This document provides information on the agronomic practices of temperate cereals such as wheat, barley, rye, oats, and triticale. It discusses the origin, classification, growth stages, soil and climatic requirements, cultivation practices including land preparation, sowing, fertilizer and manure application, irrigation, weed, disease, and pest management of wheat. It also covers topics like harvesting, threshing, sorting, grading, packing, storage of wheat. Similar information is provided for other temperate cereals like barley.

1. AGRONOMIC PRACTICES OF
TEMPERATE
CEREALS(whaet,Barely,Rye,Oat,
Triticale)
Presented by
D.Santhoshkumar ( 1 st M.SC Agronomy)
R.Narmadha ( 1 st M.SC Agronomy)
TamilNadu Agricultural University(TNAU)
Coimbatore

3. • The “temperate cereals”
refers to cereal crops that
grow in the cooler climates
in the world and also
found cooler regions in the
tropics, for example in
mountain areas.
• The temperate zones are
located between latitude
35° and latitude 66.5° north
and south of the equator.

4. WHEAT
BARLEY
RYE
OAT
TRITICALE

5. WHEAT BARLEY
RYE OAT TRITICALE

6. A.T.turgidum B.Secale cereale C.Triticale

9. WHEAT
(Triticum aestivum)
KING OF CEREALS

10. Systematic position
• Division : Phanerogams
• Sub-Division : Angiosperms
• Class : Monocotyledonae
• Series : Glumaceae
• Sub class : Glumiflorae
• Family : Poaceae
• Sub family : Poacideae
• Tribe : Triticaceae
• Genus : Triticum

11. ORIGIN
Diploid
wheat
Asia minor
Tetraploid
wheat
Abyssinia and
North africa
Hexaploid
wheat
Central asia

12. Introduction
Breeding objective
Methods
Quality traits of selected
Grain appearance
Gluten content
Protein content/quality

13. Area (m.ha) Production(m.t) Productivity (kg/ha)
WORLD 215 510 3200
INDIA 3.07 9.85 3200
Major country
Major states
China , India , Russia, USA , France-,Canada, Germany,
Pakistan,Australia, Ukraine
Punjab,UP,MP,Bihar

14. Species of wheat
Diploid(2n:14)
• T.monooccum
• T.boeticum
• A.speltoides
• A.squarrosa
Tetraploid
(2n:28)
• T.dicoccum
• T.dicoccoides
• T.durum
• T.persicum
• T.turgidum
• T.polonicum
• T.timopheevi
Hexaploid
(2n:42)
• T.aestivum
• T.compactum
• T.spelta
• T.sphaerococcum
• T.macha
India cultivates all three types of wheat
Bread wheat (T.aestivum)–90%area
Durum wheat (T.durum)-8%
Emmer wheat (T.dicoccum)–2%

16. Classification of wheat
Wheat
classification
Based on
season
Winter
wheat
Spring
wheat
Chemical
composition
Hard wheat
Soft wheat

17. GROWTH STAGES OF WHEAT
1.Pre establishment stage:
Pre emergence:
Sprouting of seeds by giving rise to
seminal roots and coleoptile
Emergence:
Appearance of coleoptiles from germinating
seeds above the soil surface

18. 2.Vegetative stage:
Seedling:
stages may be as one,two,three,four leaf stages.
Crown root stage:
Three or four leaf stage coincidence with crown roots.
Tillering:
Develop crown &branch out into tillers from their base at soil surface.
Jointing:
Plants start elongating when the nodes starts developing above the crown node.

19. 3.Reproductive stages:
Booting:
Uppermost leaf sweels out into flag holding
the spike into it.
Heading:
Spikes start emerging out from the leaf sheath
at this stage
Flowering:
Anthesis of florets and fertilization of ovaries takes
place at this stages
4.Post anthesis stage:
Filling:
Ovaries after fertilization start elongating in to seeds & pass through milk ,soft dough,&
hard dough stages
Maturiety:
Colour of the glumes changes and kernels become fairly hard at this stage

20. zones Irrigated rainfed
Timely sown
15th to 30th
nov
Late sown
Upto
25thdec
Timely sown
Up to 15th nov
Late sown
Hilly zones Girija,HB208,
Sonalika
Sonalika
UP1109
Kalyanasona,HD22
04,Ridley
UP1109
NW Plain
zone
Sonalika,Arju,
jairaj,HD2204
Sonalika,swa
ti,HD2270
Kundan,pratap,suj
ata
-
NE Plain
zone
HD
2402,Janak
Sonalika,
sonali
Pratap,WL 410 K 8962,HDR77
Central
zone
HD2381,
HD4530,Jairaj
HD2327,Son
alika,LOK1
Sujata,
kalyanasona
-
Peninsular
zone
HD 2189, HD2610,DW
R 195
Mukta -
Southern
hill region
HW741,
HW972
NP 200 NP200,HW517
Saline soli KRL 1- 4

21. SOILANDCLIMATICREQUIREMENT
It can tolerate severe snow and cold.Cultivated from sea level to
high as 3300 M.
Grown well in variety of
soil:
 loam to clay loams
sandy loam & black
soils

22. LAND PREPARATION
 In general wheat require a well pulverized but compact seedbed for good
& uniform germination.
 In irrigated kharif crops ,hence the field is plough followed by 2 or 3
harrowing & 2 – 3 planking should be given.
 One pre sowing irrigation 7 to 10 days before seeding is necessary to
ensure good germination

23. SEED AND SOWING
Seed rate
100kg/ha
(Normal
sowing)
125kg/ha
(Late sowing)
Method of sowing
1.Broadcast
2.Sowing behind the
country plough
3.Drilling
4.Dibbling
5.Transplanting**
Spacing
For normal sown crop – 20 to 22.5 cm(B/W
rows)
For delayed sowing – 15 to 18 cm
**It is not a common method. when the sowing delays beyond 1st week of
december ,seedling are raised in the nursery and transplanted on 25 DAS at 2 or
3 seedling /hill at the spacing of 15 * 5 to 7.5 cm.
Kalyansona & sonalika are best for transplanting
Seed treatment: Treat the seeds with any one of the fungicides at 2g/kg of seed
Depth of sowing: Depth of sowing should not more than 5 cm & the optimum
depth of sowing is 2.5 to 5.0 cm.

25. Time of sowing

26. Manures and fertilizers
NPK recommendation:
Timely sown-120:40:40 NPK Kg/ha
Late sown -80:40:40 NPK Kg/ha
Irrigated +legume intercrop-80:40:40 NPK Kg/ha
50% of N, 100% of P & K as basal dose and remaining 50% at first irrigation-Time
of appliation
 FYM or Compost: 12.5 t/ha at last ploughing and incorporated
 Zinc-sulphate- 25 kg/ha-at the time of sowing
 Sulphur as gypsum during land preparation -250 kg/ha

27. Micronutrient Application
Name of
deficient
micronutrient
Recommended
Micronutrient
combination to be
applied
Application dosage Application methods and
frequency
Zinc Zinc Sulphate @ 25 kg/ha At sowing once in a year in
R-W system
Foliar spray 0.5% zinc sulphate
solution
2-3 sprays at 15 days
interval in standing Zn
deficient crop
Manganese Manganese sulphate 0.5% Manganese
sulphate solution
2-3 sprays at weekly
interval at 2-4 days before
first irrigation
Sulphur Gypsum @250 kg/ha of
Gypsum
At land preparation

28. WEED MANAGEMENT
 Pre- emergence application:
Pendimethalin 1 kg ai/ha one hand weeding on 30
to 35 days .
 Post- emergence application:
Isoproturon (talkon 50% WP or Arelon 50% WP ) on 30
to 35 days 1.0 kg ai /ha, one hand weeding
( or)
Isoproturon 0.75 kg ai/ha+ 2,4-D at0.5 kg ai/ha on 30 to 35 days
is more effective for monocot and dicot weeds

29. Control of wild oat & phalaris minor
 Wild oat in wheat can also controled by early post emergence
herbicide isoproturon 75WP at 750 g/ha by dissolving in 150 -
200 lit of water.
 Should be spray 20-25 days after sowing but 1-2 days before
irrigation.
 For phalaris minor ,applying pendimethalin (30EC) 1 lit/ha ,
with in two days after sowing

31. Water management
440 to 460mm- water requirement
The critical stages of crop for irrigation,
1.Critical root initiation (21-25 days)
2.Tillering(45-60 days)
3.Jointing(60-70 days)
4.Flowering(90-95 days)
5.Milky stage(100-108 days)
6.Dough stage(120-125 days)
Critical stage for irrigation-CROWN ROOT INITIATION-Insufficient
water at this stage results in the reduction of yield of 1.4%

32. Based on water availablity the number of irrigation is fixed

34. Plant protections
Disease
group
Disease Symptoms Control
Rusts
Stem rust Big parts of the stem appear reddish
brown Foliar fungicides at the
sevenleaf and again at flag
leaf stages
*Bumper 41.8 EC,
PropiMax EC, Tilt (~41.8%
propiconazole)
Leaf rust Orange-brown elliptical pustules on
leaves.
Stripe
rust
Yellow-orange postules in narrow
stripes of the leaf sheaths and inner
surfaces of glumes and lemmas of
the heads
Crown
rust
Bright orange to yellow coloured
elongated oval postules on leaves,
sheaths and floral structures
Mildew Powdery
Mildew
Fluffy white pestules become grey,
age and later white fungal growth
covers the entire plant
Quadris (22.9%
azoxystrobin)

35. Disease
group
Disease Symptoms Control
Septoria
Leaf blotch
Small brown spots which later form
elongated ovals then fruiting bodies.
Severe necrosis
Disposal of
contaminated crop
debris by burning or
ploughing it into the
soil. Foliar fungicides
Glume blotch
Oval lesions that coalesce to form
larger areas of necrotic tissues form
on the leaf
Fortix (14.84%
fluoxastrobin +
19.3% flutriafol)
Ear and
grain
Loose smut
Early emergence on ears with dark
colour and slightly longer than the
healthy ones. Spikelets transformed
into powdery masses of dark brown
teliospores
The use of high
quality, disease free
seed
Karnal bunt
Kernels become blackened, eroded
and emit a foul ‘‘fishy’’ odour
Spraying
Propiconazole at
heading stage,

37. Pest management
Pest Symptoms Control measure
Russian wheat
aphid
(Diuraphis
noxia)
Young plants: stunted and the leaves
rolled tightly closed
Mature plants: longitudinal, white or
pale yellow stripe, later purple,
tightly rolled leaves and trapped
heads
Dimethoate
Do not apply within
35 days of harvest.
REI 48 hrs.
Brown wheat
mite (Petrobia
latens)
Mottled leaves due to sap-feeding
and later yellow or bronze, resulting
in yellow or brown patches
Disulfoton
Apply by drilling or
broadcast at planting
time. REI 48/72 hrs.
False
wireworm
(Gonocephaliu
m sp)
Feeding on seed, roots and seedling
stems by larvae, and adults damage
emerging seedlings
Cultural practices to
reduce population as
adults cannot fly Seed
treatment

38. Cropping system

39. Harvesting & Threshing
• When leaves & stem turn yellow and becomes fairly dry (20-
25% moisture content).After threshing and cleaning the grain
getting 10-12% moisture for storing.

40. SORTING
Sorting should be done after harvesting ensuring that all seeds of
wheat must:
 Be free of any toxin, chemical or other substances that renders it
unsuitable for commercial purposes: Provided that not more than
10 micro gramme / kg aflatoxin, of which not more than 5
microgramme / kgwill be aflatoxin B1, is permissible
 Contain no more noxious seeds or ergot sclerotia than permitted
in terms of the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act, 1972
(Act No. 54 of 1972)
 Be free of organisms of phytosanitary importance as determined in
Terms of the Agricultural Pests Act, 1983 (Act No. 36 of 1983)
 Be free of mould, infected, sour and rancid other grain, foreign
matter and any other matter

41. GRADING
 According to the grading system promulgated under the
Agricultural Product Standard Act, 1990 (Act No. 119 of
1990) only one bread wheat class exists with four grades,
namely; B1, B2, B3 and B4 that are determined according to
the grain protein content, the hectolitre mass and the falling
number.
 Hectolitre mass and especially protein content are largely
determined by the environment during the grain filling period
to maturity, and also by management practices, which include
soil, water and fertiliser management.

42. Grading regulations Bread wheat – Class B
Grade
Minimum protein
(12% moisture basis)
Minimum hectoliter
mass (kg/ha)
Minimum falling number
(seconds)
B1 12
77 220
B2 11
76 220
B3 10
74 22o
B4 9
72 200
Utility 8
70 180

43. PACKING
(a) The class of the
wheat
(b) The grade, (1) shall appear
,Class Bread Wheat, Class Biscuit
Wheat and Class Durum Wheat
(i) B in the case of Class
Bread Wheat
(ii) C in the case of Class
Biscuit Wheat
(iii) D in the case of Class
Durum Wheat and
(iv)O in the case of Class
Other Wheat.
(i) S in the case of Super Grade
(ii) 1 in the case of Grade 1
(iii)2 in the case of Grade 2
(iv)3 in the case of Grade 3
(v) 4 in the case of Grade 4
vi)UT in the case of Utility
Grade.

44. Storage
 Wheat should be stored in the silos or dry conditions after harvest in
order to avoid damage by moisture, pests, high and very low
temperatures.
 Immature or damaged seed cannot survive for long storage periods;
seed should be harvested when properly matured .
 Mechanical injury to seed during harvesting makes it more
susceptible to deterioration in storage.
 Seed must be properly dried before going into storage and protected
from moisture and high humidity.
 Insects should be controlled by a combination of insecticides and
fumigants; Phostoxin is the safest while methyl bromide may affect
the produce .
 Controlled and airtight storage atmosphere is of utmost importance.

46. Wheat - COW (W) 1
TNAU - Samba Wheat COW2

48. Twin “ears” of wheat are depicted on older editions of
the U.S. penny coin.

49. BARLEY
(Hordeum vulgare)

50. Origin and History
• Barley was orginated in Eastern Asia,comprising part of China,Tibet,and
Nepal
 Six row barely: Hordeum vulgare
 Two rowed barely: Hordeum distichum-
Abyssinia(Ethiopia)- (cultivated type)

51. Botanical Description
• STEM: Cylindrical with 5-7 hallow inter node.The inter
node length is short at the base and longer at the tip.The
tiller vary from 2-5 per plant
• LEAVES: It arise from the node borne alternatively on
opposite sides
• INFLORESCENCE: It is spike or head borne at the top of stem having
spikelet attached to the zigzag rachis
• GRAIN(Kernal):It is caryopsis covered by husk with pericarp,endosperm
and embryo
• ROOTS: Two sets of roots
 Shallow set of root-Arise near the soil surface at the distance of 15-30 cm
 Second set of root-Grow vertically and grow to depth of 0.8-1.5 m

52. Initial stage of tillering
At the time of
establishment
Early stages of elongation

53. Growth stages

56. Barely based cropping system
Barely being short duration crop is more suitable for rotation than wheat
Co,,on rotation mixed crop
Paddy - barely Cotton - barely Chickpea + barely Mustered = barely
Jowar - barely Maize - barely Pea + barely
Linseed = barely
Bajra - barely Urdbean - barely Lentil + barely

57. Cropping system of barley
• It is being short duration and drought resistant crop and also withstand
early/late sowing situation it suits many sequential system
Crop rotation
• Rice-barley
• Sorghum-barley
• Pearl millet –barley
• G.nut-barley
• Cowpea-barley
• Green gram-barley
Mixed crop
• Barley with chick pea
• Barley with mustard or
linseed

58. Land preparation
• Barely shallow rooted crop,respond to light textured,fine seed
bed.
• one ploughing with soil turning plough followed by 2 or 3
ploughings with desi plough or 2 – 3 harrowing by tractor
• Apply FYM 12.5t/ha during last ploughing

59. SEED AND SOWING
Seed rate.
75 kg/ha
100kg/ha
(late sown)
Method of sowing
Plough sole method
Seed drill method
Open furrow(kera
method)
Time of sowing:
Mid October to
mid November.
(rainfed)
And extend upto
end of
november
Spacing
22.5 cm of row
spacing
Rainfed sowing need pre soaked seeds than normal seeds
SEED TREATMENT:Treat the seeds with Capton/Thiram/Bavistin@2g/kg of
seeds

60. Nutrient management
• 5-6 tons/ha of manure application 15 days in advance to land preparation-
for rainfed and irrigated condition
CONDITION RECOMMENDED DOSE
IRRIGATED 80:50:50 kg NPK/ha
RAINFED 50:30:30 kg NPK /ha
LATE SOWING 40:30:20 kg NPK/ha
Basal dose- half of N and full dose of P and K
Remaining half N is applied after 30 days at the time of first irrigation

61. Water management
 It requires 350-450 mm of water.
 3-4 irrigations are adequate
Following are the critical growth stages for irrigation
• Active tillering stage(30-35 days)
• Heading stage
• Flowering stage
• Grain development stage
In sandy soil one extra irrigation is required

62. Weed Management
• Upto 30 days –critical period
• Broad leaved weeds-2,4-D salt @ 0.75 kg ai./ha
• To control wild oats and Phalaris minor-Isoproturon @ 1 kg ai/ha or
Pendimethalin @ 3.3 l/ha 2-3 days after sowing

63. Harvest and yield
 Due to shattering the crop should be harvested
immediately after ripening
 Storage of grains at 10-12% moisture level.
yield
Grain: 3 – 3.5t/ha
Straw : 4 – 5 t/ha
 Hulled barely is not accepted by consumers,now two
improved varieties viz., Kran 18& 19 has been released
& there is a great demand for them among the
farmers.

64. OAT
(Avena sativa)

65. Botanical description

66. • Annual growing habit
• Early stage-erect,semi erect and prostrate growing habit
• Later stage-erect growth
• Tillers emerge out fom base which form major biomass
• The culms are hallow with lanceolate soft pubescent leaves

67. ORIGIN:
• Oats was orginated in western mediterranean region.But domestication far
from its orgin in Europe
GEOGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
• Countries cultivating oats widely are Russian federation, USA, Canada,
Poland, China, France and Australia.
• In India, Punjab, Haryana, UP and limited areas in MP, Orissa, Bihar, West
Bengal are the Oats growing states.
ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE
• Oats is a good cattle feed, horse feed.
• Human food in the form of good quality grain, oat meal and cookies.
• Three cultivated types are 7 haploid (14 chromosomes), 14 haploid (28
chromosomes) and 21 haploid (42 chromosomes).

68. Fodder oats production in Jammu and
kashmir
• Oats introduced into kashmir valley during 1940s
• IGFRI (Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute-
Jhansi)and SKUA&T ( "Sher-e-Kashmir University of
Agricultural Sciences and Technology" started systematic
research after late 70s –large scale demonstration were
carried out during 80s many farmers taken up oa for
cultivation ,on lands otherwise kept as barren due to extreme
climatic condition from oct-March

69. • 50-110 cm rainfall
At initial slow growth stage it can tolerate 1-2 days
of frost
Grow well in all type of soil except alkalinity and
water logged soil but can tolerate slight acidity
Germination Blooming-High temp.
Tillering 15-240 C promote chaffiness
Booting
Heading stage
soilandclimaticrequirement

70. LAND PREPARATION:As that of wheat
SEED AND SOWING
Seed rate
80-90
kg/ha.
Method of sowing
Drill sowing
Time of
sowing
Mid October to
mid November.
15 oct-Fodder
prod.
Spacing
20-23cm row spacing for
fodder
23-25cm for grain
production
• Fanning the light weight seeds is mandatory. Otherwise, even if those
germinate, results week stem and poor yield.
• About 25-30% seeds are normally rejected.

71. • 12.5 t/ha of FYM is to be applied before last ploughing and to be incorporated before
sowing.
• 80:40:0 kg NPK/ha is the recommended dose of fertilizers.
• 100% P is to be applied as basal.
• 60kg N is to be applied as basal, 10kg at first irrigation and 10kg at second irrigation is
good for higher yield.
• 10 kg of N is to be applied after first cutting if sown for fodder cum grain.
Water management:
 Oats requires higher water than wheat
 4-5 irrigations provide good yields. Generally, irrigation immediately after each cutting
is mandatory
 Critical stage for irrigation of oats is tillering stage
Manures and fertilizer :
Weed management:
 One hand weeding is sufficient

72. Cropping
system
Sorghum-oat -maize
Cowpea-oat+Mustard-
Maize+Cowpea
Sorghum + cowpea-
oat+lucern
Maize-oat-Maize
YIELD
• 3 -3.5 t /ha –Grain yield
• 35-55 t /ha fodder
Harvesting
• 120-150 days required to mature.
• Common practice is 2 or 3 cuttings for
fodder and then allowing for grain.(once
in 50 days but first cut in 80 days)

73. Oat quality for fodder
Under indian condition oat is only crop which gained popularity for its
• Grain-used as a cattle feed
• Green fodder
• Dry straw
• And also for human consumption
Oat grain content high fat of 5-7%,high crude protein(lysine) –which improves
digestiblity
For egg laying birds – improve protein content
Green or dry fodder:
 High crude protein with low crude fibre-Ideal character for fodder
 But oat at its maurity the curde protein leads to decrease and fibre content thus
increase .
 Harvest-50% flowering (75-80 days)

74. Oat for human health
• Reduce cholestrol level
Blood pressure
Type 2 diabetes
• Contain Ca,Fe,Mg,K,
Zn,vitamin

75. RYE
(Secale cereale)

76. Weed or First Cereal Crop?
• originated as weed; better in cool climates
New Finds: 13,000 year old rye, in Syria  3,000 years older
than other cereals

77. ORIGIN
• Western Asia to Southern Russia
GEOGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
• World area: About 16m ha, production: 40 m tones.
• Leading countries produce Rye are Russia, Germany, Austria,
Hungary, USA, Canada, Poland and Turkey.
• In India, Punjab, Haryana and UP cultivate Rye crop.
IMPORTANCE
• Minor Rabi cereal crop, used for green fodder.
• Rye also cultivated as pasture crop, green manure crop and
cover crop.
• Used to mix with wheat flour for bread making.

78. Climate: It is a winter hardy cereal, can tolerate cold, but not, heat.
Soil: It is the only Rabi cereal more suited for sandy soil. But, it can be cultivated in
all soils
• Not numerous varieties as wheat, barley or oats.
Winter season:
 Forage type - Athens, Common, Abruzzes;
 Grain type - Rosan, Dakold, Balba
Spring season
Prolific, Merced.
Varieties
SOIL AND CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT

79. LAND PREPARATION:As that of other winter cereals
SEED AND SOWING
Seed rate
Forage crop: 80 kg /ha
and Grain purpose: 60
kg/ha.
Method of sowing
Drill sowing
Time of sowing:
For forage purpose - October is best.
• Grain crop – November is the optimum
for sowing.
• Pasture / green manure / cover crops -
Rye must be sown in August month.
• About 12.5t
/ha of FYM to
be incorporated
before sowing.
50 kg/ha
applied in two
splits as basal
and during first
irrigation.
40 kg/ha is
applied as
basal.
65 kg/ha
applied as
basal.
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

80. Irrigation management
CRI and flowering stages Critical stage
6
irrigation sowing
CRI (20-
25 days)
Tillering(40-
45 DAYS)
Late
jointing
Flowering
Dough
stage
3 irrigation CRI
Late jointing(70-75
DAYS)
Flowering
2 irrigation CRI Flowering
1 irrigation CRI

81. HARVEST
• For forage purpose: two
cuttings at 50-55 days interval.
• Forage cum grain: Two cuts
as above, but the second after
maturity.
YIELD
• 50-55 t/ha – Fodder purpose.
• Dual crop: 25 t/ha fodder,
2.5t/ha grain + 2.5t/ha straw.

82. TRITICALE

83. TRITICALE
• Triticale is a Man made cereal.
Triticale is a man-made hybrid of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rye
(Secale cereale). The wheat is used as the female and rye as the male
parent of the hybridizing cross
• First wheat x rye occurred in Scotland during 1875.
• Initial crosses were sterile. First fertile cross was made in Germany in
1888.
• The name Triticale first appeared in Germany in 1935.
• There are Octaploid, tetraploid, hexaploid cultivars in triticale. Of
which, hexaploid is most commonly used.
• Triticale is either spring or winter cultivated. They tend to tiller less
but have larger inflorescence. Majority of triticale cultivars are awned.

85. • Triticum turgidum Secale cereale
(tetraploid wheat)
F1
Chromosome doubling
Triticale

86. ,
Initial cultivars are
• Low yielder,
• Tall and week straw,
• Shrunken/shriveled kernels,
• High susceptibility to ergot.
But high protein, high level of
amino acids and good for
animal nutrition.
But today’s cultivable triticale is
• Better yielding ability than
wheat,
• More tiller producing habit,
• Resistance to lodging,
• Resistance to ergot,
• Plump kernels,
protein is similar bread wheat,
suitable for spring and winter
seasons.

87. Specialty of Triticale
• They can utilize water and nutrients more efficiently
than winter wheat.
• Seeding, seed rate, season, etc. are as similar to wheat.
• Nutrient and water requirement are similar to wheat
and they are responding well when grown for grain.
• For forage, the seed rate may be enhanced to 80-100
kg/ha in rainfed and drylands.
• For irrigated crop about 110kg/ha of seed rate is
adopted.
• Since the complete package of practices for triticale
are not developed, cultural practices of wheat are
utilized for cultivating triticale.

88. • Triticale has long been considered excellent animal
forage, due to its higher protein content than rye and
high digestibility.
• triticale ~12.9% (also high lysine)
• Triticale has some of the resistance to disease that
characterizes rye, but, to improve that, reverse
hybridization has also been done: rye as female parent,
wheat as male.
• For human consumption, you have to try health food
stores. Like rye it has a limited gluten content, and is
usually mixed with wheat flour to prepare bread.

89. REFERENCE
• Mukund joshi.2015.PHI private limited.Textbook of field
crops.p-p 259-291
• Rajendhira prasad.2015.Textbook of field crops production
volume -1.p-p65-97,202-226
• Statistical data-india stat

90. THANK YOU 