Counseling is important for AIDS patients to help them cope with the emotional impact of their diagnosis and improve their psychological health and quality of life. AIDS patients experience issues like anxiety, depression, stigma, confidentiality concerns, and death anxiety. Therapeutic interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation techniques, support groups, and family therapy can help AIDS patients address emotional challenges and improve medication adherence. Counseling is crucial, as emotional distress can negatively impact disease progression.
This presentation is on Mental Health Act, Indian Lunacy Act and Rights of Patient. Mental Health Nursing one of core subject of B.Sc. Nursing Third Year.
BIBILIOGRAPHY
R SREEVANI “A Guide to Mental Health &
Psychiatric Nursing” 3rd Edition
Jaypee Medical Publisher Pp: 345 to 350
Shelia L Vedibeck “Psychiatric Mental Health
Nursing” 5th Edition Lippincott & Williams.
Mary C Townsend “Essential of Psychiatric health
nursing” 7th Edition F A Devis 2013.
ANTONY JAMES T (2000): “A decade with the
mental health act, Indian Journal
of Psychiatry, 42(4)
Kothari, Jaya “Moving towards autonomy &
equity an analysis of mental health care
bill 2013”
COUNSELLING IN HIV/AIDS
Qurrot Ulain Taher
P.G Diploma in Nutrition & Dietetics
Dietetic Techniques & Patient Counseling
HIV/AIDS
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is a result of the development of the HIV virus into a more serious condition. AIDS was first recognised by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s.
Understanding HIV
HIV is a contagious infection which attacks the immune system, reducing its effectiveness and leaving the body susceptible to infections. The HIV infection damages the cells the body needs to fight illnesses. AIDS can be diagnosed when the number of immune system cells (CD4 cells) in the blood of a person with HIV drops below a certain level.
There is no cure for HIV or AIDS, but there are treatments that can slow down the disease, and help prevent the onset of AIDS. It takes around ten years for someone with HIV to develop AIDS, but it can be prevented with early detection and treatment of the HIV
PREVENTION OF Mother to child transmission
Treatment for HIV and AIDS
HAART
TYPES OF HIV TESTS
Why Is Counseling Necessary
Objectives
Whom to counsel
Characteristics of a Counselor
Skills Required in Counseling
Stages of Counseling
Risk assessment counseling
Pre test counseling
Post test counseling
Follow up counseling
Role of Counselor
Advocacy role
Health education
Referral
Clinical and therapeutic role
Special Situations in HIV Counseling
Pregnant women
Childless couples
Breast feeding positive mothers
Spouse and family members of HIV infected persons
This presentation is on Mental Health Act, Indian Lunacy Act and Rights of Patient. Mental Health Nursing one of core subject of B.Sc. Nursing Third Year.
BIBILIOGRAPHY
R SREEVANI “A Guide to Mental Health &
Psychiatric Nursing” 3rd Edition
Jaypee Medical Publisher Pp: 345 to 350
Shelia L Vedibeck “Psychiatric Mental Health
Nursing” 5th Edition Lippincott & Williams.
Mary C Townsend “Essential of Psychiatric health
nursing” 7th Edition F A Devis 2013.
ANTONY JAMES T (2000): “A decade with the
mental health act, Indian Journal
of Psychiatry, 42(4)
Kothari, Jaya “Moving towards autonomy &
equity an analysis of mental health care
bill 2013”
COUNSELLING IN HIV/AIDS
Qurrot Ulain Taher
P.G Diploma in Nutrition & Dietetics
Dietetic Techniques & Patient Counseling
HIV/AIDS
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is a result of the development of the HIV virus into a more serious condition. AIDS was first recognised by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s.
Understanding HIV
HIV is a contagious infection which attacks the immune system, reducing its effectiveness and leaving the body susceptible to infections. The HIV infection damages the cells the body needs to fight illnesses. AIDS can be diagnosed when the number of immune system cells (CD4 cells) in the blood of a person with HIV drops below a certain level.
There is no cure for HIV or AIDS, but there are treatments that can slow down the disease, and help prevent the onset of AIDS. It takes around ten years for someone with HIV to develop AIDS, but it can be prevented with early detection and treatment of the HIV
PREVENTION OF Mother to child transmission
Treatment for HIV and AIDS
HAART
TYPES OF HIV TESTS
Why Is Counseling Necessary
Objectives
Whom to counsel
Characteristics of a Counselor
Skills Required in Counseling
Stages of Counseling
Risk assessment counseling
Pre test counseling
Post test counseling
Follow up counseling
Role of Counselor
Advocacy role
Health education
Referral
Clinical and therapeutic role
Special Situations in HIV Counseling
Pregnant women
Childless couples
Breast feeding positive mothers
Spouse and family members of HIV infected persons
The ppt is prepared to serve the need of curriculum for post graduate students interested in learning about the counselling for terminal disease esp. HIV/AIDS.
obsessive-compulsive disorder is a mental disorder whose main symptoms include obsessions and compulsions, driving the person to engage in unwanted, often-times distress behaviors or thoughts. The obsessions are usually related to a sense of harm, risk or injury. The common Obsessions include concern about contamination, doubt, fear of loss or letting go, fear of physically injuring someone.It’s treatment is done through a combination of psychiatric medications and psychotherapy.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
An obsession is defined as an idea, impulse, or image which intrude into the conscious aware repeatedly.
handicap develops as the consequence of the disability. It is defined as a disadvantage for a given individual resulting from impairment or a disability that limits and prevents the fulfillment of a role which is normal for that individual, depending on age, sex, social and cultural factors.
Mental health Education, the goals and problems
-to educate the public and its leaders about the nature of mental disorders and methods of treatment, to covey the magnitude of the problem and to mobilize action towards improving the care and treatment of mentally disturbed.
-to improve the mental health of community by encouraging preventive activities.
What do people know and believe about mental illness?
The practice of mental health education
The effectiveness of mental health education
HIV is a minimal virus that can cause AIDS. AIDS is not a disease in itself but a syndrome. It reduces human's natural immunity to fight other diseases. Any opportunistic infection due to gradual decay of immunity, i.e. from common cold to common cold, to diseases like pleurisy, tuberculosis, tuberculosis, cancer, becomes easy and difficult to treat and even death of the patient. Might be possible.
The ppt is prepared to serve the need of curriculum for post graduate students interested in learning about the counselling for terminal disease esp. HIV/AIDS.
obsessive-compulsive disorder is a mental disorder whose main symptoms include obsessions and compulsions, driving the person to engage in unwanted, often-times distress behaviors or thoughts. The obsessions are usually related to a sense of harm, risk or injury. The common Obsessions include concern about contamination, doubt, fear of loss or letting go, fear of physically injuring someone.It’s treatment is done through a combination of psychiatric medications and psychotherapy.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
An obsession is defined as an idea, impulse, or image which intrude into the conscious aware repeatedly.
handicap develops as the consequence of the disability. It is defined as a disadvantage for a given individual resulting from impairment or a disability that limits and prevents the fulfillment of a role which is normal for that individual, depending on age, sex, social and cultural factors.
Mental health Education, the goals and problems
-to educate the public and its leaders about the nature of mental disorders and methods of treatment, to covey the magnitude of the problem and to mobilize action towards improving the care and treatment of mentally disturbed.
-to improve the mental health of community by encouraging preventive activities.
What do people know and believe about mental illness?
The practice of mental health education
The effectiveness of mental health education
HIV is a minimal virus that can cause AIDS. AIDS is not a disease in itself but a syndrome. It reduces human's natural immunity to fight other diseases. Any opportunistic infection due to gradual decay of immunity, i.e. from common cold to common cold, to diseases like pleurisy, tuberculosis, tuberculosis, cancer, becomes easy and difficult to treat and even death of the patient. Might be possible.
HIV, AIDS AND STD's
HIV
HIV stands for human immunity deficiency virus. HIV weakens the body immune system by entering into white blood cell (lymphocytes) and binds itself to chromosome and integrates into the genetic material. The virus now multiplies very fast using genetic materials of White Blood Cells. The daughter virus invades White Blood Cells destroy and kill them. As more White Blood Cells are killed the body becomes less and less fight against disease. Patient with aids are prone to opportunistic infection caused by fungi, bacteria and protozoa.
In nutshell people with AIDS die with disease their body cannot resist. These diseases are referred to as opportunistic infection. E.g. tuberculosis, severe diarrhea, skin cancer and pneumonia.
AIDS
AIDS stand for; Acquire Immune Deficiency Syndrome. For someone with AIDS T-helper fall below.
the T-helper count for health person range between 450 and 1200
CAUSES
AIDS is viral infection caused by a strain of a virus called HIV. HIV means Human Immunodeficiency Virus. HIV mainly found in body fluids such as blood, semen and vaginal secretion. Also traces of HIV found on saliva, tear and sweat
Primary stage (window stage) : It does not show any symptoms except for slight flu HIV test result is negative
A-symptomatic stage : Has no symptoms but the HIV test is positive
Full blown aids : Where by one gets various opportunistic infections and diseases
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION
These are infection, which are transmitted through sexually contact during sexually intercourse. Sexually transmitted disease are also referred to as venereal disease
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIV, AIDS AND STD’s
HIV is sexually transmitted. Having STD's can increase risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV.
Some STI’s such as chlamydia cause open sores in the skin and become exit point into and from the brood stream of HIV.
AIDS is the late stage of HIV infection that occurs when the body's immune system is badly damaged because of the virus. In the U.S., most people with HIV do not develop AIDS because taking HIV medicine as prescribed stops the progression of the disease.
AIDS is the disease caused by the damage that HIV does to your immune system. You have AIDS when you get dangerous infections or have a super low number of CD4 cells. AIDS is the most serious stage of HIV, and it leads to death over time.
AIDS is a syndrome, or range of symptoms, that may develop in time in a person with HIV who does not receive treatment. A person can have HIV without developing AIDS, but it is not possible to have AIDS without first having HIV.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system. If HIV is not treated, it can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).
There is currently no effective cure. Once people get HIV, they have it for life.
But with proper medical care, HIV can be controlled. People with HIV who get effective HIV treatment can live long, healthy lives and protect their partners.
International Cancer Survivors Day is celebrated during June, placing the spotlight not only on cancer survivors, but also their caregivers.
CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
https://cansa.org.za/who-cares-for-cancer-patients-caregivers/
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
KEY Points of Leicester travel clinic In London doc.docxNX Healthcare
In order to protect visitors' safety and wellbeing, Travel Clinic Leicester offers a wide range of travel-related health treatments, including individualized counseling and vaccines. Our team of medical experts specializes in getting people ready for international travel, with a particular emphasis on vaccines and health consultations to prevent travel-related illnesses. We provide a range of travel-related services, such as health concerns unique to a trip, prevention of malaria, and travel-related medical supplies. Our clinic is dedicated to providing top-notch care, keeping abreast of the most recent recommendations for vaccinations and travel health precautions. The goal of Travel Clinic Leicester is to keep you safe and well-rested no matter what kind of travel you choose—business, pleasure, or adventure.
About this webinar: This talk will introduce what cancer rehabilitation is, where it fits into the cancer trajectory, and who can benefit from it. In addition, the current landscape of cancer rehabilitation in Canada will be discussed and the need for advocacy to increase access to this essential component of cancer care.
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
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Rate Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, Activation Modulated Drug Delivery Systems, Mechanically activated, pH activated, Enzyme activated, Osmotic activated Drug Delivery Systems, Feedback regulated Drug Delivery Systems systems are discussed here.
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2. CONTENTS :
What is HIV/AIDS?
Why do AIDS patients
need counseling?
Issues of people living
with HIV AIDS
Therapeutic
interventions applied to
counsel AIDS patients
3. WHAT IS HIV/AIDS ?
HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus, is the virus
that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome) and can be transmitted during sexual
intercourse; by sharing syringes; or prenatally during
pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
HIV weakens the immune system by destroying CD4
positive (CD4+) T cells, a type of white blood cell that
is important for fighting off infections. The loss of
these cells means that people living with HIV are
more vulnerable to other infections and diseases.
4. People living with HIV may be diagnosed with AIDS
when they have one or more opportunistic
infections (infections that occur because HIV
weakens the immune system), such as pneumonia
or tuberculosis, and have a very low number of
CD4+ T cells.
It is an incurable and fatal disease but strict
adherence to antiretroviral regimens (ARVs) can
dramatically slow the disease’s progress and
prevent secondary infections and complications.
5. WHY DO AIDS PATIENTS NEED
COUNSELING?
Learning of HIV- positive status is a traumatic event
for an individual that can lead to anxiety,
depression, anger and distress and these emotional
responses have clear implication for disease
progression.
Therefore an optimism is to be developed in the
patients so that these emotional responses do not
deteriorate the psychological as well as physical
health of the patient.
Positivity is developed and their quality of life is
improved by counseling.
6. ISSUES OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV
AIDS
Confidentiality and disclosure
Stigma and discrimination
Depression
Self esteem and self criticism
Death anxiety
Worry about job security
Effects on intimate or sexual life
Substance abuse
Insecurities regarding family
Dilemma of HIV positive pregnant women
7. CONFIDENTIALITY AND DISCLOSURE
People living with HIV worry about confidentiality.
Deciding who and when to tell is not easy.
Some concerns might be:
Should I just keep this to myself?
How do I get help without everyone finding out my
status?
How do I tell my loved ones?
What can I do to assure a safe home, work and
social life?
8. STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION
HIV stigma is negative attitudes and beliefs about
people with HIV. It is the prejudice that comes with
labeling an individual as part of a group that is
believed to be socially unacceptable.
While stigma refers to an attitude or belief,
discrimination is the behaviors that result from
those attitudes or beliefs. HIV discrimination is the
act of treating people living with HIV differently than
those without HIV.
9. Here are a few examples:
A health care professional refusing to provide care
or services to a person living with HIV
Refusing casual contact with someone living with
HIV
Socially isolating a member of a community
because they are HIV positive
Referring to people as HIVers or Positives.
Stigma can prevent people living with HIV from
seeking counseling, obtaining medical and
psychological care, and taking preventative
measures to avoid passing the virus on to
others.
10. DEPRESSION
Depression is a mental health disorder that is
highly prevalent, and characterized by low mood,
diminished self-worth, pessimistic thoughts, poor
concentration, and biological symptoms (that of
poor appetite and sleep difficulties) and increased
withdrawal from social activities.
Depression is more than just feeling sad or
grieving. It is more intense and lasts longer.
Rates of depression among people living with HIV
are as high as 60%, as opposed to 5-10% of the
general population.
11. SELF ESTEEM AND SELF CRITICISM
People with HIV/AIDS can experience a drop in self
esteem because of:
The stigma associated with HIV being a sexually
transmitted disease.
Beginning to see oneself as “toxic” to others.
Discrimination or rejection also leads to lowering of
self esteem.
12. DEATH ANXIETY
Thanatophobia is a form of anxiety characterized by
fear of one’s own death or the process of dying. It is
commonly referred to as death anxiety.
As aids patients know that the disease is incurable
and sooner or later they are going to die. This
causes an extreme anxiety to them.
13. WORRY ABOUT JOB SECURITY
Following questions comes to the mind of people
diagnosed HIV positive:
Will I be fired if someone at work finds out?
How do I explain calling out sick a lot?
How do I explain not participating in the company
blood drive?
How will I support myself and my family?
14. EFFECTS ON INTIMATE AND SEXUAL
LIFE
Living with HIV/AIDS can be a barrier to having
intimate or sexual relationships.
Aids patient can’t indulge in sexual activities
because if he/ she does so then the HIV will be
transmitted to the sexual partner.
15. SUBSTANCE ABUSE
People’s coping styles also relate to adjustment
and disease progression. For example people who
take direct action to cope maintain a positive
outlook and tend to have better physical health.
In contrast people who deny their illness and use
disengagement coping methods such as alcohol or
drug use have faster disease progression and
worse physical health.
16. INSECURITIES REGARDING FAMILY
When an individual is diagnosed with HIV AIDS and
finds outs that the disease is incurable the he gets
worried about his family.
He worry about :
Who will manage the finances of the family?
Will his children be safe if he dies?
Who will take care of his family?
17. DILEMMA OF HIV POSITIVE PREGNANT
WOMEN
Pregnant women face the dilemma: whether to
continue the pregnancy or not? As there is a high
risk if mother is hiv positive the foetus will also be
HIV positive.
In such conditions duration of gestation becomes a
key issue.
Late in pregnancy abortions are not advisable.
18. THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS:
Relaxation techniques: biofeedback
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Support groups and modeling
Rational emotive therapy
Motivational enhancement therapy
Family therapy
19. BIOFEEDBACK
Biofeedback, sometimes
called biofeedback training, is used to help
manage many physical and mental health issues,
including: Anxiety or stress.
During a biofeedback session, the therapist
attaches electrodes to the patient’s skin, and these
send information to a monitoring box.
The therapist views the measurements on the
monitor, and, through trial and error, identifies a
range of mental activities and relaxation techniques
that can help regulate the patient’s bodily
processes.
Eventually, patients learn how to control these
processes without the need for monitoring.
20. COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
CBT for adherence and depression (CBT-AD) is an
effective treatment for improving depressive
symptoms and medication adherence in the context
of various chronic health conditions, including
diabetes and HIV-infection.
CBT is based on several core principles:
Psychological problems are based in part, on faulty
or unhelpful ways of thinking.
Psychological problems are based , in part on
learned patterns of unhelpful behavior . people
suffering from psychological problems can learn
better ways of coping with them.
21. SUPPORT GROUPS AND MODELING
Support groups bring together people who are
going through or have gone through similar
experiences. A support group provides an
opportunity for people to share personal
experiences and feelings, coping strategies, or
firsthand information about disease and treatments.
In support groups people do not have fear of being
evaluated and judged by others.
In support groups modeling also becomes effective.
When new members see that how a person already
suffering from aids is able to manage his life
adequately, he also gets encouraged to do so.
22. RATIONAL EMOTIVE THERAPY
Rational emotive therapy introduced by Albert Ellis
in 1950s is an approach that helps the client to
identify irrational beliefs and negative thought
patterns that may lead to emotional or behavioral
issues.
23. MOTIVATIONAL ENHANCEMENT
THERAPY
It is a directive, person centered approach to
therapy that focuses on improving an individual’s
motivation to change those who engage in self
destructive behaviors may often be ambivalent or
have little motivation to change such behaviors,
despite acknowledging the negative impact of said
behaviors on health , family life or social life.
24. FAMILY THERAPY
Family therapy can help the individual’s family to
know the do’s and don'ts to make the home
environment suitable or better adjustable for the
individual.