1) Egypt under the Pharaohs was a very stable civilization that lasted approximately 2500-3000 years, in contrast to less stable Mesopotamia.
2) The Nile River valley provided highly fertile land and predictable flooding that facilitated agriculture. Major cities like Memphis developed, and two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt were eventually united under one rule.
3) Some of the earliest large-scale structures were step pyramids like that of Pharaoh Djoser, but the Old Kingdom is best known for the massive Great Pyramids of Giza built as tombs for pharaohs like Khufu and Khafre. These structures reflected the importance of religion and the after
Egyptian religion had ancient origins and lasted for at least 3,500 years. The Egyptians saw divinity in everything — in river, desert, and vegetation; in the sun, moon, and stars; in animals and kings; in birth and death. They created a vast and confusing multitude of gods.
Egyptian religion had ancient origins and lasted for at least 3,500 years. The Egyptians saw divinity in everything — in river, desert, and vegetation; in the sun, moon, and stars; in animals and kings; in birth and death. They created a vast and confusing multitude of gods.
Ancient Egypt1The Civilization of the Nile River V.docxdurantheseldine
Ancient Egypt
1
The Civilization of the Nile River Valley: Egypt
Geography – Isolated by deserts on both sides.
The Nile’s periodic flooding made civilized life possible in Egypt. During drought or famine, Egypt was the place to go because Egypt always has water (cf. the story of Joseph and his brothers in Genesis).
The kingdom was divided into two parts: Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt (Upper Egypt is in the south), with Lower Egypt being a bit more cosmopolitan than Upper Egypt.
Unlike Mesopotamia, stone was plentiful.
2
Pre-Dynastic Egypt: There is some evidence that very early on (3400-3200 BC), Egypt was influenced by Mesopotamia (corresponds to Jemnet Nasr period at Uruk). The evidence includes:
the use of rectangular sun-dried mud-brick in building,
the use of cylinder seals only during this time (Egypt usually used stamp-seals before and after this period),
pictographic writing (the “idea” comes from Mesopotamia),
the idea of kingship, social stratification and specialization,
certain kinds of painted pottery,
and pictures of twisted animals and battling with animals.
This contact may explain Egypt’s sudden explosion into a complex, advanced civilization with writing. The use of mud-brick is peculiar, noting the abundance of stone. There is evidence, however, that the development begins in Upper Egypt (i.e., the south). Two distinct cultures, the Upper, with social stratification and royal artistic expression, etc., and the Lower, with contacts in Palestine, etc.
Egypt seems to go from the Neolithic to a complex civilization overnight. Linear development is not apparent. Agriculture appears to be introduced from outside.
The Pharaoh (the king) is somehow responsible for the yearly success of the Nile. His throne was Isis, the wife of Osiris and the mother of Horus. The king is identified with Horus.
Egypt seeks to portray changeless continuity over thousands of years. This is somewhat true, but not entirely accurate. Ancient Egypt went through a few periods of relative chaos or lack of centralized power. Egypt, however, as is well known, chose not to usually record such periods for posterity.
4
Map of Egypt
5
Egyptian history begins with King Narmer
Narmer united Upper and Lower Egypt
He is likely the same person as Menes
Mizraim is often the Hebrew name for Egypt
The combination of the two crowns appears.
This is the beginning of the First Dynasty, and of Egyptian history
He established his capital at the new city of Memphis (= neutral ground)
It was a new city, said to have arisen out of the ground when Narmer diverted the Nile.
The royal burial grounds of Saqqara and Giza are located nearby.
The uniting of Egypt is commemorated on the Palette of King Narmer (fig. 2.3)
Egyptian artistic canon for relief figures is manifested:
head and feet in profile, with one foot forward, but eye and shoulders shown frontally (cf. fig. 2.2)
This is the beginning of Egypt’s Bronze Age
It is also the beginning of Egy.
Without the Nile, the rise of Egypt as one of the oldest civilization would not be possible. Travellers to Egypt would be surprise to find the desert is never very far from the Nile. The predictable cycle of flooding of the Nile was a blessing, a major factor to enable civilization to put down its roots in Egypt. This presentation can only give you a briefest of all introductions. It touches upon the deep rooted origin of the Egyptian civilization, it sketches all the important monuments and marks major turning points in their history for its 3000 years of existence. After centuries later, its people disappeared. It civilization forgotten. Though the ruins of their monument and in particular their writing, we began to rediscover their world again, their people, their culture, their religion and their history. We know a lot about their ancient Egypt, perhaps more than others civilization of the time, because they left us with a lot of records in writing. What we have found are fascinations, a human ascend in our long journey to civilization
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
2. EGYPT
A much more stable and
hierarchical entity than
Mesopotamia.
Civilization lasted roughly
2500-3000 years.
3.
4. Peoples of the Nile
The population itself was
uniform, similar languages and
culture.
Stability was facilitated by its
relative isolation (impassable
desert on all sides), an
advantage that Mesopotamia
lacked.
Thus, for 3,000 years, the
political, religious, and cultural
areas was uniform from the
south to the delta.
6. The Nile Valley
The Nile has a regular pattern of
rainfall, which floods the banks of
the river every spring and summer
from the rainy season further south
in the Sudan and East Africa.
Flooding was more regular and
predictable than the Tigris and
Euphrates in Mesopotamia.
Soil at either side was fertile
because of the flooding.
Egypt also had precious metals
(copper), and stone that was useful
both for tools and construction
9. Upper and Lower Egypt
Before 3100 BC, the regions
were divided into two parts of
the Nile
Lower Egypt: the part from
the Nile Delta to Memphis; it
was lower in the sense that it
was the terminus of the Nile.
Lower in Elevation.
Upper Egypt: All points along
the river south of Memphis to
Nubia, a separate kingdom.
Beyond Nubia is Kush and
then Punt
10. Egyptian Chronology
Predynastic and Early Dynastic
ca. 3500—2686 BCE
Old Kingdom
ca. 2686 BCE – 2181 BCE
Middle Kingdom
ca. 2055—1650 BCE
New Kingdom
ca. 1550—1069 BCE
11. Manetho
Egyptian High Priest of the 3rd
Century BCE
Chronicled Egyptian history
Recorded “Dynasties” in Greek
A “Dynasty” is a succession of
Pharaohs from the same family
Roughly 30 Dynasties total
11
12. Amun
(aka, Re, Ra and Aten) the god of
the sun. He is also depicted as a
scarab beetle who emerges in the
morning.
12
13. Aten
the god of the solar disk (depicted
by the disk of the sun)
13
22. Ma’at
Goddess of truth and the universal
order; wife of Thoth
She wore an ostrich feather
Judges awarded the feather to the
winner of a case
Her feather was used on the scales
of judgment of the dead
23. Theocracy
Egypt, as in many civilizations, was
a theocracy, government by the
priests
The Pharaoh was a god; god’s will
flowed through him.
“charismatic authority”
24. Order vs. Chaos
Many authorities, have argued that
order was the highest value in
Egyptian theology. Egyptians saw
order as being in constant tension with
the deeply dreaded “chaos.”
Horus vs. Seth
28. Egyptians: Conceptions of
Death and the Soul
Death was the doorway to a new
life..but the body had to be
preserved for this to occur.
Ka: the dead person’s “vital
essence” that it housed, enabled
the body to enjoy life in the afterlife
as in the earthly life
Upraised arms above head
symbolized the ka
A surrogate could act as substitute
for body this could be a sculpture or
even a hieroglyph.
29. Cult of the Dead/Afterlife
At death, the pharaoh was
prepared for a life of eternity
A detailed and complex ten-week
embalming procedure was strictly
adhered to in order to ensure safe
passage to the afterlife.
Pyramids themselves were
constructed solely for entombment
of the pharaoh; they were not used
for ritual or any other purpose.
30. Book of the Dead
The Tibetan Book of the Dead
describes the journey of the soul
between one life and the next;
judgment based on karma
The Egyptian Book of the Dead
prepares the soul for judgment.
Here, Horus balances the heart
against the feather of Ma’at
If the heart outweighs the feather,
the animal to the right will devour
the judged
39. The Rosetta Stone
Disc. 1799- Napoleon
Unlocked the mysteries of Egypt
1) Greek
2) Demotic (late Egyptian)
3) Hieroglyphics
A decree by priests of Memphis
honoring Ptolomey V
Ca. 196 BCE
42. Hieroglyphic Writing
There is some indication that early
hieroglyphs were more important
for recording rule and kinship than
they were for economic
transactions
Over time, hieroglyphic writing
became more and more complex
Writing was reserved for the
scribes, ranked third below the
pharaoh and priests
46. 46
People, boats, and animals, detail of a watercolor copy of a wall painting from tomb 100 at Hierakonpolis, Egypt,
Predynastic, ca. 3500–3200 BCE. Paint on plaster, entire painting 16’ 4” X 3’ 7 3/8”. Egyptian Museum, Cairo.
47. 47
Palette of King Narmer (left, back; right, front), from Hierakonpolis, Egypt, Predynastic, ca. 3000–2920 BCE. Slate,
2’ 1” high. Egyptian Museum, Cairo.
49. Unification of Egypt
After the conquest attributed to
Menes, or Narmer,the region was
united into one empire
Narmer was the first pharaoh of a
family dynasty of 33 generations
Symbolism: a boxy Red Crown
(Lower Egypt) with a curlicue;
And a White Crown (Upper Egypt)
After Narmer’s conquest, he wore
a Double Crown to symbolize the
unification of the two Egypt’s (lower
right)
50. The Symbolism of the
Union—And Defeat of Upper
Egypt
To the right, Narmer (wearing
white crown) subdues a
captive
Hieroglyph at top writes out
Narmer’s name
God Horus (protector of all
Kings) holds the captive by a
feather
Papyrus blossoms symbolize
Lower Egypt
To the left, two long-necked
lions are entwined, suggesting
union), with lion tamers on
either side.
There are the decapitated
warriors in defeat
At the bottom is a bull
symbolizing royal power
51.
52. egyptian canon
It is well known that representations of the
human figure in ancient Egyptian art usually
conformed to highly stylized principles in
which the proportions between the different
parts of the human body were determined by
a set of fixed laws constituting a Canon of
Proportions. Egyptian artists were thereby
able to make use of a conventional system of
proportion which was found to be
aesthetically pleasing, while also rendering
their subjects in idealized forms which may
or may not have been faithful to the exact
proportions of the persons in question.
The Egyptian Canon of Proportions was
maintained over many centuries through the
medium of the artist's grid, in which the
different parts of the human body
corresponded to different squares in the grid.
This grid system was not merely a copying
device which made it possible to render a
particular scene on any chosen scale, but
rather a complete system of proportions by
means of which the human figure could in
theory be correctly represented.
53. Mastaba (bench)
The mastaba was the standard type
of tomb in pre-dynastic and early
dynastic Egypt for both for the
Pharaoh and the social elite.
Serdab-room & chapel for effigy
(statue or likeness of the
deceased)
54.
55. 55
Section (top), plan (center),and
restored view (bottom) of typical
Egyptian mastaba tombs.
73. 73
Great Pyramids, Gizeh, Egypt, Fourth
Dynasty. From bottom: Pyramids of
Menkaure, ca. 2490–2472 BCE; Khafre, ca.
2520–2494 BCE; and Khufu, ca. 2551–2528
BCE.
74. Great Pyramids, Gizeh, 2551-
2472 BCE,
Function:
Eternal resting place for
Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure
“Stairway” to sun
Axis-Mundi
Form:
Based on the ben-ben
pyramidal shaped stone
Pure white limestone casing
stones with gold apex
(electrum)
75. benben
Benben or Ben-ben, in Egyptian
mythology, specifically in the
Heliopolitan tradition, was the mound
that arose from the primordial waters,
Nu, and on which the creator god
Atum settled.
In the Pyramid Texts, e.g. Atum himself
is at times referred to as "mound". It
was said to have turned into a small
pyramid, located in Annu, which was
the place Atum was said to dwell
within.
76. Great Pyramids, Gizeh, 2551-
2472 BCE,
Khufu: Oldest and largest: 775’
long, 480’ high, 13 acre area
Location
West of the Nile
Sides oriented to the cardinal
points( NSEW)
Temples faced East (rising
sun)
Structure
Solid limestone masonry
2.3 million blocks of stone
Each weighs 2.5 tons
“Ashlar Masonry”
79. 79
Section of the Pyramid of Khufu, Gizeh, Egypt, Fourth Dynasty, ca. 2551–2528 BCE.
80.
81. 81
Model of the Fourth Dynasty pyramid complex, Gizeh, Egypt. Harvard University Semitic Museum, Cambridge. 1)
Pyramid of Menkaure, 2) Pyramid of Khafre, 3) mortuary temple of Khafre, 4) causeway, 5) Great Sphinx, 6) valley
temple of Khafre, 7) Pyramid of Khufu, 8) pyramids of the royal family and mastabas of nobles.
82. 82
Great Sphinx (with Pyramid of Khafre in the background at left), Gizeh, Egypt, Fourth Dynasty, ca. 2520–2494
BCE. Sandstone, 65’ X 240’.
86. Construction
Relied on seasonal labor force (Nile
flooding)
Paid workers (average citizens)
NOT slaves
It took 20,000- 30,000 workers 23
years to build a pyramid.
Relief from the tomb of
Djehutihotep depicting 172 men
pulling a statue of said pharaoh,
which is estimated to weigh 58
tons. The large pyramid blocks
were probably pulled in a similar
manner.
87.
88.
89. 89
Khafre enthroned, from Gizeh, Egypt, Fourth Dynasty,
ca. 2520–2494 BCE. Diorite, 5’ 6” high. Egyptian
Museum, Cairo.
90. Function:
An abode for the Ka
Iconography:
Intertwined lotus and
papyrus- united Egypt
Horus-divine status
How is Kingship shown?
nemes headdress
uraeus cobra
flawless body
perfect face
Formalism:
Frontal
Rigid
bilaterally symmetrical
suppression of movement
Ideal not Real
90
92. Shows the formalism of Egyptian
sculpture
Clenched fists, rigid stance, left foot
forward, and beard and headdress
of the Pharaoh
Supportive stance of wife; hand
around waist and on arm
Relief or sculpture in the round?
Walking
Female behind
92
96. 96
Ti watching a hippopotamus hunt,
relief in the mastaba of Ti,
Saqqara, Egypt, Fifth Dynasty, ca.
2450–2350 BCE. Painted
limestone, 4’ high.
97.
98.
99. Goats treading seed and cattle fording a canal, reliefs in the mastaba of Ti, Saqqara,
Egypt, Fifth Dynasty, ca. 2450 – 2350 BCE. Painted limestone.
99