VIRUSES structure and classification ppt by Dr.Prince C P
Affinity-Based Optical DNA Mapping in Nanochannels
1. FROM ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PLASMIDS
TO THE HUMAN GENOME
AFFINITY-BASED OPTICAL DNA
MAPPING IN NANOCHANNELS
Fredrik Westerlund
Chemical Biology
Biology and Biological Engineering
Chalmers University of Technology
2. Chalmers 2
• Nanofluidics
• Optical DNA mapping
• Background
• “Our” DNA mapping assay
• Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids
• Human Genome
Outline
Müller, V. & Westerlund, F. Optical DNA mapping in nanofluidic devices:
principles and applications. Lab on a Chip 17, 579–590 (2017).
3. • Fabricate nanochannels (down to ≈ 100*100 nm)
• Enclose a DNA molecule (typically >50 kbp) and
stretch by confinement (no handles)
• Stained with fluorescent dyes (YOYO)
• Visualize with fluorescence microscopy
Low salt
High salt
Nanofluidics and DNA
5. • Extension (r) scales linearly with
contour length (L, number of
bases).
• A position X % into the image
corresponds to a position X % into
the contour length. > Sequence
information
X
X
Important!
7. Visualize the sequence of intact genomic (Mbp) DNA
• Scaffolding for base-by-base sequencing technique
• Standard sequencing techniques have short read lengths (<1kb)
• Detect structural gene variations
• Copy number variations
• Deletions
• Insertions
• Inversions
• Translocations
• Fast and efficient identification of bacteria and bacterial plasmids
Optical DNA mapping
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• Overuse in health care and agriculture
• 25 years without new antibiotics
The prognosis1 is one person dying every third second
due to no longer treatable bacterial infections by 2050
Antibiotic Resistance
1 The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations. 2016.
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• Plasmids are responsible for the
spread of antibiotic resistance
• Transfer of plasmids via conjugation
• Susceptible bacteria -> multiresistant
DNA stored in the chromosome or as plasmids
Bacteria and Their Plasmids
Needed: Fast, efficient and amplification free techniques to identify plasmids coding for antibiotic resistance
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Optical DNA Mapping – The Assay
Nyberg L. K. et al. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6, 30410
Müller V. et al. ACS Infectious Disease, 2016, 2, 322-328
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• Competitive binding between
Netropsin and YOYO
One step labeling
Optical DNA Mapping – The Assay
Bis-intercalating fluorophore
AT-specific, non-fluorescent minor grove binder
Nyberg L. et al. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2012;417:404–408
Nilsson, A. N. et al. Nucleic Acids Research 42, e118 (2014).
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• Idea = compare experimental barcode with theoretical barcodes
from a sequence database
• Convert ATGCCGCCTGCTAATCG theoretical barcode
• Unique match?
Identifying Plasmids from a Sequence
Database
Experimental barcode R100 Theoretical barcode R100Experimental barcode pUUH Theoretical barcode pUUH
Nyberg L. K. et al. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6, 30410
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• Aim: Trace plasmids based on their size + barcode
• P-value calculated for comparison of exp. vs exp. barcodes
• In total 9 samples from 4 different neonates selected
• Different strains, species, and time points
• One plasmid responsible for entire outbreak?
Tracing Plasmids from a Nosocomial Outbreak
Müller V. et al. ACS Infectious Disease, 2016, 2, 322-328
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Tracing Plasmids from a Nosocomial Outbreak
• Main Findings
• Shared plasmid of ~ 80 kbp
found in each isolate
• Assay allowed:
• Monitor plasmid content
• Detect spread between strains,
species and patients
Müller V. et al. ACS Infectious Disease, 2016, 2, 322-328
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• Gene not possible to detect
directly from barcode
• Needs to be labeled
• Problem = specificity
• Solution = CRISPR/Cas9
Extending the Assay – Gene Detection
• Enzyme involved in the
adaptive immune system of
some bacteria and archaea
• 23 bp recognition site
• Can be custom designed!
Müller, V. et al. Scientific Reports 6, 37938 (2016).
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Extending the Assay – Gene Detection
Light/Mechanically induced breaks Site-specific Cas9 induced breaks
• Few linearized plasmids
• Breaks at random locations
• Many linearized plasmids
• Breaks at site specific locations
Müller, V. et al. Scientific Reports 6, 37938 (2016).
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Extending the Assay – Gene Detection
Müller, V. et al. Scientific Reports 6, 37938 (2016).
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• Assay evaluated on multiresistant bacteria
• Detection limit established for stating the presence of a gene
• Assay capable of detecting (resistance) genes on plasmids?
Direct Gene Identification on Single Plasmid
Molecules
20. 2017-10-13 Chalmers 20
Summary Plasmids
• Finding the size and
number of plasmids
• Providing an ID for
tracing or detection
• Identifying a gene
and assigning it to a
specific plasmid
21. 2017-10-13 Chalmers 21
Group
• Vilhelm Müller
• Lena Nyberg
• Karolin Frykholm
• Sriram KK
• Santosh K Bikkarolla
• John Andersson
Sahlgrenska Hospital
• Christina Åhren
• Nahid Karami
Acknowledgments
Lund University
• Tobias Ambjörnsson
• Saair Quaderi
• Christoffer Pichler
• Albertas Dvirnas
Uppsala University
• Linus Sandegren
• Fredrika Rajer
Karolinska Hospital
• Christian Giske
• Muhammad Kabir
• Tsegaye Sewunet
BioNanoGenomics
• Alex Hastie
• Denghong Zhang
• Saki Chan