3. Representors
• Qurrat ul Ain
• Sana Shahid
• Nadia Wazir
• Taiba Mansoor
• Iqra Shahzadi
BhahudinZikariyaUniversity,Multan,Pakistan
Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology
6. Soil
• The upper layer of earth’s
surface is called soil. It is
important for the growth of
plants. we grow vegetables,
fruits and other plants on soil.
The plants take up water and
minerals salts from the soil
through the roots.
7. Constituents of soil
• Soil is formed by breaking up of
rock into tiny pieces. Different
places have different type of soil.
Soil differ in the size of grain and
different constituent present in
it.
Most of soil contain….
• Cost particle of gravel
• Small pieces of stone
• Sand particle
• Moisture
• Humus
• Clay
8.
9.
10. O Horizon is 0-2 feet
A Horizon is 2-10
feet
B Horizon is 10-30
feet
C Horizon is
30 -48 feet
Bedrock is below 50
feet
11. What type of Soil in Pakistan?
• Indus basin soils
• Bongar soils
• Khaddar soils
• Indus Delta soils
• Mountain soils
• Sandy Desert soils
13. Physical Properties
An ideal soil consists of:
• 50% pore space (water
and air).
• 50% solid (45% minerals
and 5% organic matter).
14. Chemical properties
Soil pH
• Measure acidity or alkalinity.
• Effects on soil ecology and
soil chemistry.
• Greatly affects the availability
of soil mineral nutrients to
plants.
• Difficult to alter due to soil
buffering capacity.
16. Cultivated Areas
Pakistan is agricultural country in which total
cultivated area is 58 Million Hector and the
remaining is non cultivated.
17. Non cultivated Area
• Non cultivated area is 42 Million Hector which
is not suitable for growth and less fertile. Non
cultivated areas caused by…
• Industrialization
• Urbanization
• Deforestation
20. Five practices that improve soil
performance
• Adding organic matter.
• Avoiding excessive tillage and soil compaction.
• Managing pests and nutrients efficiency.
• Increasing diversity.
• Monitoring soil performance.
21. Regular addition of organic material which
enhance soil quality. Organic matter improve
soil structure, enhances water and nutrient
holding capacity.
22. Avoiding excessive tillage and
soil compaction
Tillage is valuable for
loosening surface soil,
preparing the seedbed,
and controlling weeds and
pests. But tillage can also
break up soil structure,
speed the decomposition
and loss of organic matter.
23. Managing pesticides & Fertilizers
Testing and monitoring
soil and pests and
adding non-chemical
approaches to your
management toolbox
(such as crop rotations,
cover crops, and
manure management).
24. Crop Rotation
A diversity of soil organisms helps to
control pest populations and a diversity of
cultural practices reduces weed and
disease pressures.
25. Monitoring soil performance
Fine soil management practices and
promptly determine whether changes in soil
or crops are significant.
31. Water logging
• Water logging is the process whereby the soil
blocks off all water and is so hard it stops air
getting in and it stops oxygen from getting in.
32. Land filling
• A site for the disposal of
waste materials by burial.
• Also known as dump,
rubbish dump, garbage
dump or dumping ground.
• It is used for disposal of
urban solid waste on a
patch of identified land.
33. Acid Rain
•Due to pollutants in environment
•Typical pH ranges 4.0
•Highly toxic for land, flora & fauna
36. Nuclear Waste
• Nuclear waste dump
into soil generate low
to medium radiations
over a long period of
time.
• Radiation emit from the
site having harmful
effects on life.
37. Impacts Of Soil
Pollution
1. Change in climate
pattern
2. Effects on human health
3. Environmental impacts
Deforestation
Global warming
Imbalance rain cycle
4. Impacts on wild life
38. Remedies
•Awareness among people
•Garbage disposal
•Do not use plastic
•Liquid waste treatment
•Grow trees
•Avoid pesticide & herbicides
•Recycling of waste material
•Planting
39.
40. Resistant Genes
• Salinity tolerance comes from genes that limit the rate
of salt uptake from the soil and the transport of salt
throughout the plant, adjust the ionic and osmotic
balance of cells in roots and shoots, and regulate leaf
development and the onset of senescence.
• Drought resistant genes help for survival under
hydrated conditions
44. Bioremediation of soil
• BIO mean life & REMEDIATION mean treatment.
• Bioremediation is the use of living organisms to remove
pollutant and make soil healthy.
• The process of cleaning up environmental sites
contaminated with the chemical pollutants by using living
organisms to degrade into non toxic substances.
• Bioremediation used to treat with problematic soil with
out causing any harmful effects.
45.
46. Why we prefer bioremediation?
• Soil bioremediation help to
reduce organic waste into
inorganic material with out
causing any harmful effect
to environment.
• The process convert waste
material into valuable
energy.
• Help in restoring
ecosystem.
47. Role Of Microbes In Bioremediation
The goal of bioremediation is to
stimulate microorganisms with nutrients
& and chemicals that enable them to
destroy contaminants.
Researchers are currently investigating
ways to augment contaminated sites
with non native microbes.
48. Factors For Microbial Bioremediation
1. Microbial population
2. Oxygen
3. Water
4. Nutrients
5. Temperature
6. pH
51. Biostimulation
• The process involves stimulation of
microorganisms already present in soil or
adding nutrients like N,P etc. by adding co-
substrate e.g. methane which degrade
trichloroethylene
52. Bioaugmentation
• Adding specific microorganisms in polluted
soil added to achieve bio augmentation.
• Involves aerobic biodegradation of
pollutants by circulating air through sub-
surfaces of soil .
53. Phytoremediation
• Phytoremediation is an
emerging technology that
uses plants to remove
contaminants from soil
and water.
• Can remove organic
compound, metals,
leftover pesticide and
radioactive waste
54.
55. Applications Of Phytoremediation
• It is applied against contaminated soil with
metals, pesticide and toxic waste.
• It is In-situ process to reduce impact of toxic
substance in soil.
• Plants such as mustard, alpine and pigweed
have proven to be bioaccumulating at toxic
site.
• Environment friendly process.
56. Genetic role in phytoremediation
• Nitroreductase gene encoded in bacteria were
inserted in tobacco that remove TNT and also
resistance to toxic effect of TNT.
• Mercuric reductase inserted in bacteria and
then transform in Nicotiana tabacum or
Arabidopsis thaliana use to detoxify methyl-
Hg.
57. Plants Use For Phytoremediation
Brassica juncea Thlaspi caerulescens
Arabidopsis thalian Alyssum serpyllifolium
59. Microbial treatment of soil
• Soil micro organisms are the most abundant of all
the biota in soil and responsible for driving nutrient,
organic matter cycling, soil fertility, soil restoration
and plant health.
• A single acre of soil can have as much as 3,000 of
microbes in it, or about 12 for every square foot.
• In the upper layer of soil microbial population is very
high.
• There are more microbes in a teaspoon of soil then
there are people on earth.
60. Importance of soil micro-
organisms
• Affect structure and fertility of different
soils.
• Contribute to nutrient availability.
• Maintain age soil stability by different
biochemical processes.
• Degrade pesticides and chemicals in soils.
61. Beneficial soil micro-organisms include
those that create symbiotic association
with plant roots are:-
• Bacteria
• Actinomycetes
• Fungi
• Algae
• Protozoa
Types of Soil Micro-organisms
62.
63. Bacteria
• Smallest and most
abundant soil micro-
organism apart from
virus.
• there are between 100
million and one billion
bacteria in an average
gram of soil.
65. Actinomycetes
• Fungi like bacteria forming long
filaments that stretch through
soil.
• Make “EARTHY” smell by
producing geosmin.
• Adaptable to drought and can
act in high PH.
• Breakdown recalcitrant
compounds.
67. Fungi:
• Abundant after
bacteria.
• Food source for other
micro organisms.
• Quality and quantity of
organic matter in soil
has a direct correlation
to the growth of fungi.
• Fungi abundant in
acidic areas and also
grow well in dry arid
soils.
69. Algae in soil
• Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in rice fields.
• Play important role in the maintenance of soil
fertility especially in tropical soils.
• Add organic matter to soil when die and increase
the amount of organic carbon in soil.
• Most of soil algae blue green algae [BGA] act as a
cementing material in binding soil particles and
prevent soil erosion.
70. Algae:
• Filamentous, colonial,
unicellular.
• Algae can make its
own nutrients through
a process known as
photosynthesis.
• Can live below the soil
surface as long as
algae has uniform
temperature and
moisture conditions.
72. Bio geochemicals cycles of microbes:
• Biogeochemical cycles
• Recycling of chemical elements.
Carbon cycle
Nitrogen cycle
• Microbes are used in these cycles.
76. Microbes as a Biofertilizers
• Bio-fertilizer
• Bio-fertilizers add nutrients through
the natural processes.
• Bio fertilizers have following
categories:
Symbiotic nitrogen fixers
A-symbiotic nitrogen fixers
Phosphate solubilizing bacteria
Organic fertilizers
77. 1. Symbiotic nitrogen fixers
The diazotrophic micro-organisms are the symbiotic
nitrogen fixers that serve as bio fertilizers.
e.g. Rhizobium sp., Bradyrhizobium sp.
2. A symbiotic nitrogen fixers
The a symbiotic nitrogen fixers bacteria can convert the
gaseous nitrogen to nitrogen rich compounds. On the
death of these nitrogen fixers, the soil becomes
enriched with nitrogenous compounds by serving bio
fertilizers.
e.g. Azobacter spp. Azospirillum spp.
78. 3. Phosphate solubilising bacteria
•Some bacteria like Thiobacillus, Bacillus are capable of
converting non available inorganic phosphorous present in soil
to organic or inorganic phosphate sources.
•e.g. pantoea agglomerans strain P5 or Pseudomonas putida
strain P13.
4. Organic fertilizers
•Types of organic wastes are used as fertilizers e.g. animal drug
urine, urban garbage, sewage. All these wastes can be
converted into organic manures.
80. How biotechnology play an important
role in soil reclamation?
• Improvement of soil infertility through the use of
nitrogen fixing bacteria, Rhizobium in the association
with the leguminous tree and Frankia in association
with non leguminous species.
• Development of plants tolerant to abiotic stress
which can be grown on degraded soils.
81. Biotech crops
• Biotech crops help to improve soil and increase
yield.
• Biotech crops need less-tilling or plowing to
control weeds.
• Biotechnology helps to limit deforestation, since
less land is needed to produce the same amount
of product.
• To apply modern biotechnology to agriculture to
boost soil productivity.
Biotech crops
83. • Use of selected and engineered microbes for
removal and recovery of strategic and precious metals
from contaminated degraded lands.
•Use of biotechnology in reducing the use of chemical
pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers
Endophytic bacteriaPseudomonas putida
84. Biofertilizers
• Not only improve the productivity per area in
a relatively short time, they mitigate
contamination of soil and increased soil
fertility.
(e.g) biopower
• They help build up the soil micro-flora and
there by the soil health.
85. • They help build up the soil micro-flora and
there by the soil health.
Bio fertilizers
(1) Activate the soil biology.
(2) Restore natural soil fertility.
(3) Provide protection against drought and some soil
born diseases.
(4) Stabilize C:N ratio of soil.
(5) Improves texture, structure and water holding
capacity of soil.
86. Advantages of soil management
(1) Soil provides a wide
range of important
ecosystem services:-
• Living filter for water.
• A sink for carbon.
• Regulator of atmospheric
gasses.
• A medium for plant growth
which helps to sustain all
life on this plant.
89. ‘’There can be no life without soil and no soil
without life; they have evolved together’’
90. So,
‘If we want to help the environment, we
need to plant more biotech crops, biotech
crops and essential microorganisms are good
for soil, good for environment and good for the
farmer’s bottom line’.
91.
92.
93. "Free articles and software on drainage of waterlogged land
and soil salinity control". Retrieved 2010-07-28.
Jump up^ Salt-Affected Soils and their Management, FAO Soils
Bulletin 39
(http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5871e/x5871e00.htm)
Jump up^ Alan D. Blaylock, 1994, Soil Salinity and Salt
tolerance of Horticultural and Landscape Plants. University of
Wyoming
Jump up^ Government of Alberta, Salt tolerance of Plants
References:
