampus
48. Motivation
! Animal instincts
! Survival: finding food, desire to reproduce
Attachment
! Attachment to a caregiver – that natural bond
49. Amygdala
! Located deep within the temporal lobe
! Activates the HPA axis and autonomic responses
associated with fear and hormonal secretion
! It is responsible for fear conditioning
! an associative learning process by which we learn
through repeated experiences to fear something
! For example, when we hear an unpleasant sound, the
amygdala heightens our perception of the sound and
triggers the autonomic system for a fight or flight
response
50. Limbic System
! Plays a huge role in memory
! Interprets our emotional responses
! Stores memories
! Regulates hormones
! Involved with sensory perception, motor function
and olfaction
51. Hippocampus
! Memory center
! Provides contextual information
! Cortisol helps encode memories to the
hippocampus more effectively
53. Effects of Early Life Stress
! Usually multiple forms of abuse
! Neglect/rejection is most frequent form of
maltreatment
! High or chronic levels of stress disturb brain
development which then affects mental health
! See functional and structural changes
54. ELS
! Hidden regulators in healthy parent-offspring
relationships
! Serotonin receptors in the hippocampus may be one
! Serotonin stimulation triggers increased
glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus
! Neglect/maternal rejection is one the most potent
stressors early in life
! Rhesus infants: the frequency of rejection
correlates with decreased CSF serotonin
55. Developmental Timing
! Timing of trauma/stress affects those brain regions
undergoing growth spurts at that time
! Brain regions with extended post-natal development
are most vulnerable to long term sequelae of stress
! Amygdala is fully formed at birth
! Frontal lobe is the last to develop
56. Brain Development
! Love and nurture increases serotonin tone in the
brain and stimulates 5-HT7 receptor in the
hippocampus
! Serotonin stimulation triggers increased
glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus
! Leads to permanent increase in glucocorticoid
expression in the hippocampus – more sensitive to
negative feedback of cortisol
! Neglected Rhesus babies have decreased CSF 5-HT
57. Physiologic Changes
! Chronic stress actually results in low AM cortisol
and blunted ACTH and cortisol responses
! Seen in infants in foster care but not in infants of
similar socio-economic standing
! Kids in foster care d/t neglect have markedly atypical
cortisol diurnal rhythms
! Low basal cortisol production causes increased
sensitivity of the amygdala
! Severe adversity in childhood is linked to markedly
increased reactivity of the autonomic nervous
system and the HPA axis to stress
58. Structural Changes
! Autopsy study of suicide victims with and w/o a
history of abuse and controls who had died
suddenly
! Found reduced total glucocorticoid receptor
expression in the hippocampus in suicide victims
who had been abused but not in suicide victims
who had not been abused
! Also found decreased expression of exon of NR3C1
gene which is linked to glucocorticoid receptor
expression
61. ELS and Development
! Monkeys reared in isolation have deficits on
executive tasks – correlated with reduced white
matter tracks in the prefrontal cortex and the
anterior cingulate cortex
! Abnormal EEGs
62. Early Life Stress
! Glucocorticoids impair neural plasticity
! Prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus have a high
density of glucocorticoid receptors
! Prolonged exposure to cortisol leads to more
damage to these areas
! Structural and functional changes
63. The Results
! Impaired executive function
! Difficulty paying attention ! Trouble following
directions, i.e. take pills with food or without
! Poor working memory ! missed appointments,
missed doses
! Impaired reasoning
! Impaired problem solving and flexibility ! huge
problems with insurance or other snafus
! Impaired planning, decision making and execution
64. The Results
! Impaired affective regulation
! Impaired processing of social stimuli ! overreact
! Impaired emotion regulation ! get upset easily
! Poor impulse control ! abuse drugs, have unsafe sex,
etc
! Poor inhibition of inappropriate responses !
disruptive at the clinic; trouble with police
! Impaired reward processing
65. Alma
! 21yo Latina here for routine f/u.
! 4/15 CD4 = 63(1) and VL = 20,763
! She is on RIL/FTC/3TC and admits to missing
about twice/week.
! Reason for missed doses: “Just has a mental block
about HIV meds”
! Vague about whether or not she is taking it with food:
sometimes eats chips or fast food
66. Alma
! Sexually abused as a child
! Ran away and began using drugs at age 13
! Forced into rehab in Mexico –
! Abducted in the middle of the night and held against
her will
! Beaten; tied up
! Forced to take cold showers
! Father of her baby is 44yo and is incarcerated
! She has relapsed on meth
67. Alma
! Diagnosed with TB with a cavity – hospitalization
triggered her PTSD
! Involuntary admission
! Put in isolation
! Forced to take meds
! Not allowed to leave
! IV placement was very traumatizing
69. Estimates of PTSD and
Trauma
! PTSD is estimated to be 30% among women with
HIV
! 5x higher than the national average
! Estimated rate of intimate partner violence is 55%
! Twice the national average
70. PTSD
! Persistently re-experience traumatic events
! Intrusive thoughts and flashbacks
! Nightmares and difficulty sleeping
! Hyperarousal
! Physiologic reactivity when exposed to reminders of
the event
! Pts usually try to avoid reminders of the event
71. Physiology of PTSD
! Elevated catecholamines
! Low cortisol levels
! There is increased blood flow to the amygdala with
anxiety and during panic attacks
! fMRI shows exaggerated amygdala responses and
diminished prefrontal cortex responses
! During symptomatic periods
! When shown happy vs fearful faces
73. Traumatic MD Visits
! Waiting room
! Lack of privacy walking into it - Seeing the man who
infected them in the waiting room can trigger them
! Unwanted advances - getting hit on
! Retelling the history repeatedly
! Re-live the trauma
! Insensitive or invasive procedures may trigger i.e.
pap smears, etc
74. Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell:
Hidden Trauma
! Pts have buried this – don’t want to deal
! They may not recognize it as trauma
! They don’t tell their partners; they don’t tell their
families
! May take years of building trust before they might
disclose anything
! Will likely tell 1 part to 1 person and another part
to another person ! collaboration is key
75. What You Will Hear
! Drug and Alcohol Abuse
! Prostitution or promiscuity
! Inability to negotiate safe sex
! Depression and withdrawal
! Hypereactivity and stimulus seeking
76. What you will see when
these patients do show up
! Flat affect
! Borderline behaviors
! Splitting – playing staff off each other
! Denial
! Projection
! Provider is an authority figure and there is an
inherent power difference
! They feel vulnerable
77. What you will see
! Lying and Lip Service
! Some feel a lot of shame about not taking meds or other
behavior
! Survivors may have learned compliance to abusive
authority to avoid more abuse
! Self-destructive behavior
! Repetition Compulsion: expose themselves repeatedly to
situations reminiscent of the original trauma
! May be punishing themselves
! May be what they learned
! Catastrophic Thinking
79. Trauma Informed Care
! Realizes the widespread impact of trauma and
understands potential paths for recovery;
! Recognizes how trauma affects all individuals
involved with the program, organization or system,
including it’s own workforce
! Responds by fully integrating knowledge about
trauma into policies, procedures, and practices;
and
! Seeks to actively resist re-traumatization.”
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
80. Principles of Trauma
Informed Care
! Safety: physical and psychological
! Trustworthiness and Transparency
! Peer support
! Collaboration and mutuality: recognition that healing
happens in relationships and in the meaningful sharing
of power and decision-making
! Empowerment, voice and choice:
! The individual’s autonomy is supported
! Individual’s strengths are recognized, validated & built up
! Cultural, Historical, and Gender Issues
81. Trauma Informed Visits
! Safety/Privacy
! Off site clinic for the most fragile patients
! Trustworthiness and Transparency: Therapeutic
relationships develop safety and trust
! R – respect
! I – information
! C – connection
! H – hope
! Boundaries - Balance questioning against invasion of
privacy
82. Trauma Informed Care
! Peer Support
! Choices and Control
! Educate patients, not dictate
! Inform them that they have a right to refuse to answer
a question
! Emphasize the patient’s right to refuse treatment
! “you don’t have to anything you don’t want to, but it is
recommended that you have a pap smear..”
83. Trauma Informed Care
! Emphasize Strength and Resilience of Patient
! Medical model highlights pathology
! Medical terminology implies something is wrong with
the person rather than something was done to them
and they survived
! i.e. Rape Victim vs Trauma Survivor
! Approach to behaviors/symptoms
! Maladaptive behaviors and coping mechanisms reflect
that the patient was doing the best that they could with
the skills they had to survive.
! Reduces patient’s guilt and shame
! Decreases providers frustration
85. Thank You!!
! Jennifer Lewis, LCSW, PhD
! Gila Cohen, LCSW
! Nicole Pepper, MSW
! Maria Huerta, LCSW
! Adriana Gonzales, MSW
! Karina Valdez, Parenting
Coach
! Patricia Zepeda, case
worker
! Jill Blumenthal, MD
! Lisa Stangl, NP
! AJ Johnson, SW
! Joe Mora SW
! Chris Mueller, LCSW
! Rachel Gasca, MSW
! Karla Pardo, MSW
! Kristyn Pellechia, NP
! Ami Roeschlein, LMFT
! Larry Friedman, MD
86. Katie
! Diagnosed at 13 yo when she presented with ITP
! Her diagnosis led to her mother’s diagnosis
! Which led to her parents’ divorce
! Senior year missed her prom d/t severe cryptococcal
meningitis
! Shunt placed – she only remembers her head being
shaved
! Developed shunt infection with peritonitis
! Furious with team members who would palpate her
abdomen w/o warning
98. Limbic System
! The set of evolutionarily
primitive brain structures
located on top of the
brainstem and buried
under the cortex
! Involved in many of our
emotions and motivations,
particularly those that are
related to survival.
! Pleasure from eating
! Fear and anger
! Emotions related to sexual
behavior.