1. Afghanistan has experienced many periods of political and social change over the centuries, transitioning from tribal dominance to kingdoms to communist and Taliban rule. 2. In the 1800s, numerous ethnic groups populated Afghanistan and tribal power dominated society. The first Afghan sovereign government was established in 1747 through a Loya Jirga. 3. From 1919-1979, Afghanistan was a modern kingdom that experienced early reforms under King Amanullah, including establishing women's rights, but also faced instability.

1. 1
Afghanistan
The never resting Land
Farzan Dehbashi

2. 2
Some notable people born in modern day Afghanistan
• Kamaleddin Behzad (founder of Negargari)
• Rumi
• Nasir Khusraw
• Jami
• Anvari
• Sanai

3. 3
2001-2021
Islamic republic of
Afghanistan
1979-2001
Communist governments
Taliban
1919-1979
Modern kingdom of
Afghanistan
1800s
Pre Amanullah period.
Historical periods
Tribal dominance Anarchy
Era of kudetas
Progress in
poverty
Freedom of speech
Instability
Corruption

4. 4
How did Afghan society look like around 1800
• Numerous ethnic groups: Pashtun, Hazara, Tajik, Uzbek,
Turkmen, …
• Tribal power
• Pashtunistan problem

5. 5
Loya jirga
• Heads of tribes
• 1747
• establishment of first Afghan sovran
government
• 1923
• First Constitution
• 1928
• Compulsory military service
• Banning all Islamic veils

6. 6
1919-1979
Modern kingdom of
Afghanistan
1800s
Pre Amanullah period.
Historical periods
Tribal dominance Progress in
poverty

7. 7
Amanullah Khan (1919-1926)
• Establishment of Afghanistan 1919
• Women’s right
• Political reforms
• Economical reforms

8. 8
Afghanistan under rule of Amanullah (1919-1926)

9. 9
Progress in poverty

10. 10
Nadir shah and Zahir shah (1929-1973)
• Peaceful era  Remaining neutral in both world wars
• Women voted for the first time
• Afghan became an inclusive world
• Good relations with Pakistan and the rest of the world

11. 11
Afghanistan in 1960s

12. 12
Afghanistan in 1960s

13. 13
Afghanistan in 1960s (continued)

14. 14
1973-2001
Communist governments
Taliban
1919-1979
Modern kingdom of
Afghanistan
1800s
Pre Amanullah period.
Historical periods
Tribal dominance Anarchy
Era of kudetas
Progress in
poverty

15. 15
1973-1992 Communist governments
1. Davood-khan
1. More freedom of speech
2. At first an allied of USSR, gradually shifting against it
2. Hafizollah Amin
1. Totally anti-Islamic government
2. Secularism in a deeply traditional society
3. Supressing all peaceful protests
4. Fully backed by the USSR
3. Babrak Karmal
1. Followed by invasion of USSR
2. Government of terror

16. 16
Soviet Afghanistan

17. 17
Soviet occupation

18. 18
Mujahidin
• Tajik
• Backed by Iran, the USA, …
• Pashtun
• Backed by Pakistan, Iran, …
• Uzbek
• Backed by Turkey, USSR, USA, …
• Responsible for massacred of Dasht-e-Leili
• Guilty of multiple sexual assaults on men

19. 19
Battle of Kabul

20. 20
Battle of Kabul

21. 21
Taliban

22. 22
Taliban (continued)

23. 23
Buddha in Bamiyan

24. 24
Daralaman

25. 25
2001-now
Islamic republic of
Afghanistan
1979-2001
Communist governments
Taliban
1919-1979
Modern kingdom of
Afghanistan
1800s
Pre Amanullah period.
Historical periods
Tribal dominance Anarchy
Era of kudetas
Progress in
poverty
Freedom of speech
Instability
Corruption

26. 26
Modern day Afghanistan leaders
• Bachelor’s and master’s of political sciences
• Master’s and Ph.D. in International relations
• Faculty at John Hopkins and invited to teach at UCBerkley
• Previously a World Bank researcher A TED talk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6GLw12jywo&ab_channel=TED

27. 27
Modern Afghanistan (2001-2021)

28. 28

29. 29
Evacuation

30. 30