Our first issue of 2013 starts with three important topics that are recently receiving much attention,
but whose consequences and dynamics are difficult to grasp. These three topics deserve another
look because the visibility of some events may hinder what are their actual potential in the future.
Our first article is about various countries in the South American region organizing macro-events
in order to attract tourist and promote their service sector —where a great portion of informal jobs
and precariousness exist. Governments are investing heavily in creating infrastructure and giving
all the support that the private sector needs to organize successful events. Nevertheless, these
events are just the tip of the iceberg: governments may be losing the opportunity of having a wave
of tourist in the next ten years in order to extend benefits to a vast group of informal workers that
depend on services that tourist demand, such as retailing, restaurants, and tours, among others.
Climate change is making things worse for vulnerable population in South American countries.
Nevertheless, the rhetoric at negotiation tables still refers to the time when the Kyoto Protocol was
being designed. Such clear division of responsibilities between developed and developing countries
simply cannot hold in a post-Kyoto world. It is now that such divisions are becoming a
insurmountable barrier to reach an agreement. Nevertheless, such divisions of interests, goals and
coalitions has roots in the growing diversity of countries in the region, but they cannot be a pretext
for not reaching a shared criteria to deal with global negotiations about climate change.
Participation was, two decades ago, the flavor of the month in development policies. Giving power
to people in democracies was a correct strategy to improve social services and design public
policies. Nevertheless, the growing gap between the political discourse on what participation can
potentially bring and what actually achieves in most localities is giving ammunition to some
authorities to reverse participatory processes. Again, cities need to be creative, not only by
improving consultations with alternative techniques to reach people that has been reluctant to
participate, but also by improving their internal bureaucratic processes to become more responsive
and open to citizens’ preferences.
Suburban poverty affects over 16.4 million people across the U.S. and is growing rapidly, significantly outpacing the growth rate of urban poverty over the last decade (64% vs. 29%). Experts suggest that the problem of suburban poverty is “the new normal.” While the basic needs of the poor in the suburbs are similar to those of the urban poor (e.g. education inequity, poor access to quality healthcare etc.), there are some critical systemic differences (e.g. limited transportation options, jurisdictional challenges etc.). These challenges are further exacerbated by the lack of awareness and understanding of the problem and
potential solutions.
South Africa ranks in the top four most giving nations, we explore a new platform for social justice and accountability; and a recent survey suggests MOOCs are failing to educate the poor.
Cities have never been more important for human well-beingand economic prosperity. Half of the world’s population livesin urban areas, while about 80 per cent of the world’s outputis produced in cities. And it is expected that the vast majorityof all new jobs will be urban. These will provide incomes tobillions and raise hundreds of millions of people out of poverty.South Africa’s situation is similar, with economic growthbeing disproportionately generated in the biggest cities, and agrowing proportion of people living in urban areas. However,only 60 per cent of the country is currently urbanised,suggesting more urbanisation is to come. If the next waveof city growth is managed well, it can accelerate economicgrowth and job creation, and improve people’s quality of life.This is what well-managed cities do: they raise incomes bymaking people more productive and creating opportunitiesthat cannot exist anywhere else. Historically, urbanisationhas been linked with industrialisation, which has bothfacilitated cities’ growth and depended on it. Cities have alsomade possible the efficient delivery of all kinds of services —energy, water, health, education, finance, logistics, media,transport, etc.
Cities have long birthed advances in the sciences, arts, human rights, business and government. Millions of people have moved to cities for better lives or services unavailable elsewhere.
But as cities grow, so are problems stemming from stretched transportation, energy and water infrastructure.
"Since the launch early last year of Udacity and Coursera, two Silicon Valley start-ups offering free education through MOOCS, massive open online courses, the ivory towers of academia have been shaken to their foundations." Could disruptive change of such a magnitude also threaten top brands among international civil society organisations (ICSOs) such as Amnesty International, Greenpeace, Oxfam or Save the Children?
This question was at the centre of the deliberations of a group of about 20 experts and leaders from ICSOs and some of their key stakeholders who worked together from January to August 2013, trying to identify strategies to detect, prepare for and navigate disruptive change as it arises. The Disruptive Change Working Group communicated via an online platform and email, and held several telephone conferences and one face-to-face meeting in Bellagio, Italy as a basis for their collaboration. Published by the International Civil Society Centre, this text reflects the inputs and discussions of the whole group.
This newsletter features an article on worker migration from South Asia. Other articles are on the topics of domestic work in India and affordable transportation for the poor.
Suburban poverty affects over 16.4 million people across the U.S. and is growing rapidly, significantly outpacing the growth rate of urban poverty over the last decade (64% vs. 29%). Experts suggest that the problem of suburban poverty is “the new normal.” While the basic needs of the poor in the suburbs are similar to those of the urban poor (e.g. education inequity, poor access to quality healthcare etc.), there are some critical systemic differences (e.g. limited transportation options, jurisdictional challenges etc.). These challenges are further exacerbated by the lack of awareness and understanding of the problem and
potential solutions.
South Africa ranks in the top four most giving nations, we explore a new platform for social justice and accountability; and a recent survey suggests MOOCs are failing to educate the poor.
Cities have never been more important for human well-beingand economic prosperity. Half of the world’s population livesin urban areas, while about 80 per cent of the world’s outputis produced in cities. And it is expected that the vast majorityof all new jobs will be urban. These will provide incomes tobillions and raise hundreds of millions of people out of poverty.South Africa’s situation is similar, with economic growthbeing disproportionately generated in the biggest cities, and agrowing proportion of people living in urban areas. However,only 60 per cent of the country is currently urbanised,suggesting more urbanisation is to come. If the next waveof city growth is managed well, it can accelerate economicgrowth and job creation, and improve people’s quality of life.This is what well-managed cities do: they raise incomes bymaking people more productive and creating opportunitiesthat cannot exist anywhere else. Historically, urbanisationhas been linked with industrialisation, which has bothfacilitated cities’ growth and depended on it. Cities have alsomade possible the efficient delivery of all kinds of services —energy, water, health, education, finance, logistics, media,transport, etc.
Cities have long birthed advances in the sciences, arts, human rights, business and government. Millions of people have moved to cities for better lives or services unavailable elsewhere.
But as cities grow, so are problems stemming from stretched transportation, energy and water infrastructure.
"Since the launch early last year of Udacity and Coursera, two Silicon Valley start-ups offering free education through MOOCS, massive open online courses, the ivory towers of academia have been shaken to their foundations." Could disruptive change of such a magnitude also threaten top brands among international civil society organisations (ICSOs) such as Amnesty International, Greenpeace, Oxfam or Save the Children?
This question was at the centre of the deliberations of a group of about 20 experts and leaders from ICSOs and some of their key stakeholders who worked together from January to August 2013, trying to identify strategies to detect, prepare for and navigate disruptive change as it arises. The Disruptive Change Working Group communicated via an online platform and email, and held several telephone conferences and one face-to-face meeting in Bellagio, Italy as a basis for their collaboration. Published by the International Civil Society Centre, this text reflects the inputs and discussions of the whole group.
This newsletter features an article on worker migration from South Asia. Other articles are on the topics of domestic work in India and affordable transportation for the poor.
Giving Them an Edge? The Effects of Work Experience on the Employment Prospec...The Rockefeller Foundation
This brief summarizes the results of NCLR’s quantitative analysis of the marginal effects of work experience on the employment prospects of millennials. It focuses on Latino young men, offering an overview of the structural barriers, an investigation of whether and to what extent additional work experience gives millennials a competitive edge in today’s hypercompetitive labor market, and recommendations to ensure that they fully leverage their work to maximize their potential in the labor market. In particular, this brief will examine the labor market outcomes of Latinos, the youngest and fastest-growing segment of the American labor force.
This special edition of the Economist -- in partnership with the Rockefeller Foundation and OECD -- explores long-term living standards, crises and their impact; technology and jobs; pensions, and migration and climate change.
Over the past century, The Rockefeller Foundation has remained true to the pursuit of health access for all mankind. We have helped to build and develop schools of medicine and public health, contributed to new medicines and treatments that helped cure patients and advanced the field of health. Our long history has given the foundation a unique place in the field of global health. We have the ability and privilege to convene great minds, catalyze new initiatives, identify new opportunities and increase global health and wellbeing.
While the mobile sector has grown significantly over the last 5-7 years, scale and sustainability have yet to be achieved. To further explore opportunities and barriers to investment and partnership to scale mobile-enabled technology, the Rockefeller Foundation has supported the work of Mobile for Development Intelligence, an open data research portal for the developing world mobile industry.
This report analyzes market and user data to provide a fuller picture of activities in the mobile sector and present recommendations on how to accelerate economic, social and environmental impact with mobile solutions.
Employment prospects for teens and young adults in the nation’s 100 largest metropolitan areas plummeted between 2000 and 2011. On a number of measures—employment rates, labor force underutilization, unemployment, and year-round joblessness—teens and young adults fared poorly, and sometimes disastrously. While labor market problems affected all young people, some groups had better outcomes than others: Non-Hispanic whites, those from higher income households, those with work experience, and those with higher levels of education were more successful in the labor market. In particular, education and previous work experience were most strongly associated with employment.
Policy and program efforts to reduce youth joblessness and labor force underutilization should focus on the following priorities: incorporating more work-based learning (such as apprenticeships, co-ops, and internships) into education and training; creating tighter linkages between secondary and post-secondary education; ensuring that training meets regional labor market needs; expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit; and facilitating the transition of young people into the labor market through enhanced career counseling, mentoring, occupational and work-readiness skills development, and the creation of short-term subsidized jobs.
As part of its overall mission of promoting the well-being of humanity throughout the world, The Rockefeller Foundation developed the goal of advancing inclusive economies. The framing of this goal is deliberate: the word inclusive stresses the need to overcome disadvantage while the choice of economies versus growth suggests the need to consider all dimensions of economic life. This executive summary outlines efforts to develop a framework to better understand and measure the characteristics of an inclusive economy. It includes:
• The evolution of the concept of an inclusive economy
• Key lessons learned from an analysis of indicator initiatives
related to measuring an inclusive economy
• A recommended indicator framework composed of 5 broad
characteristics, 15 sub-categories, and 57 indicators
• Implications for future work
For more details, a full report is available at:
inclusiveeconomies.org
The Future of Business London - 10 06 16Future Agenda
The Future of Business is one of the main areas of focus for the synthesis of the insights from last year's Future Agenda programme. This presentation is the opening keynote of a full day event in London on 10 June where views on some of the big global shifts for the next decade are being shared alongside more specific business related issues. This will then stimulate further debate and insights for sharing. If you have any views on the points in the pdf, do let us know and we can edit / agenda and update as we go
Future Agenda - The world in 2025 - Opportunities for Lebanon - Beirut 03 06 15Future Agenda
This is the opening keynote for a conference on Rethinking the Lebanese Economy for 2025 taking place in Beirut on 3 June 2016. Drawing on global and regional insights from last year's workshops it provides views on three topics:
How the world will have changed by 2025
Questions that are being asked of the Middle East
Some potential opportunities for Lebanon.
We are not experts in the Middle East nor economic growth so have leaned on and built on the views of those we have met and connected with during the Future Agenda programme. We hope that we have represented your perspectives accurately.
Future of wealth - Insights from Discussions Building on an Initial Perspecti...Future Agenda
The initial perspective on the Future of Wealth kicked off the Future Agenda 2.0 global discussions taking place through 2015. This summary builds on the initial view and is updated as we progress the futureagenda2.0 programme. www.futureagenda.org
Diaspora organizations and their humanitarian response in tunisiaJamaity
How has the Tunisian diaspora responded when COVID-19 hit their country of origin? How did they support and engage with families, communities back in Tunisia? And did they coordinate with the wider humanitarian system when delivering humanitarian aid?
DEMAC has conducted a Real-time review between July and September 2021, providing a rapid analysis of the humanitarian response of Tunisian diaspora organizations to the fourth and most severe wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Longevity Economy: How People Over 50 Are Driving Economic and Social Val...Longevity Network
The full 2016 Longevity Economy Report.
Background: By 2015, more than 1.6 billion people in the world were part of the 50-plus cohort. By 2050, this number is projected to nearly double to about 3.2 billion people. Throughout the world, the growth of this age group is having a transformative impact, economically and socially. The U.S. alone is home to 111 million in the 50-plus cohort; they represent a powerful force that is driving economic growth and value. This is the Longevity Economy, representing the sum of all economic activity driven by the needs of Americans age 50 and older, and includes both products and services they purchase directly and the further economic activity this spending generates. The difference it makes is substantial. In our first report released in 2013, the Longevity Economy fostered $7.1 trillion in annual economic activity. This figure has now been revised up to $7.6 trillion in our 2016 report. The outsized contribution reflects the changing demographics, wealth and spending patterns of the 50-plus population as the life span increases and the Longevity Economy becomes more pervasive and central to economic and social policies.
Long‐term unemployment has reached historic highs in the United States in recent years. Currently, nearly 40 percent of unemployed workers have been out of work for six months or longer, compared to a high of 25 percent in the 1980s recession. Lengthy periods of joblessness profoundly affect the economic and social resilience of workers and their families. Long‐term unemployment erodes assets, diminishes reemployment possibilities and significantly reduces lifetime wages. Additionally, the longterm unemployed face higher rates of family instability, mental and physical health problems.
Giving Them an Edge? The Effects of Work Experience on the Employment Prospec...The Rockefeller Foundation
This brief summarizes the results of NCLR’s quantitative analysis of the marginal effects of work experience on the employment prospects of millennials. It focuses on Latino young men, offering an overview of the structural barriers, an investigation of whether and to what extent additional work experience gives millennials a competitive edge in today’s hypercompetitive labor market, and recommendations to ensure that they fully leverage their work to maximize their potential in the labor market. In particular, this brief will examine the labor market outcomes of Latinos, the youngest and fastest-growing segment of the American labor force.
This special edition of the Economist -- in partnership with the Rockefeller Foundation and OECD -- explores long-term living standards, crises and their impact; technology and jobs; pensions, and migration and climate change.
Over the past century, The Rockefeller Foundation has remained true to the pursuit of health access for all mankind. We have helped to build and develop schools of medicine and public health, contributed to new medicines and treatments that helped cure patients and advanced the field of health. Our long history has given the foundation a unique place in the field of global health. We have the ability and privilege to convene great minds, catalyze new initiatives, identify new opportunities and increase global health and wellbeing.
While the mobile sector has grown significantly over the last 5-7 years, scale and sustainability have yet to be achieved. To further explore opportunities and barriers to investment and partnership to scale mobile-enabled technology, the Rockefeller Foundation has supported the work of Mobile for Development Intelligence, an open data research portal for the developing world mobile industry.
This report analyzes market and user data to provide a fuller picture of activities in the mobile sector and present recommendations on how to accelerate economic, social and environmental impact with mobile solutions.
Employment prospects for teens and young adults in the nation’s 100 largest metropolitan areas plummeted between 2000 and 2011. On a number of measures—employment rates, labor force underutilization, unemployment, and year-round joblessness—teens and young adults fared poorly, and sometimes disastrously. While labor market problems affected all young people, some groups had better outcomes than others: Non-Hispanic whites, those from higher income households, those with work experience, and those with higher levels of education were more successful in the labor market. In particular, education and previous work experience were most strongly associated with employment.
Policy and program efforts to reduce youth joblessness and labor force underutilization should focus on the following priorities: incorporating more work-based learning (such as apprenticeships, co-ops, and internships) into education and training; creating tighter linkages between secondary and post-secondary education; ensuring that training meets regional labor market needs; expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit; and facilitating the transition of young people into the labor market through enhanced career counseling, mentoring, occupational and work-readiness skills development, and the creation of short-term subsidized jobs.
As part of its overall mission of promoting the well-being of humanity throughout the world, The Rockefeller Foundation developed the goal of advancing inclusive economies. The framing of this goal is deliberate: the word inclusive stresses the need to overcome disadvantage while the choice of economies versus growth suggests the need to consider all dimensions of economic life. This executive summary outlines efforts to develop a framework to better understand and measure the characteristics of an inclusive economy. It includes:
• The evolution of the concept of an inclusive economy
• Key lessons learned from an analysis of indicator initiatives
related to measuring an inclusive economy
• A recommended indicator framework composed of 5 broad
characteristics, 15 sub-categories, and 57 indicators
• Implications for future work
For more details, a full report is available at:
inclusiveeconomies.org
The Future of Business London - 10 06 16Future Agenda
The Future of Business is one of the main areas of focus for the synthesis of the insights from last year's Future Agenda programme. This presentation is the opening keynote of a full day event in London on 10 June where views on some of the big global shifts for the next decade are being shared alongside more specific business related issues. This will then stimulate further debate and insights for sharing. If you have any views on the points in the pdf, do let us know and we can edit / agenda and update as we go
Future Agenda - The world in 2025 - Opportunities for Lebanon - Beirut 03 06 15Future Agenda
This is the opening keynote for a conference on Rethinking the Lebanese Economy for 2025 taking place in Beirut on 3 June 2016. Drawing on global and regional insights from last year's workshops it provides views on three topics:
How the world will have changed by 2025
Questions that are being asked of the Middle East
Some potential opportunities for Lebanon.
We are not experts in the Middle East nor economic growth so have leaned on and built on the views of those we have met and connected with during the Future Agenda programme. We hope that we have represented your perspectives accurately.
Future of wealth - Insights from Discussions Building on an Initial Perspecti...Future Agenda
The initial perspective on the Future of Wealth kicked off the Future Agenda 2.0 global discussions taking place through 2015. This summary builds on the initial view and is updated as we progress the futureagenda2.0 programme. www.futureagenda.org
Diaspora organizations and their humanitarian response in tunisiaJamaity
How has the Tunisian diaspora responded when COVID-19 hit their country of origin? How did they support and engage with families, communities back in Tunisia? And did they coordinate with the wider humanitarian system when delivering humanitarian aid?
DEMAC has conducted a Real-time review between July and September 2021, providing a rapid analysis of the humanitarian response of Tunisian diaspora organizations to the fourth and most severe wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Longevity Economy: How People Over 50 Are Driving Economic and Social Val...Longevity Network
The full 2016 Longevity Economy Report.
Background: By 2015, more than 1.6 billion people in the world were part of the 50-plus cohort. By 2050, this number is projected to nearly double to about 3.2 billion people. Throughout the world, the growth of this age group is having a transformative impact, economically and socially. The U.S. alone is home to 111 million in the 50-plus cohort; they represent a powerful force that is driving economic growth and value. This is the Longevity Economy, representing the sum of all economic activity driven by the needs of Americans age 50 and older, and includes both products and services they purchase directly and the further economic activity this spending generates. The difference it makes is substantial. In our first report released in 2013, the Longevity Economy fostered $7.1 trillion in annual economic activity. This figure has now been revised up to $7.6 trillion in our 2016 report. The outsized contribution reflects the changing demographics, wealth and spending patterns of the 50-plus population as the life span increases and the Longevity Economy becomes more pervasive and central to economic and social policies.
Long‐term unemployment has reached historic highs in the United States in recent years. Currently, nearly 40 percent of unemployed workers have been out of work for six months or longer, compared to a high of 25 percent in the 1980s recession. Lengthy periods of joblessness profoundly affect the economic and social resilience of workers and their families. Long‐term unemployment erodes assets, diminishes reemployment possibilities and significantly reduces lifetime wages. Additionally, the longterm unemployed face higher rates of family instability, mental and physical health problems.
UiWE presentation on "CPH Social Innovation Lab" - a hub for creating new social solutions in Scandinavia - at MindLab June 2, 2010. UiWE is cultural design company based in Copenhagen.
Informal workers face substantial risks and vulnerabilities due to insecurity surrounding their employment status and lack of control of the conditions of their employment. In addition, informal workers have limited access to affordable and appropriate health care for themselves and their families, and they may not seek care if they have insecure legal status, or due to the potential expense or loss of income. The combination of high vulnerabilities and inadequate social protections (including insufficient access to affordable health services) results in high incidences of injury, illness, susceptibility to chronic diseases and poverty.
Is convening the right tool for your work? Convening places a significant demand on people’s time and resources, so it’s important to make informed decisions about when and how to bring a group together.
GATHER: The Art & Science of Effective Convening is a unique guidebook for convening planners and change agents interested in harnessing the potential of collective intelligence through in-person convening.
Learn more: http://rockefellerfoundation.org/gather-guide
Yang design service design lab social innovation powered by service designYANG DESIGN
Service design is a relatively young discipline, dating back to the late 1990s, and even more so in Asia, where it began emerging around 2008-2009. As an emerging field that is drawing more and more interest, service design is not fully understood by both private and public institutions.
In August 2013, a multidisciplinary group gathered at the Rockefeller Foundation’s Bellagio Center to address the theme of “Community Resilience Through big data and Technology.” Creative and critical thinkers were selected from the technology sector, academia, the arts, humanitarian and ecological spheres. Over ten days, we explored how data could be used to help build community resilience in the face of a range of stresses — environmental, political, social and economic. Large data collection and analysis may support communities by providing them with timely feedback loops on their immediate environment. However, the collection and use of data can also create new vulnerabilities and risks, by enabling discriminating against individuals, skewing evidence, and creating dependencies on centralized infrastructure that may increase a system’s vulnerability. After analyzing these risks and opportunities, we developed a framework to help guide the effective use of data for building community-driven resilience. In this framework, we propose six domains: ethics, governance, science, technology, place and sociocultural context. We believe that by considering all six domains together, organizations can safeguard against predictable failures by exposing project weaknesses from the outset rather than in hindsight.
Urban transportation is undergoing massive change and expansion, especially in the developing world. The rapid growth of cities is driving demand for better urban transportation and many cities are set to invest heavily in infrastructure. Unfortunately, the needs of low-income households are often overlooked in the selection, design, and service decisions related to these investments. According to the World Bank, urban public transportation systems disproportionately disadvantage the urban poor and vulnerable, especially in cities in the developing world.
Meanwhile, innovative business and service models are emerging that are disrupting the established transportation systems in cities by taking advantage of open data, the Internet and mobile telephony. Services such as bike share, ZipCar®, Waze®, Hopstop®, and Uber® are reducing consumption and reconfiguring the relationship between modes, users, and providers of transportation. These new approaches improve urban transportation by making it more efficient, dependable, and sustainable.
As Susan Zielinski of the University of Michigan’s SMART Initiative puts it, “Transportation is at a crossroads. In response to rapid urbanization, shifting demographics, and other pressing social, economic, and environmental factors, cities and regions are shifting investment dollars from single mode infrastructure to multi-mode, multi-service, IT-enabled door-to-door systems… innovations and opportunities (are going) beyond the bounds of the traditional transportation industry.”
Collectively referred to as the emerging New Mobility sector, this innovative industry sector provides a key opportunity to build more inclusive cities and more resilient communities.
Catalyzing the New Mobility in Cities is an exploratory effort focused on identifying innovative business and service models that are beneficial to the urban poor, both as users and providers of urban transportation.The primer briefly summarizes and showcases some of the hallmark innovations that are challenging the status quo in rapidly growing cities in the developing world.
Urban women face significant economic and social constraints due to their limited ability to access, own and control property, including immovable property (e.g., land, structures), movable property (e.g., business equipment, personal possessions), and financial assets (e.g., cash, financial accounts). Insecure property rights make women more vulnerable and less economically, politically and socially empowered; inhibit them from improving their families’ health and well-being; and prevent them from fully contributing to the sustainability and economic growth of their cities. With increasing numbers of women living in cities, especially vulnerable groups like migrants and the elderly, women’s insecurity of property rights in the urban context is rapidly growing in urgency.
In December 2016, The Rockefeller Foundation’s African Regional Office hosted the Rockefeller Foundation Resilience Convening in Nairobi, Kenya. Over 150 delegates and 40 speakers participated, sharing insights, examples, and engaging in debate and discussion on why and how ‘resilience’ can enhance Africa’s ongoing development.
Recurrent food crises are one of the principal impediments to development in the Horn and Sahel regions of Africa. In 2011, a drought-related emergency affected over 12 million people in the Horn – the fourth such event since the turn of the millennium. Precise numbers are unavailable, but estimates indicate that hundreds of thousands of people were displaced and tens of thousands more died. A year later, 18 million people were affected by a major crisis in the Sahel – the third to hit the region in eight years.
Food crises are slow-onset disasters. They emerge over a period of months and are routinely tracked and anticipated by famine early warning systems – specialist units that monitor and forecast risk factors such as food prices, health indicators, rainfall and crop production. These systems provide governments and humanitarian actors with the chance to take early action and prevent the situation from escalating into an emergency. Cost-benefit analyses indicate that, compared with emergency response, early action offers significant cost savings in the long run.
Yet all too often the link between early warning and early action fails and the opportunity to mitigate a gathering crisis is lost. This disconnect was starkly apparent in Somalia during 2010/11, when increasingly urgent early warnings accumulated for 11 months before famine was finally declared in July. Only after that did the humanitarian system mobilize.
Beginning with the failures that allowed the Somalia famine to take place and drawing on the recent history of other early warnings, this report considers in detail the various political, institutional and organizational barriers to translating early warning of famine into early action to avert it, and makes recommendations for how these can be overcome.
In 2013, in response to the opportunities presented by Africa’s rapidly growing youth population and the ubiquity of information and communications technologies across the continent, The Rockefeller Foundation launched its Digital Jobs Africa initiative. The initiative aims to enable young people to access jobs by providing them with in-demand technology-related and other employability skills. Now just past its two-year mark, the Foundation is taking stock of the rich learning that has emerged from the initiative.
Impact investment is a strategy to align the power of private markets to the social and environmental development needs of society at-large. From 2012-13, the Rockefeller Foundation, through its Impact Investing initiative, funded research in five Sub-Saharan African countries with the aim of understanding the barriers for impact investing across Africa, as well as recommending national policies to encourage the growth of the industry. This report synthesizes the findings of that work, examining the potential of impact investing as a ‘strategy of choice’ for African policymakers.
Following its successful partnership with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD) post–Hurricane Sandy Rebuild by Design competition, The Rockefeller Foundation launched the Resilience Academies and Capacity-Building Initiative. Designed to support HUD’s National Disaster Resilience Competition (NDRC), the Academies and the Initiative provide eligible state, county, and municipal governments with subject-matter expertise and lessons from the Foundation’s years of on-the-ground disaster recovery programming and mitigation planning. Further, the Foundation hoped to assist these key players in moving global knowledge and resources to meet homegrown needs.
Descripción de los servicios del Espai Born, espacio polivalente de coworking: alquiler puestos de trabajo, escaparate, sala de reuniones, espacio para exposiciones, espacio para eventos....
A holistic, enduring strategy for private sector involvement in resilience efforts is critical to building sustainable solutions for the most vulnerable members of society. Particularly in the face of a shrinking supply of traditional development capital from government and donors, engaging the private sector to address these systemic challenges not only offers the possibility of a reduction in risk for affected communities; it also creates the long term potential for new markets and growth opportunities for private players, and the establishment of solutions at the nexus of humanitarian and development efforts. In many cases, the regions that private companies are pursuing for future growth are emerging markets, and a more resilient global economy means more opportunity for the private sector to grow its core activities. Interestingly, it is the most vulnerable, those at the growing base of the pyramid, that also hold tremendous opportunities for global and local private enterprises. There is a true business case in improving resilience for the largest potential sources of consumption and economic activity, but to date there has been limited meaningful engagement. The way forward lies in models that embrace multi-stakeholder collaboration as the path to scale innovations and create improved resilience outcomes.
Such an engagement starts with a framework that identifies root market failures from a resilience perspective and moves to address them through a partnership process that prioritizes private sector engagement. The five key market failures that inhibit resilience can be organized as: lack of savings and resources; lack of risk mitigation tools; lack of functioning domestic capital markets; lack of economic activity; and lack of incentives to collaborate and scale. Drawing from a menu of tools specifically tailored for the gaps related to each market failure and partners who have a compelling motivation to fill those gaps, an effective process for engagement can then be designed and scaled. The key elements of this process are ICE: Innovation, Collaboration, and Economies of Scale.
FIFA World Cup 2014: Social Impacts and Policy StrategiesFlavio Kleijssen
The main aim of this study is to analyze ex-ante the likely socio- economic impact of the 2014 FIFA World Cup that will take place in Brazil. The recent trends of highly competitive bids to be designated host country of a sport mega-event show us the bidders believe such events to generate positive impacts. In this paper, we analyze through a descriptive approach the main aspects of potential economic and social effects through the organization of the World Cup, while contrasting it with the major cost and risks Brazil is bearing.
Our conclusions show that organizing a major sporting event is a unique opportunity for economic and social development, can accelerate infrastructure improvement and it is a major factor for gaining in international reputation, and, therefore, increasing in the long run a country’s soft power. However, in the case of Brazil, the high cost, widespread popular discontent, safety issues, lack of planning and coordination may have an important negative impact, which is likely to offset the benefits. It has been said that Brazil is the country of the future, and always will be. The 2014 World Cup, and 2016 Olympic Games will give a strong indication whether this still holds true.
Mega sports events in brazil; social and economic legaciesUNDP Policy Centre
This presentation,made by IPC-IG's contributor Sofia Sunden, is based on a series of articles published in Revista News Brazil and Yeah! Brazil,
May – August 2013
Achieving equitable tourism success in NYC 5.26.21 by Paul LindbergPaul Lindberg
Memo to the Incoming 110th Mayor of the City of New York in 2022 on Achieving Equitable Tourism Success in NYC: Analyzing and evaluating the impact of economic and sustainable tourism trends in Post COVID-19 NYC
This Economist Intelligence Unit/Multilateral
Investment Fund report is an introduction to the
2014 Infrascope study that analyzes public-private
partnerships (PPPs) in Latin America and the
Caribbean. Smart mobility PPPs in Latin America
looks at how smart solutions to mobility challenges
in the region lend themselves to a PPP framework.
The report examines the mobility challenges the
region faces, to what extent smart mobility
solutions are used by governments, and the role
the private sector plays in coming up with
innovative mobility solutions. More importantly,
the report analyzes mobility solutions that are
most likely to lend themselves to PPP investment.
To build a tourism strategy that lasts and that works for all, you have to be realistic in analysing what works and what doesn’t. In the second of this ‘‘Uncovered’’ series of reports, experts at TOPOSOPHY lift the lid on tourism trends in Mexico and make an honest, frank assessment of the top priorities for government and business in the
country today.
Domestic and international tourism in Mexico is continuously growing. The tourism industry growth continues to ride higher than the average national GDP growth and investment in the tourism sector is pouring into the country as the main source market, the United States, recovers from the global financial crisis. Nevertheless image remains the main concern as incidents relating to organised crime continue to affect parts of the country and Mexican citizens have mobilized to demand more security as mid-term elections approach (Summer 2015).
As this report will explain, the media often reports a distorted view of the reality of daily life in Mexico. Furthermore, Mexicans’ views of their own country can often be subject to an inferiority complex or over-influenced by current events. Discover TOPOSOPHY’s take on the current state of Mexican Tourism in this candid report that aims to provide an external view and an independent perspective on how a tourism industry with high potential can deliver for the country in the future.
Angel Escorial
Генеральный директор Riskia
Современные методики и практический опыт развития культуры управления рисками в Испании и странах Латинской Америки
Tourism and the Sharing Economy: Policy & Potential of Sustainable Peer-to-Pe...Lausanne Montreux Congress
This report focuses on one disruptive force in the tourism industry: the emergence of peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation. P2P accommodation occurs when individuals off er, in exchange for money, a room or an entire house for short-term accommodation. The rapid growth of this new product is shaking up the hotel industry and creating a new way to travel and interact with a destination and its community. The objectives of this report are to investigate the opportunities and challenges that P2P provides in developed and emerging destinations and to off er a set of recommendations to better use this new business model for sustainable and inclusive tourism. The report also sketches a research agenda for the near future. This report is written for destination managers,
policymakers, and World Bank Group staff involved in the design and management of tourism operations. It is based on desk research, interviews with digital platform managers, and an in-depth study of the case of Jamaica.
The Transforming Health Systems (THS) initiative was one of The Rockefeller Foundation’s largest global health initiatives. Aligned with the Foundation’s mission to promote the well-being of humanity, THS aimed to improve the health status and financial resilience of poor and otherwise vulnerable populations through activities promoting improved health systems performance and the expansion of universal health coverage (UHC).
This report synthesizes findings from a five-year, multicomponent evaluation of the THS initiative. The objectives of the evaluation were to assess i) the effectiveness of the three core strategies – global advocacy, regional networks, and country-level investments – employed under THS to advance progress toward UHC in low- and middle-income countries in four focus countries, ii) the overall effectiveness and influence of the initiative, and iii) the Foundation’s legacy in the UHC arena. A key component of the evaluation was to document lessons learned from achievements and challenges to inform the development of future initiatives at the Foundation.
Overall, the evaluation found the THS initiative to be successful in its efforts to activate a global movement to accelerate progress toward UHC. The Foundation catalyzed and shaped the global UHC movement and, ultimately, influenced the inclusion of UHC in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the post-2015 agenda. It also created enduring cross-learning platforms and tools to support country progress toward the SDGs’ UHC targets. Although THS gained less traction in advancing UHC through its focus country investments, its success in making UHC a global development target and creating networks and coalitions to support UHC reform efforts in LMICs will likely have country-level impacts for years to come.
This guide is designed for program officers to use in their work related to networks, coalitions, and other relationship-based structures as part of their initiatives, program strategies, and outcomes. It offers a set of core components that make up the basics of strategizing, implementing, and sustaining inter-organizational relationships and structures. You can work through the guide from beginning to end or jump to specific issues with which you might be struggling. Every component suggests concrete “actions” or questions that a program officer can apply.
Putting “Impact” at the Center of Impact Investing: A Case Study of How Green...The Rockefeller Foundation
More than ever before, investors are looking to put their money where their values are. As a result, impact investing has burgeoned into an over $100 billion industry in just over ten years. But how do impact investors know whether their money is truly having a positive impact on people and
the planet? How can these investors better manage their results, and use material data – both positive and negative – about social and environmental performance to maximize their impact?
This case study documents the journey of one organization, Green Canopy Homes – and its financing arm, Green Canopy Capital – toward more systematically thinking about, measuring, and managing its impact. While developing the impact thesis for its resource-efficient homes, Green Canopy applied a theory of change tool, an approach common within the social sector, to systematically map the causal pathways between its strategies and intended impact. Its rationale for adopting this approach was simple: use it to maximize impact, and understand and minimize possible harm. The tool also effectively positioned Green Canopy to measure and communicate about its social and environmental performance, and to make client-centric adaptations to its business.
The case study provides an illuminating example of how investors can adapt theory of change to serve their impact management needs. By demonstrating the relevance and transferability of this tool for articulating, measuring, and managing impact, the hope is that this case study can contribute to strengthening other investors’ approaches, in turn contributing to building the evidence base for the “impact” of impact investments.
Electricity is one of the most important drivers of socio-economic development, yet up to 250 million Indians are not connected to the national grid, and the majority of rural consumers have grossly unreliable power supply. More than solar lanterns and home systems that power a few lights and fans, among the most efficient ways to provide reliable electricity in remote areas is through local mini-grids. India has several run by energy service companies and usually funded by philanthropic capital.
Most of these enterprises have not been able to scale-up their impact meaningfully because the risk of the national grid entering their markets can render their mini-grid unviable. Rather than seeing “grid versus mini-grid” as a policy choice, Beyond Off-Grid: Integrating Mini-Grids with India’s Evolving Electricity System explores ways we can encourage more of both: to have the grid operate in partnership with a network of distributed mini-grids to accelerate electrification.
What does the roadmap for this ‘interconnection’ of our energy system look like? How can we leverage both government and private investment? What are the different interconnection models and their commercial, technical and regulatory implications? Where do mini-grids go from here? This timely report – commissioned by the Asha Impact Trust in collaboration with Shakti Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation – provides a multi-layered perspective to address these questions based on extensive research, wide-ranging policymaker interactions, and our investment experience evaluating mini-grid operators.
We cannot achieve significant poverty reduction without stimulating electricity consumption, which fuels income-generating activities in the modern economy. In India, about 237 million people have little or no access to reliable electricity -- more than 90% of them live in rural areas. This severely constrains economic opportunities. Addressing this chronic problem requires going beyond simply expanding the government grid.
Mini-grids have emerged as a viable solution to complement and integrate with the national grid, and can support the government in achieving its ‘Power for All’ vision. The Rockefeller Foundation’s Smart Power for Rural Development (SPRD) initiative is the first to pursue the creation of a mini-grid sector that is robust enough to fuel commercial enterprises and drive economic development beyond just one village. Smart Power India (SPI), which leads the SPRD initiative in India, has proven that mini-grids can be swiftly deployed to deliver reliable power, and has likewise demonstrated that mini-grids can spur economic activity needed to help people lift themselves out of poverty.
This issue of Smart Power Connect, published after the hundredth village was connected to Smart Power, explores the efforts, success stories, and challenges faced in SPI’s mini-grid journey to date. With insights from government agencies, policy experts, energy service companies, investors and mini-grid customers themselves, this publication provides a glimpse into the potential of the mini-grids to transform the energy sector – and how rural communities are embracing and utilizing clean, reliable and adequate power to improve their lives.
Today, nearly 240 million Indians lack access to reliable electricity, and 90 percent of them live in rural areas. Despite the government’s ambitious plans to accelerate universal electrification by 2018, challenges remain in providing reliable and sufficient energy to the last mile. Distributed renewable energy (DRE) solutions, and in particular mini-grids, have emerged as a reliable complement to the government’s electrification programs by providing rural areas with access to reliable and high-quality electricity at a much faster pace. The growth of the DRE sector will be an important fillip to the last-mile challenge.
Smart Power India (SPI) is an organization that implements The Rockefeller Foundation’s Smart Power for Rural Development (SPRD) to build viable and commercially oriented mini-grid ecosystems in India. This report explains the Smart Power mini-grid model and explores the drivers of success. Analyzing early data from a cohort of the 106 Smart Power mini-grids operational as of 2017, SPI provides data on commercial performance as well as recommendations to further accelerate the rural mini-grid business.
Encouragingly, the report reveals that the 23 top-cohort plants have an average unit-level profit margin of approximately 30% after the first year of operations. It also highlights that villages receiving electricity from SPRD mini-grids show early signs of social and economic impact (also see Understanding the Impact of Rural Electrification.) SPI has observed that site selection, a strong focus on operations, support for demand generation and marketing optimized for rural customers, are critical to the continued improvement of mini-grid operations. Finally, the report provides recommendations to address external challenges such as the need for increased financing, stronger policy support and further technological innovation.
A successful philanthropic initiative depends not just on the strategy pursued – but also on how that strategy is implemented. Implementation considerations can vary significantly based on the shape of an initiative – starting a new organization can look very different than investing in a portfolio of existing organizations. This report looks at four “models” for implementing initiatives. These don’t represent an exhaustive set of potential models to pursue, or even the most high potential models. Rather, these are four examples of models, each of which has significant potential for impact when chosen wisely and executed well. The report outlines the considerations involved in choosing to pursue each of these models and findings on how to implement them, drawn from real-world experience.
Globally, over 1 billion people still live without electricity. Roughly 237 million of these people are in India. Smart Power for Rural Development (SPRD) is a $75 million initiative aimed at accelerating development in India’s least electrified states. Through the deployment of decentralized renewable energy mini-grids, SPRD works to accelerate the growth of rural economies, while at the same time improving the lives and livelihoods of poor and marginalized families and communities. With access to energy, individuals, households, and communities can generate economic opportunities and enhance their quality of life. Understanding the Impact of Rural Electrification has generated significant insights on how SPRD is having an impact on the lives of villagers, and what more is needed to sustain, grow, and scale these gains. We’ve learned that households and businesses are slowly but surely moving up the energy ladder; enterprises are expanding and new ones are being created as a result of energy access, and women are feeling safer and more mobile after dark. In this report, we also introduce the innovative GDP+ approach which, which quantifies and measures the social, economic and environmental gains of access to electricity in GDP terms. The initial findings here show that SPRD villages experienced an $18.50 per capita increase in GDP+.
The information in this brief is drawn from a case study of the JLN conducted by Mathematica Policy Research in consultation with the THS team and the Evaluation Office of The Rockefeller Foundation. The study, completed in 2016, was undertaken to assess the extent to which the JLN had achieved its goal of becoming a country-driven, sustainable network helping to advance progress toward universal health coverage in low- and middle-income countries.
The Joint Learning Network (JLN) is a key innovation and central part of The Rockefeller Foundation’s efforts to promote universal health coverage (UHC) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) under its Transforming Health Systems (THS) initiative (2009-2017). Launched in 2010, the JLN is a country-led, global learning network that connects practitioners around the globe, in order to advance knowledge and learning about approaches to accelerate country progress toward UHC. The JLN currently includes 27 member countries across Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America that engage in multilateral workshops, country learning exchanges, and virtual dialogues to share experiences and develop tools to support the design and implementation of UHC-oriented reforms. The core vehicles for shared learning and resource development under the JLN are technical initiatives, which are managed by several technical partners and organized around key levers for reaching UHC objectives.
With 62.5 million tons of food wasted in the United States each year, there is much work to be done to
bring about substantial changes in the food industry that will create a more efficient food system and
help preserve the environment. This guide describes promising opportunities to reduce food waste
in three areas—packaging, food retail, and home kitchens—and discusses a number of solutions that
could be piloted, validated, and scaled to significantly reduce food waste in America.
National Disaster Resilience Competition's Resilience Academies - Emerging In...The Rockefeller Foundation
In 2015 The Rockefeller Foundation partnered with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to launch the National Disaster Resilience Competition (NDRC)
Resilience Academies. Recognizing the salient need to infuse resilience thinking into HUD’s NDRC, these Academies were established to expose state and local governments to new approaches for protecting and promoting the long-term well-being and safety of their communities. A recent independent evaluation of the Academies has provided instructive insights about what works in efforts to build innovative resilience capacity.
Launched in 2008, the Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) Initiative aimed to catalyze attention, funding, and action for building the climate change resilience of vulnerable cities and people in Asia. Given that current estimates forecast that about 55 percent of Asia’s population will be living in urban centers by 2030, the ACCCRN Initiative is built on the premise that cities can take actions to build climate resilience – including drainage and flood management, ecosystem strengthening,
increasing awareness, and disease control – which can greatly improve the lives of poor and vulnerable people, not just in times of shock or stress, but every day.
At the time the initiative was launched, the concept of urban resilience and models for implementing it were nascent and emergent. ACCCRN proved to be an important experiment and “learning lab” for the Foundation and its grantees and partners to build capacity in cities to better understand and implement resilience solutions to the often devastating shocks and stresses of climate change. The initiative was effective in the initial 10 ACCCRN cities and, later, in an additional 40 cities.
As part of our Foundation-wide commitment to learning and accountability to our grantees, partners and stakeholders, we undertook an independent evaluation of the work of the initiative in 2014 to assess what worked well and not so well in ACCCRN. Conducted by Verulam Associates and ITAD, who also conducted a mid-term evaluation of the ACCCRN Initiative in 2011, this summative evaluation highlights successes, but also provides an important moment to reflect on the challenges we faced and on what we can do better or differently going forward.
Situating the Next Generation of Impact Measurement and Evaluation for Impact...The Rockefeller Foundation
Situating the Next Generation of Impact Measurement and Evaluation for Impact Investing contends that measurement practices need to evolve by borrowing from the strengths of both private business and social sector evaluation. Suggesting that an impact thesis is a crucial anchor for impact measurement strategies, the paper offers several measurement approaches in use today. The ‘next generation’ of impact measurement and evaluation must stem from a commitment of impact investors to strengthen evidence for their social returns alongside the evidence for financial returns.
The goal of the CEO & Gender Media Audit was to understand the media coverage of CEOs in various situations and determine if there are differences in the way male and female CEOs are covered.
Equity and Inclusive Growth from a Development Perspective is essential reading for development and evaluation practitioners. It provides a concise history and critical examination of the concepts related to growth, poverty, and equity. These three foundational elements of contemporary development theory and practice are at the root of The Rockefeller Foundation’s movement toward advancing inclusive economies and building resilience.
The paper offers many insights about the measurement and evaluation of programs. It illuminates the debate surrounding ways to assess well-being beyond GDP. It covers the many ways to approach the measurement of poverty and the most commonly used indexes. Finally, it examines the important distinction between equity and equality and the policy implications of pursuing equity.
Building Capacity for Innovation and Systems Change: Innovation Fellowship Pr...The Rockefeller Foundation
Achieving The Rockefeller Foundation’s goals to build resilience and advance inclusive economies requires moving beyond traditional approaches to problem-solving. New ways
of thinking and working are needed in order to have impact at scale. The Rockefeller
Foundation Global Fellowship Program on Social Innovation was designed to enable
leaders to innovate in order to address the underlying causes of complex social and
environmental challenges. With two successive cohorts of Fellowships now complete and
a third underway, the timing is right to reflect on what the Foundation is learning about
building individual and institutional capacity to innovate and drive systems change.
Assessing Market-Based Solutions: Lessons from Evaluating a Youth Employment ...The Rockefeller Foundation
Creating employment opportunities for youth is a priority for many countries. How can these opportunities – increasingly situated within market-based approaches to development – generate and sustain positive employment and social outcomes for individuals, their families and communities? This paper reports on an evaluation of a Rockefeller Foundation initiative that provided instructive lessons on how to assess youth employment and digital jobs programs that embed market-based principles.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Alert-driven Community-based Forest monitoring: A case of the Peruvian Amazon
Agenda Suramerica January 2013
1. !!
01 – January 2013
CONTENTS
Overview…………………........... 1
The tourism race in the region:
More than macro-events............... 2
Climate change in Latin America
and the Caribbean: Between
adaptation and mitigation ............ 4
Responding to citizens’ demands in
Downtown Lima: Rethinking
participatory process with a focus
on public management………..… 6
Collecting citizen's perceptions
through play: An interview with
Camila Vera, Luigi Valdizán and
Tato Guerra-García……………... 8
Miscellany section…………….... 9
2. 1!
!!
!!
South!America:!
Trends!and!challenges!for!development!!
Monthly(Newsletter(.(Number(01(.(January(2013(
Our first issue of 2013 starts with three important topics that are recently receiving much attention,
but whose consequences and dynamics are difficult to grasp. These three topics deserve another
look because the visibility of some events may hinder what are their actual potential in the future.
Our first article is about various countries in the South American region organizing macro-events
in order to attract tourist and promote their service sector —where a great portion of informal jobs
and precariousness exist. Governments are investing heavily in creating infrastructure and giving
all the support that the private sector needs to organize successful events. Nevertheless, these
events are just the tip of the iceberg: governments may be losing the opportunity of having a wave
of tourist in the next ten years in order to extend benefits to a vast group of informal workers that
depend on services that tourist demand, such as retailing, restaurants, and tours, among others.
Climate change is making things worse for vulnerable population in South American countries.
Nevertheless, the rhetoric at negotiation tables still refers to the time when the Kyoto Protocol was
being designed. Such clear division of responsibilities between developed and developing countries
simply cannot hold in a post-Kyoto world. It is now that such divisions are becoming a
insurmountable barrier to reach an agreement. Nevertheless, such divisions of interests, goals and
coalitions has roots in the growing diversity of countries in the region, but they cannot be a pretext
for not reaching a shared criteria to deal with global negotiations about climate change.
Participation was, two decades ago, the flavor of the month in development policies. Giving power
to people in democracies was a correct strategy to improve social services and design public
policies. Nevertheless, the growing gap between the political discourse on what participation can
potentially bring and what actually achieves in most localities is giving ammunition to some
authorities to reverse participatory processes. Again, cities need to be creative, not only by
improving consultations with alternative techniques to reach people that has been reluctant to
participate, but also by improving their internal bureaucratic processes to become more responsive
and open to citizens’ preferences.
—Fernando Prada
FORO Nacional Internacional
OVERVIEW
3. 2!
The tourism race in the region: More than macro-events
By: Pasko Kisic
Latin America is attracting a larger share of global tourism due to its diversity of cultures, geographies,
and attractions; and the fact that countries are competing and investing heavily to become touristic hubs.
This will have long-term impact on socioeconomic, political and regional integration issues.
It has become usual for South American countries to hold international global audience events. This is not
only because a burgeoning middle class and continued economic growth make this region an attractive
marketplace, but also because countries have been aggressively promoting themselves, mobilizing private
investment in order to become tourist hubs. Governments have supported private companies as a way to
strengthen the service sector —which is labor intensive while generating linkages with other sectors.
Through public investment in infrastructure, even small countries are now competing with Brazil and
Argentina at organizing macro-events and attracting tourists, entrepreneurs and companies to attend.
There are several examples of this trend. Since 2009, Argentina, Chile and Peru are hosting the Dakar
rally, a well-known racing competition. Brazil will host the FIFA’s Soccer World Cup in 2014 and the
Rio’s World Olympics in 2016. Peru has also become a
hub for global meetings, such as the South American-
Arab countries CEO summit (ASPA), the World
Economic Forum (WEF) and the Asia Pacific Economic
Cooperation (APEC) summit, just naming a few.
The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) has
released a study showing the socioeconomic impact of
tourism in the Latin American region and projections
until 2022.1
Figure 1 shows that direct contribution of
travel and tourism (T&T) in 2011 was US$133 billion
and will reach US$224 billion in 2022. The impact goes
beyond these figures: in addition to expenses on T&T
services (direct); companies pay taxes and invest
(indirect); and more jobs increase households’ demand
(induced). Taking all these effects into account, total tourism contribution will reach US$600 billion in
2022 or one tenth of total GDP of the region. In terms of jobs, this sector will employ 8.7 percent of total
labor in 2022 compared with 7.7 in 2011.
The stakes are high and governments have seen the opportunity to promote tourism when supporting the
private sector to organize such macro-events. Nevertheless, the promises of large revenues and short-term
jobs tend to raise expectations and governments could turn a blind eye to social costs (externalities) that
these activities generate. When journalists inform about potential negative impacts, their opinions are
downplayed for not focusing on economic benefits. Short-term benefits are now the focus, but citizens
will demand to have a say, more regulations or evaluating the long-term impacts in the future.
The Dakar Rally, which encompasses Argentina, Chile and Peru, has received direct support from these
governments. The Chilean and Peruvian governments invested US$2 and US$5 million respectively, in
infrastructure, media coverage and security for the event. In the 2012 edition, revenues to the tourism
industry in Chile were US$40 million, and US$165 million in Argentina. The Ministry of Trade and
Tourism of Peru estimates that the overall economic impact of the rally was US$520 million —US$450
million on promotion of local destinations plus US$70 million on activities linked to tourism services.
While projections vary, the Peruvian National Chamber of Tourism estimates that direct tourism revenues
grow to US$400 million in the 2013 Dakar Rally. Moreover, hotels have been near full-capacity in the
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1
World Travel and Tourism Council (2012) “Travel & Tourism economic impact 2012: Latin America” London: WTTC.
FIGURE!1.!Total!contribution!of!travel!and!tourism!to!
Latin!America!(2011!US$!billion)!
!
Source:!WTTC!(2012)!
!
4. 3!
areas where the race developed. However, there were some negative impacts to take into consideration.
UNESCO warned about the potential damage to archeological sites that are close to the race route, but
there is few data about the actual impact and there will probably be no follow-up in such remote areas.
The preparation of the 2014 FIFA Soccer World Cup in Brazil shows how implementing an urban plan
has triggered social and economic conflicts —but such measures are key to improve citizens’ livelihoods.
The Brazilian government is investing US$15 billion, mainly concentrated in infrastructure such as
stadiums, airports, and public transportation systems: the benefits could be close to US$90 billion in the
next 10 years. For example, investments in telecommunication infrastructure amount to US$7.2 billion
and complements the 2016 Rio Olympic Games investment plan. Most of these benefits will continue
after both events end. Moreover, public investment in both events should also trigger private investment
to meet the demands of goods and services, as well as energy demand for the 2014-2016 period.
This mega-urban project all over Brazil has been plagued with several difficulties. First, as FIFA’s
secretary general has criticized, there are delays in projects aimed at increasing hosting capacity given the
potential tourist flows. Second, there are serious doubts over the development and sustainability of new
infrastructure, such as the case of the Manaus stadium: this 42,000 people stadium in the middle of the
Amazon region may have little use after the 2014 Soccer World Cup. Third, corruption issues, forced
urban reallocations, and interventions to “pacify” favelas (shanty towns) have increased doubts about
Brazil’s ability to finish all the works in time and stay on budget.
Governments are right that the positive effects of supporting macro-events will exceed costs, but more
attention to these details is required so that this model to support tourism is sustainable. For example,
such events disrupt traffic, demand extra time from the police, and impose a heavy burden to neighbors in
areas surrounding the events. There are recent good examples of how to manage these coming events. The
city of London focused on mitigating the impact of the Olympics by asking citizens to prepare for the
event, a process dubbed “nudging”. This experience shows how critical was the role of volunteers and a
good communication policy to involve Londoners. These measures require additional budget and
organizational capacities, and cities need to invest heavily in creating these capacities to reap the benefits
of the next wave of tourists in this region.
In the next ten years, tourists visiting Latin American countries will double promoting direct and indirect
investment, revenues, and jobs. Supporting macro-events is important, but governments should do more
to expand these benefits to people that depend on the tourism sector —mostly encompassing a myriad of
small business, retailers, and low-qualified service sector!workers. Peruvian cuisine has been an important
attraction during the event —a sector that employs directly and indirectly five million workers in all the
productive chain from the field to the restaurant. However, Peru still needs to learn the lessons from more
integrated tourism industries, such as Mexico´s and international-event-hubs like Panama.
A strong service sector is a priority for the region, and governments should start implementing measures
to mitigate the negative impacts of more tourists for the years to come. Revenues and economic linkages
from touristic activities are now the focus, but there is still little attention to potentially conflicting social,
cultural and urban-planning policies. Cities need to use available instruments more creatively. For
example, in order to mitigate the impact over the environment, the Dakar organizers purchased carbon
credits under the REDD mechanism to support two reforestation projects in the Madre de Dios region.
The Lima Art Fest 2013 has recuperated a historical site to use it as a venue for different events, and
private companies are targeting several “casonas” (old houses) in downtown Lima to apply this model.
Inviting tourists to Latin America should ensure them access to all the services they require, but this is
just a first step. Governments, particularly at the local level, should create the conditions to mitigate the
negative impacts of such activities; but more importantly, they need to implement measures that generate
linkages to other economic sectors, particularly the service sector. When citizens perceive the benefits of
such macro-events, they are more likely to grant a “social license”.
5. 4!
Climate change in Latin America and the Caribbean:
Between adaptation and mitigation
By: Mario Bazán
Climate change is increasing climate variability and vulnerability in the region, as countries attempt to
balance the trade-off between development progress and environmental impact. Such goal has different
implications for adaptation and mitigation policies due to the diversity of countries in the region.
Climate change is one of the main challenges for Latin America and the Caribbean. Expanding the Kyoto
Protocol for the period 2013-2020, as it was proposed during the last Conference of the Parties (COP-18),
is in the interest of the countries in the region
because it forces signatories to cut their emissions
and most of them have lower CO2 emission levels
than industrialized and emerging countries (figure
1). The similarities end here: a division emerges
between COP countries of the region, between
those with high CO2 emissions, often associated
with the causes of climate change, and those more
vulnerable to its consequences.
Excluding outliers such as small islands, Brazil,
Mexico, Argentina and Venezuela are the main
CO2 emitters, well above any other country in the
region. On the other hand, Central American
countries and small islands, have the highest
climate vulnerability index, compared to most
South American countries and the big four CO2
emitters. At the global level Latin America and the
Caribbean is among the regions most vulnerable to
climate change.
Even more divisions emerge as we analyze each
case. Mexico and Brazil rank as vulnerable
countries, yet they are also big contributors to
global warming. Their economic size makes them
one of the top eight greenhouse gas (GHG)
emitters, only after China and India among
developing countries. Brazil has one of the largest ecosystems of the planet, whose environmental
services from biodiversity and carbon storage are largely threatened by economic development and
deforestation. Even though Brazil increased its GDP 34 times between 1990 and 2008, its natural capital
reduced by 25 percent according to the UN’s Inclusive Wealth Report 2012. In general, the region is one
of the main losers when GDP estimations take into account the depletion of natural resources.
Reaching the living standards of developed countries is proving costly to the environment in the region,
although the experiences of some countries provide valuable lessons. While Brazil lost most of its
forestry during the last two decades, Costa Rica has managed to double its forest cover while
incorporating measures to put value to its environmental resources. As a consequence, Costa Rica has
improved quality of life and has become a model of sustainable natural resource management. Although
each case is unique, countries need to incorporate environmental variables in their development policies
more aggressively.
Climate change is making this challenge more urgent, since climate variability are making countries in
this region more vulnerable. One main shock is the variation of the mean average temperature. Events
FIGURE!1.!CO2!emissions!vs.!climatic!vulnerability!Index!(CV):!!
Developed!countries!(red);!Caribbean!islands*!(blue);!emerging!
nations!in!other!regions!(green);!Central!American!(orange)!and!
South!American!(black)!countries!(selected!countries)!
!
Source:!CO2!Emissions!from!Fuel!Combustion!(2012!Edition),!IEA,!Paris;!
Quantifying!Vulnerability!to!Climate!Change,!CGD,!October,!2010.!
*No!data!or!outdated!data!for!Virgin!Islands,!Turks!and!Caicos!Island,!St.!
Martin,!Saint!Barthelme,!Montserrat,!!Martinique,!Guadeloupe,!French!
Guyana,!Cayman!Islands,!British!Virgin!Islands,!Bermuda,!Aruba!and!Anguilla.!
!
6. 5!
affecting such variable occur in the form of El Niño and La Niña, cold and heat waves, landslides, floods
and droughts. Even though they produce significant losses, these events are key for the regeneration of
ecosystems, and have shaped the interactions between humans and nature for centuries. Combine other
variables such as micro-climates, geography, ocean currents and winds, among others, and the potential
impacts on the population, require a vast array of policies and instruments available for the communities
to adapt and customize according to their particular needs and vulnerabilities.
The future scenarios about the impacts of climate change in the region are not favorable. According to the
IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report (2007), the expected long-term effects include: (i) increased
temperature and reduced soil moisture, that could progressively transform the Amazon tropical forest into
savannas; (ii) changes in vegetation, since semi-arid areas will be gradually replaced by arid vegetation;
(iii) significant losses of biodiversity and species extinction in tropical areas; (iv) lower productivity of
important seeds, with negative impacts for food security, agricultural production and long-term food
prices; (v) changes in the frequency and amount of rainfall and disappearance of glaciers, that could
reduce the availability of water for human consumption, agriculture and energy generation; and (vi) more
events such as flooding, storms, erosion and other events that deteriorate conditions of coastal areas, such
as beach erosion, loss of corals and loss of local resources.
The future is not only looking grim for the coming decades. Economic growth explains why countries are
investing in capacities to reduce vulnerabilities and starting to contribute with their share to mitigate
climate change. For example, economic growth in countries such as Brazil, Mexico, Argentina and
Venezuela, the big four regional countries, is closely linked to larger GHG emissions, but that also means
that these countries now count with resources to implement their own low-carbon development strategies.
They are now demanding more cooperation to have a broad range of instruments and solutions. For
example, Low Emission Development Strategies (LEDS), through cooperation programs from OECD
countries and international organizations, provide valuable alternatives to emerging countries.
Most developed countries have achieved high living standards although at a high environmental cost, that
has made them responsible for the accumulation of GHGs in the atmosphere. Years ago, the negotiations
for the current Kyoto Protocol occurred in a world where the dichotomy between developed/developing
countries allowed for establishing a criterion to assign global responsibilities to cope with climate change.
The current negotiations need to deal with the fact that the contribution of countries in the region to GHG
emissions will rapidly increase, however with a low overall effect. The biggest four countries in the
region need to work hard to establish a common negotiation position. Such quest could show their
willingness to become leading regional players at reducing GHG emissions and help other countries to
cope with the consequences of climate change through South-South Cooperation activities.
The argument of differentiated responsibilities between developed and developing countries in the Kyoto
Protocol has justified some positions from governments and thinkers in the region, so that some of the
emerging economies do not have to assume the costs of a cleaner development process. Similarly, the
argument about irreconcilable positions among countries due to their different profiles regarding CO2
emissions and climate change vulnerability, seems to negatively frame the countries´ views in post-Kyoto
regional negotiations. Nevertheless, none of these arguments would be able to justify intransigent
positions to climate change at the international or domestic level in the coming years.
As threats associated with climate variability and climate change become more evident, people will press
for bolder measures from their governments. At the same time, pressures to sustain economic growth may
deter some governments to incorporate LEDS, but countries will need to clearly explain the negative
consequences of high-emission growth in the long run. At the international level, national interests and
perceived differences between countries are standing in the way for building a strong common position at
post-Kyoto negotiations. A post-Kyoto Protocol that creates the broad array of instruments that countries
in the region need to implement mitigation and adaptation policies and advance towards LEDS, depends
entirely on the capacity of countries to build bridges and find common ground despite their differences.
7. 6!
Responding to citizens’ demands in Downtown Lima: Rethinking
participatory processes with a focus on public management
By: Fernando Prada
Local governments seeking to promote participation in their jurisdictions need to take attention to the
process that transform inputs from participation into public policies. Moreover, they need to reflect why
is it becoming harder to make citizens participate effectively.
There is a gap between the potential benefits of promoting participation in the political discourse and the
results that participatory processes effectively brings. On the one hand, the academic literature indicates
that participation is a mean to improve public policies and social services:2
by concerting policies, local
authorities strengthen governance and include citizens’ preferences. Others consider that promoting
participation is also an end on itself,3
because it creates social capital and responsible citizens.
On the other hand, every participatory process depends on local conditions, and the empirical evidence,
mostly anecdotal, indicates that such conditions determine the outcomes. According to Mansuri and Rao
(2011),4
“local participation does not work when it
is merely the ad-hoc, myopically directed, creation
of a project (…) it works when it has teeth, when it
builds on organic movements, when it is facilitated
by a responsive center, when it is adequately and
sustainably funded, and when interventions are
conditioned by a culture of learning by doing.”
These conditions are difficult to meet in almost
every locality of South America. More generally,
this situation could explain why most case studies
and evaluations about participation indicate that
results from these processes are generally poor,
which is leading to disillusionment and reversal of
participatory reforms. Nevertheless, citizens in the
region value participation: more participation is among the top features that democracies should have
according to about one third of citizens surveyed in Latinobarómetro (table 1).
Participation deserves another look, because it cannot solve problems magically and poorly managed can
even be counterproductive. Consulting citizens, planning policies and gathering demands —denominated
“deliberative participation”— does not directly produce results such as better policies or social services.
Starting from surveys or workshops with citizens, there is a long way to produce results. Moreover, this
way is paved with holes or “filtrations” —defined as any loss of information or inputs from participation.
A study of the participatory process in Downtown Lima shows evidence of the challenges at managing
participatory processes and making them work to provide solutions to citizens in the next ten years.5
The first group of filtrations occur when the authorities collect citizens’ demands: who participate and
who does not, how to better capture the visions and interest of diverse population and vulnerable groups,
what are the mechanism to convoke citizens and whether they are timely advertised, and who prepares the
agenda and facilitates the meetings. In downtown Lima, a district of 300,000 inhabitants, only 15 percent
have participated in at least one participatory mechanism of the local government, and 60 percent of the
rest who does not participate indicate that they had no information. Moreover, it is more likely that people
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
2
World Bank (2004), World Development Report: Making services work for the poor, Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
3
Crocker, D. (2008), Ethics of Global Development: Agency, capability, and deliberative democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;
and Alkire, S. (20020, Valuing Freedoms: Sen’s capability approach and poverty reduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
4
Mansuri, G. and V. Rao (2011), Localizing development: Does participation work?, Washington D.C.: World Bank, p.306.
5
Forthcoming evaluation study “De la participación a las políticas: Evaluando el impacto de la participación ciudadana en el Cercado de Lima”,
prepared for the Concurso MIRA of the Inter-American Development Bank but the team of researchers at FORO Nacional Internacional.
TABLE!1.!What!characteristics!would!improve!the!democracy!
in!your!countries?!(2011)!
Less
corrup-
tion
More
social
justice
More
trans-
parency
More
partici-
pation
Better
political
parties
It's OK
the way it
is now
Colombia 63 42 54 40 17 4
Argentina 61 43 46 35 21 10
Peru 59 37 28 31 20 7
Paraguay 59 28 42 35 21 7
Brazil 58 45 20 33 21 10
Venezuela 49 30 20 25 21 20
Chile 49 53 44 39 14 7
Bolivia 46 28 29 36 16 12
Ecuador 40 32 17 25 28 15
Uruguay 39 33 27 25 14 25
Region 48 33 31 31 21 13
Source:!Latinobarómetro!(2011)!
!
8. 7!
that participates have lower income, is relatively older or are affiliated to grassroots organizations. Some
of the buildings to hold meetings with citizens are not adequate or located in dangerous locations, which
may be discouraging the participation of women and people with disabilities.
A second group of filtrations happen when the local government process the inputs from consultation
processes in order to respond to citizens: do local authorities respond to each demand separately or prefer
to systematize and integrate demands in their strategic planning?; do officers register every request and
the government provides a system to follow up demands? In the case of downtown Lima and despite the
administration’s efforts, most citizens still prefer to send specific demands rather than participate in
consultations (which is a more complex form of citizen participation). Processing individual demands is
slow, need constant attention from officers, and difficult to follow up by citizens. More importantly, there
is little data about the impacts of policies and actions that have surged from participatory processes.
Despite these filtrations, which are common to any participatory process, the experience of downtown
Lima shows that participatory processes should cope with both aspects at the same time. First, promote
citizens’ participation, organize consultations and find more creative ways to collect information from
people to inform policies. Second, implement institutional mechanisms to systematize these inputs and
manage a bureaucratic process that effectively respond to citizens’ demands and introduce their
preferences in public policies. Otherwise, participation becomes biased and ceremonial, thus failing at
capturing citizen’s interest. Sadly, this has been the story after fifteen years of having introduced
participatory mechanisms in the Peruvian legislation: for example, the balance of local government’s
participatory budgeting in Peru indicates that both tracks are not going in parallel.
Therefore, the main challenge consist on capturing again the interest of citizens to participate. Cities are
becoming more diverse, thus vulnerable and minority groups could become even more invisible unless
local governments invest on reaching them. Cities in developed countries have experimented with new
methodologies to consult citizens, and several cities in South America have introduced some of them in
their jurisdictions. As a pilot in coordination with the local government, FORO Nacional Internacional
implemented a battery of six consultations with kids living in shanty towns, in order to create future
scenarios for Lima. Using dramatization and clown techniques, three professionals could effectively
gather powerful messages from kids thinking about the problems and future of their city (see box 1 at the
end of the article). Moreover, they can be implemented at a very low cost through training volunteers.
There is a menu of reforms that local governments will try to improve participation and make it more
effective, if they are willing to give priority to participatory processes and invest smartly. As middle class
grow, citizens will demand more channels to participate; and cities need to be creative. It is becoming
more common for politicians in the region to tweet and have a direct connection with citizens. The next
step is taking advantage of the potential of communications technologies to gather information from
citizens and to engage young people. This is still a promise in most cities, but the region is becoming
more connected. Advocates of electronic voting indicate that in the future it could be possible to reduce
costs of consultations through cellphones, electronic surveys and other similar channels.
Participatory processes need to effectively respond to citizens demands, and clearly inform what are the
outcomes of citizens’ participation. This requires better internal bureaucratic processes and adequate
communication channels between offices that promote participation and those offices in charge of
implementing projects or decision-making. Participatory budgeting is an area where few cities in South
America (mainly in Brazil and Colombia) have set up mechanisms so that citizens can follow up the
results from their decisions. Nevertheless, citizens will demand more power in decisions that affects their
neighborhoods such as planning public spaces, deciding over the provision of social services, and
prioritizing urban development projects. Devolving power through participation processes comes at a cost
that local governments are not always willing to pay. Collecting information about how participation
processes have worked in different contexts will provide cost-effective solutions for governments willing
to give another chance to improve citizens’ participation.
9. 8!
Box 1. Collecting citizen's perceptions through play: An interview with
Camila Vera, Luigi Valdizán and Tato Guerra-García
!
By: Andrea Huaranga
A group of kids and teenagers of the Asentamiento Humano “José Carlos Mariátegui” participated in
future scenario workshops to show that it is possible to gather their perceptions and opinions through
creative non-intrusive methodologies that mix play, drama and clown techniques.
!
The project "Challenges to 2040: Informal City Dialogues", implemented by FORO Nacional
Internacional in Lima, teamed with Camila Vera, Luigi Valdizán and Tato Garcia Guerra to test different
methodologies to reach kids in vulnerable zones and collect their perceptions about the future in a
systematic way using dynamics based on different artistic expressions and playful dynamics.
According to the facilitators, one positive advantage of using arts and clowning is to allow kids and
teenagers to express their ideas freely and spontaneously. By using these techniques, participants provide
valuable information without external pressure, as could be
the case of surveys or focus groups. Camila Vera indicated
that the authenticity in responses was possible through
dynamics based on impersonating different characters:
“(theater) allows individuals to explain what they feel and
think through interpreting stories from other characters. This
gives freedom so that people can say how they really feel.”!
For example, kids were asked to create a shared story where
everyone brought their everyday experiences to imagine the
future of the city. In front of an open book, participants were
able to eliminate shyness when imagining a future of the
City of Lima through these stories. As mentioned by Luigi
Valdizán, such alternative techniques can get results in a
context of scientific research: “Research can also apply
unconventional tools, such as theater or play (…) in order to
avoid discussion groups where people want to respond “correctly”. Theater can bring sincere responses,
particularly in a context where participants work with people they don’t know during a two-hour session.”
!
These techniques are also flexible. In one workshop with kids, parents wanted to see what their kids were
doing during the workshop even though they were asked to leave them alone to express themselves freely.
An extra technique in the set of tools of moderators came to help: parents were asked to write a letter to
their children that would be opened in 2040. Although they were not directly involved in the workshop,
the atmosphere was conducive to think about how they wanted it to be the future of their children —and
these letters will be processed to complement what kids think about the future of the city.
Therefore, these workshops not only collect information through the perception of participants. As Tato
Garcia- Guerra indicated: "(this) is a methodology that also connects people with lots of positive things
such as play, respecting the participation of others, working in teams, and the importance of respecting
what others think and say to create a shared idea about the future.” Visual arts also played a role during
the workshops, because through drawings, participants informed others about their vision of Lima in 2040.
There are several lessons learnt from applying these techniques. As noted by Luigi, Camila and Tato, you
can design different plans to structure consultation in order to obtain the information needed and plan
dynamics allowing a certain amount of time each one. During the sessions, it is clear that each group
handles their time differently, and adding this experience is important because it allows to manage time
better and improve facilitation skills. Such flexibility shows that using theater and clown techniques can
be successfully replicated in other settings at a low cost. The next step is to systematize such findings to
inform public policies in local governments by reaching a more ample group of citizens. !
FIGURE!1.!Planning!future!scenarios!in!Asentamiento!
Humano!“José!Carlos!Mariátegui”!
!
Source.!Workshop!under!the!project!“Challenges!to!2040:!
Informal!City!Dialogues".!
!
10. 9!
Miscellany Section
Unemployment is falling in Latin America and the Caribbean
Unemployment has reduced from 10 percent in 2000 to 6.4 percent in 2012 in Latin America and the
Caribbean. It may even further decline to 6.2 percent in 2013 according to the International Labour
Organization (ILO). Averages hide differences between countries. Ecuador has experienced the largest
reduction, above one point in 2012 compared to 2011, while reductions in Brazil, Peru and Chile were
between 1 and 0.5 percent, in Colombia and Venezuela was less than 0.5 percent, and have remained
constant in Argentina and Uruguay. Only in Paraguay has unemployment increased.
Almost ten years ago, a report from the Inter-American Development Bank (2005) suggested a scenario
where economic growth would not lead to higher employment levels. Nevertheless, the recovery after the
2009 financial crisis has also reduced unemployment to historically low levels. Some governments have
attempted to increase the minimum wage as a means to improve the quality of jobs, but such measures
have not triggered inflationary processes yet. Other governments that have focused on creating a
favorable investment climate are associated with higher economic growth rates. A consensus is emerging
that supporting private sector initiatives and entrepreneurship is effectively helping countries to reduce
unemployment. The region has avoided a jobless recuperation after the financial crisis, but as some
economies reach historical unemployment levels, attention to job quality will increase.
Reading trends and what they mean for educational objectives
In 2008, a Foro Nacional Internacional report identified several trends related to the future of books. The
latest edition of the Consumer Electronic Show (CES) 2013 provides some evidence of the consolidation
of some of these trends. The CES showed how e-readers have captured the attention of the industry, and
how plastic devices and flexible screens will be the next wave in consumer technologies. These
developments could help to attach educational objectives. For example, the CES shows that some
technologies could become cost-effective alternatives to induce reading habits for kids —bridging
educational policies and new technologies.
Educational problems due to the lack of reading habits in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), is a
persistent problem. Although the literacy rate has reached 91 percent, women’s rate is still 88 percent.
Government efforts have reached most of the population but current policies are not enough for the
remaining ten percent. For example, the One-laptop-per-child program distributed 800,000 laptops in
Peru, but the elementary student population is more than 3.7 million students. There is no data about how
this program reached the poorest districts, but such technologies could be a good option to reinforce
reading habits. A survey in the US estimates that more than 40 percent of its population has used e-
readers and the average number of books read by e-reader users is 24 books per year. Achieving similar
levels in LAC countries will require reforms in educational strategies, but also an impulse from
publishing houses and authors, among others, to create materials and publications. Sooner than later, e-
readers will become cost-effective instruments to promote reading habits.
From New York to Lima: Community development through the Arts
R.Evolución Latina is an organization based in New York that empowers the Latino community to reach
their full potential as community leaders and promoters of the Arts in their communities. The main
objective is to discover and improve the abilities of American artists, supporting and inspiring them
through scholarships to train with the best teachers and other artists that previously received this support
in their communities. The "Beyond Workshop Series" is a R.Evolución Latina program created by the
Broadway choreographer Luis Salgado that replicates similar initiatives in Latin American countries.
With the support of ‘Pura Vibra Producciones' in Lima, the program identified the best local teachers of
dance, singing and acting to select 60 artists to participate in the program. The selected artists then
participate in several workshops and receive training to build their confidence and develop leadership
skills necessary to promote more talents in their communities.
11. 10!
By promoting art through trained community leaders and artists, the organizers seek a snowball effect in
vulnerable communities. This idea has been implemented in Asia, Europe and America; and Peru and
Colombia are the first countries in South America to have this workshop. There is evidence that these
initiatives offer productive alternatives for young people to drugs, alcohol and crime and such social
problems, by teaching them discipline and love for arts. Moreover, European and American universities
are already teaching those skills in a systematic way: small scale initiatives such as the "Beyond
Workshop Series" should provide case studies and analysis of impacts of similar initiatives. Nevertheless,
these initiatives are mostly based in voluntary work or external funding, both scarce. In the following
years these ideas need to find sustainable business models, probably encouraging more public funding
from local governments.
Internet governance for science and technology issues
The recent death of Aaron Swart, an American that was going through a judicial process for having
downloaded and distributed four million articles from JSTOR for free, is one of several events that
stretches the limits of regulation. The World Conference on International Telecommunications (WCIT) in
Dubai in January 2013, struggles to come up with common criteria to deal with problems caused by
different uses of the Internet. But this is a matter of balance, as the Latin American and the Caribbean
(LAC) experience suggests. Internet facilitates the dissemination of knowledge in LAC countries. For
instance, nine countries have promoted associations between universities to develop a project to distribute
scientific publications for free, in order to create not only a repository but a network of repositories. This
network could benefit around 700,000 teachers, 70,000 researchers and 15 million students in the region.
Nevertheless, lack of capacity to enforce regulations is creating some problems.
Property rights sometimes put limitations to government policies aimed at encouraging knowledge
generation in their scientific strategies. Weak protection of property rights, on the other hand, may
discourage innovative activities —for example, Peru only registers 0.2 patent requests per million people,
while the world average is 208. Moreover, wrong information that flows freely in Internet may bias the
public discourse on scientific news and new technologies. In that sense, the Internet can help to close
knowledge gaps, but it could also provide inaccurate contents, particularly regarding science and
technology issues. In the next years, regulators in the region will seek a balance between Internet uses and
a healthy “cyber-environment”.
Traditional usages of the coca leaf in Bolivia: A balance after legalization
The UN’s Convention on Narcotic and Drugs recently admitted the traditional usage of the coca leaf in
Bolivia. Official results suggest good advances at combining management of traditional cultivation and
use of coca leaf, with a credible cocaine eradication policy: Coca leaf areas reduced in 12 percent and
went from 31,000 Has. in 2010 to 27,200 Has. in 2011; and the amount of coca leaf area eradication
increased 28 percent in 2011 compared to 2010. At the same time, global narcotic markets are also
changing. For example, the market value of cocaine has increased from US$353 million in 2011 from
US$310 millions in 2010, while confiscations reduced from 1,015 Ton. in 2010 to 603 Ton. in 2011.
Bolivia, as one of the main producers of coca leaves, will receive the impact of such growing market but
it will be entrapped in a policy dichotomy of “coca leaf = drug” policy, that puts emphasis in prohibition;
and “coca leaf=sacred” policies, that treats coca leaves as an economic resource and a tradition, but
contradicts current mainstream policies in the fight against drugs. But this could get more problematic in
the future. According to President Morales, Bolivia’s next goal is to promote coca leaf exports. China
may be one of the first clients for the production of tea, but it is currently awaiting the favorable opinion
of ALBA (Bolivarian Alliance for the People of the Americas) countries. These measures may break the
current dichotomy and allow for more rationale (and legal) uses of coca leaves. However, such measures
should be accompanied by the necessary legal amendments, new specialized technologies for monitoring
crops, and a credible implementation process monitored by the international community.