Advantages And Disadvantages Of Lead Acid Battery

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Lead Acid Battery
3.5.1.2 Preventing Overcharge
It is commonly known that overcharging decreases battery life. Due to overcharging, the
temperature level increases causing sepration of hydrogen and oxygen, thereby reducing the water
level. These gasses start evaporating and due to excessive voltage may catch fire and explode. That's
why it is essential to prevent our system from overcharging. It is simply a matter of reducing the
flow of energy to the battery when the battery reaches a specific voltage. Charge controllers also
work as a voltage regulator. Some charge controllers works on the principle of "On/Off Control"
means regulate the flow of energy to the battery by switching the current. This is called PWM (Pulse
Width Modulation). This type of regulator ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.6.1.1 Flooded Lead–Acid (FLA) Deep Cycle Batteries
Flooded deep cycle lead–acid batteries (FLA) are least expensive and commonly used in solar
energy system. These batteries contain the sulfuric acid, which reacts with the lead plate and
produces electricity. FLA deep cycle batteries required proper maintenance because in charging
situation electrolysis process occurs and procure hydrogen and Oxygen which escape the cell
through the filler, arises fluid loss so proper monitoring of water level is essential. 3.6.1.2 Sealed
Deep Cycle Batteries
Sealed deep cycle batteries are expensive than FLA batteries. In this type electrolyte is suspended in
either an absorbed glass mat or in gel form. And do not last as many charging cycles. Sealed deep
cycle batteries require less maintenance therefore can be used in remote locations without attended.
Sealed batteries have vents to allow hydrogen to escape. Also, the only way to replace the escaped
moisture is by adding water to the cells. That's why the life of sealed batteries would not be as long
as flooded deep cycle lead–acid
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Trends Of Energy Harvesting : Introduction
Trends of Energy Harvesting
Introduction
Wireless sensor network
Wireless sensor networks are the networks that gather information such as environmental
information, which there are numbers of applications of WSN such as healthcare, building
monitoring, forest fire, smart home etc. WSN is capable of sensing, processing and communicating
independently. However, as most of the sensor nodes are powered by non–rechargeable battery, the
limitation of energy supply has considerably reduced the lifetime of the sensor network. Hence, new
designs of sensor node network and energy efficient MAC (Media Access Control) and protocols for
long term autonomous monitoring wireless sensor network has become the next vision.
The designing of WSN has become more and more challenging, as the size of the nodes kept
shrinking and the need of reducing power consumption. Duty cycle allows the node to gather data
and transmit with less energy consumption, but sometimes that also inducted delays. A higher
current will be drawn by the sensor node when it is awake, hence duty cycle has been introduced to
reduce the energy consumption of the node. An average ultralow power microcontroller consumes
51μA/MHz in transceiving mode and 0.5μA in standby mode. Some WSN monitor slow
environment changes which only require a low duty cycle and hence a power requirement. For those
applications, the WSN nodes can be in sleep mode for most of the time and only wakes up when it is
scheduled to transmit/receive

Solar Declares, Sunspots And Radiation
Solar flares, sunspots, and radiation are all things that are on the Sun and are important parts of the
weather on the Sun. Solar flares are short outbursts of energy on the sun. Sunspots are dark spots in
the sun from the contrast of its surroundings. Radiation from the sun is also known as sunlight.
Radiation is a mixture of electromagnetic waves that range from infrared to ultraviolet rays. Solar
flares are caused by a sudden release of energy that has been stored in twisted magnetic fields. The
energy of a solar flare is equal to ten million volcanic eruptions, and can last anywhere between a
couple minutes to hours on end. Solar flares happen in sunspots where the magnetic fields are strong
and active. Solar flares release an incredible amount of energy. It takes energy from the sun about
eight minutes to reach Earth.
Solar radiation is the electromagnetic radiation and particles emitted by the sun. The ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Large sunspots could have a diameter of about 20,000 miles, which is several times larger than the
Earth's diameter, and they can last for months. Sunspots have a dark central region called the umbra
and the lighter surrounding region of it is called the penumbra. A pore is a smaller sunspot that has
no penumbra. Pores may only be several hundred miles and last only for a few hours. The sunspot
cycle is the number of sunspots and solar latitudes at which they appear and vary over a period of 11
years. During the beginning of a cycle sunspots are between 20 degrees and 40 degrees north and
south of the sun's equator. Later on in the cycle the spots increase in number and get closer to the
solar equator. Sunspot's magnetic fields have a strength 3,000 times greater than an average
magnetic field of either the Sun or Earth. Astronomers believe that may have something to do with
the cause of

Essay on Will the World Really End in 2012?
December 21, 2012: This date has many people wondering why scientists and researchers assume
the world will come to an end. Generally, everyone is captivated on the concept of the world's
execution. Hollywood even created a film based on 2012. But is the world really going to come to
an end? Are we really going to die because of some calendar that is almost done? Is a giant flare
from the sun going burn us all, or an enormous volcanic eruption from a super volcano going to
destroy the earth? Considering how we were to have a meltdown in 2000, it is unlikely the world
will end. So the talk about the world ending in 2012 could just be that; talk. However, there is
scientific evidence that shows the following could contribute to some damage ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
5 years ago, astronomers had found a black hole in the Milky Way. Theory is that the earth will be in
an exact alignment with the sun and the Milky Way, which happens once every 25,800 years. But no
one knows what will happen when the three align; except, the Mayan's. They believe that it could be
catastrophic (Decoding The Past, 2007)The theory that scientists and Mayan's have come up with is
that when the earth, the sun and the Milky Way are aligned; the poles would shift and cause major
destruction: from earthquakes to tsunami's, and forest fires (Decoding The Past, 2007). It does sound
farfetched, but there is evidence that the Mayan's could be right for about 2012.
While scientists and geologists get a better understanding of the Mayan calendar, astronomers look
at the sun as another way of the world ending. Many don't know, but the sun does have storms called
solar flares. Astronomers say that the earth will come to an end, but it is unlikely it won't be 2012;
more so around 4 billion years from now when the sun looses all of its hydrogen in the center, which
will then swell and swallow the inner solar system (O'Neill, 2009). Astronomers state that the solar
system has an 11 year solar cycle called the solar maximum, which should be peaking soon (Sibeck,
2009). The worst scenario that astronomers declare could happen; is a major disturbance that would
hit the poles. The solar plasma would be emitted

The Warming Of Global Climate Change
Global climate change is going to change with or without the help of humans because we have to
use fossil fuels to survive. Global Climate change is the warming of the average temperature On
Earth's surface, caused mainly by the increased concentration of Greenhouse Gases in the
atmosphere causing weather patterns to change. Man–made gases are not the only contributing
factor to Global Climate change because such things as sunspots eating at the atmospheric layers,
causing more radiation to come through, increased water vapor due to Carbon Dioxide induced
warming as indicated by NASA, and Permafrost, which is solid, frozen soil which constitutes about
25% of land area in the Northern Hemisphere.
Sunspots form On the sun's surface due to strong magnetic field lines coming up within the sun
trough, solar surface, and are visible as dark spots compared to surrounding. Sunspots are generally
bigger than the Earth and are always dark and much cooler than it's surroundings. Large sunspots
can have a temperature of 3700 degrees Celsius, which isn 't much compared to the temperature of
the photosphere of the sun which is about 5500 degrees Celsius. Sunspots are a very common sight
during the solar maximum; Solar maximum is the period of greatest solar activity which lasts about
eleven years (SpaceWeatherLive.com. 2015).
Sunspots occur because the sun isn 't a rock like Earth and the inner planets.The sun is a ball of
continuously circulating hot gases that doesn 't move all in one

Solar Max Research Paper
olar–Max Space Program
The human being has moved throughout the years always driven by that desire to explore every
single corner, from the Continental ancient explorers to the present, with the exploration of the solar
system. Human curiosity about day and night, the sun, moon, and stars, led them to conclude that
celestial bodies seem to move regularly. This observation helped primitives to define time and to be
oriented. However, astronomy solved these problems that the first civilization had right away, by
establishing precisely the right time to cultivate, celebrate their festivities, and to travel without
getting lost. For primitive people the sky was a tool; the Sun separated the day from the night, every
single morning the sun rises ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The best feature of this instrument is that it was capable of taking images in four different spectral
positions and the rotating polarizer was capable of measuring magnetic fields.
Another instruments was The Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor or ACRIM package
whose main goal was to control the Solar Constant, which in other words is the total energy that
came out from the sun, this was done with extreme precision. Also, this allowed people to see and
study the duration that dimming of the sun could take. After studying this they concluded that the
sun is brighter during its maximum sunspot cycle.
The Gamma–Ray Spectrometer or GRS instrument had three detector systems that measured the
spectra of flare X–rays and gamma rays which showed that gamma ray emission from even modest
flares was common and that particles are accelerated in flares to high energies in just a few

Mr Crumpler Observation
Based on the observations and recounts of Mr. Crumpler in accordance with the provided inventory
workpapers, it is fairly reasonable to assume that Apollo Shoes' inventory counts are accurate.
Apollo Shoes' inventory count instructions are sufficient to control for errors and provide for
separation of duties, error checking, and prohibit the sale and movement of inventory during their
inventory count. Mr. Crumpler noted the amount of shoe boxes per pallet and a recently received
shipment of shoes. He also sampled a selection of Apollo Shoes' count sheets and all of the count
sheets matched his counts (note that Crumpler did not indicate how he chose the count sheets and it
could be indicative of nonstatistical sampling). Mr. Crumpler also discovered

Comparison Of Solar Declares And The Solar Cycle
A problem that may affect you in the future are solar flares and the solar cycle. Solar flares and
sunspots can interrupt radio frequencies, transmissions, and everything electronic. This could cause
prodigious problems and send the world into anarchy. Solar flares are high energy explosions that
radiate through space. They are sometimes called CME's, which stands for coronal mass ejection.
Solar flares are measured by the maximum flux of their X–rays. The scale consists of grade A, B, C,
M, X flares. A is the weakest level and X is the strongest. This scale is similar to the Richter scale
for measuring earthquakes. The most recent solar flare that was considered X–rated occurred in
2011, according to (Science Daily.)
A sunspot is a result of a solar flare. Sunspots occur when there is a magnetic disturbance on the
surface of the sun, which causes a cooler temperature of the gases then the ones around it. A solar
flare is an explosion of plasma on the surface of the sun. Both sunspots and solar flares cause
electrical surges ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since solar flares interrupt electrical lines and towers, you can buy an off–the–grid generator to
supply your building with power. Investing in surge protectors can help protect your appliances'
power boards from being fried. Another way to protect major electricity and communication lines is
to make them more material–based and not as vulnerable. NASA has built a large solar shield to
protect their power grids from solar activity. These function as mirrors and are repositioned as the
CME travels towards Earth.
To conclude, solar flares are a threat to the existence of technology on earth. They could cause vast
problems on Earth, however there are things we can do to protect and prevent against these solar
flares. Solar flares are no need to worry too much about, as the odds of them hitting Earth are very

The Development Of East Africa
Over the last five million years, every aspect of East Africa's landscape has undergone a peculiar
change, creating a centrality of evolution in its region. Due to forces exerted by plate tectonics and a
changing climate, East Africa has transformed from a depressed, arboraceous region to an alpine
landscape that is strangely dominated by deep–water lakes that tend to appear and disappear
consistently. According to the Huffington Post, it was from this particular area that "emerged an ape
smart enough to question its own existence; (Maslin)" a clever indication that this area employed the
rise of human beings. Approximately twenty million years ago, the Asian and Indian continental
plates jarred into one another and impelled the Tibetan plateau to move upwards. In the midst of the
heated summertime, this plateau acts "as a huge heat engine (Maslin)" as it absorbs solar energy that
is later transmitted to the atmosphere; during this process, convection currents are created. With vast
amounts of hot air rising, air from other areas are transported and sucked in, including moist
amounts of air from the Indian Ocean "that produces intense South East Asian monsoons (Maslin)".
It is this transition occurring within the air that has drawn out the moisture from African and created
a dry climate within the areas of its eastern regions. Not only is the climate affected by this action,
but also evolution as well. The distinct split that is created between the climates of Asia and

The Meaning Of Life In Siddhartha
iddhartha LAP
Topic #8
Abid Ahmad
Everything we do in the world is absolutely pointless. We as humans are irrelevant specks in the
vast universe that go about our repetitive lives for no apparent reason. At the end of the day, it
makes no difference how much good or bad we do in the world. This is the ignorant view of the
world that fails to see the perfect harmony in which we all live our lives. The redundant cycles that
we try so hard to get away from are part of our overarching connectedness as humans. As parts of a
whole, all of us have a role to play in making our lives better for ourselves and others. Our role is
the very meaning of life, and we should embrace it wholeheartedly. The novel Siddhartha by
Hermann Hesse stresses this cyclical unification through various circular constructions throughout
Siddhartha's life. Siddhartha had to deal with many individual stages of his life that seemed
pointless. These cycles almost drove him to the point of suicide, but he was saved by the river which
acted as a symbol for his entire life, as a united whole. This was the gateway to his attainment of
enlightenment, allowing him to feel closer to everyone around him. Siddhartha began as an affluent
Brahmin's son, coveted by all close to him. His family and friends greatly admired the level of
intuition and intellect that Siddhartha had possessed. Govinda, his best friend, constantly adored him
and followed in his footsteps. In this life, Siddhartha began the

Solar Storms Essay
Solar Storms
Storms in space could have a devastating effect on our society. Solar storms are a result of solar
flares and are electromagnetic in nature. They are capable of causing power outages and halting all
types of communication, including; electronic pagers; radio and television broadcasts; credit card
transactions; military communications; etc.
Solar flares are cyclical, usually over a period of eleven years. There are three basic stages to a solar
flare. The first stage is the precursor stage, where the release of magnetic energy is triggered. In the
second or impulsive stage, radio waves are emitted. During the third or decay stage, the gradual
build up and decay of soft x–rays can be detected.
The frequency of these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The solar wind containing these hot gases races toward the edges of the solar system, and smash in
to the magnetosphere. The magnetosphere protects the earth by deflecting most of the solar wind
around the planet. Trillions of these charged particles mange to get through and project from the
North and South poles. Energy released in this fashion excites atoms of nitrogen and oxygen, which
in turn emit pulses of colored light. These formations are called an aurora. The aurora borealis,
which are visible in Alaska, are a result of this sort of space storm.
In 1989, during our most recent solar maximum, currents induced by a geomagnetic storm brought
down the power grid that supplies Canada's Quebec province. The next solar maximum expected in
the year 2000 have the capacity of even greater damage. Our society has even greater dependence
on electronic modes of communication as well as power sources (grids), which are enormous and
interconnected, (in order to save money). This also increases the vulnerability to power outages. If,
there were extended power outages in the heat of the summer, or during a cold wave, the losses
would not only be financial, but would also include a large human toll.
The U.S. military is very vulnerable to the potentially devastating effects of solar flares during the
solar maximum cycle. The military relies on the accuracy of its electronic equipment for
communications, ballistic missile early warning, navigation, weather prediction,

Are We Too Dependent on Technology? Essay
Are We Too Dependent on Technology?
Eric Tracy ENG 122 Angela Temple May 3rd, 2010
Are We Too Dependent on Technology? If you were to ask somebody what a computer was sixty
years ago they would look at you look at you puzzled. Now days it is hard to find a household or
office in America that does not contain at least one personal computer. With all of this information at
our finger tips, we have to ask ourselves if we are becoming too dependent on technology. Imagine
if we were to wake up tomorrow with all electronic devices disabled. Everybody's life would be
impacted in one way or another. We would lose what has become the largest portal for
communication. We would also lose countless information that has ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A lot of people believe that we are not too dependent on technology. I spoke to my brother; he stated
we just utilize it like we would automobiles or anything else like that. There is no denying the
benefits of technology, however, I believe we should not get ahead of ourselves. Over the last fifty
years our civilization has changed dramatically. Communication with friends and family has become
as easy as the click of the mouse. Also we have saved countless trees by using electronic mail
instead of paper mail. I agree that it is in our best interest to continue to use technology in the future.
However, I feel that we all should get into the mindset of having a contingency plan in case we lose
it. It is hard to go anywhere now days without interacting with a computer. A lot of jobs now require
that you fill out applications on the internet. It has also become crucial that you have basic computer
skills to be employed in any office setting. In 1994 only 3% of public schools had internet access. In
just over ten years in 2005 that number had jumped to 94% of all public schools now having internet
access. (US Department of Education) This just goes to show how fast technology is really growing.
I feel that we are way to acceptant of something new and need to realize the repercussions before
jumping right in. So many people rely on technology in their everyday lives. It could be from using
your cell

Solar Modulation Of Galactic Cosmic Rays
Solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) has been a subject of intense research, especially to
assess the continuously changing behaviour of the sun and its influence on cosmic rays. This
modulation of GCR intensity associated with ~11–year solar activity cycle has been studied from
past several decades (e.g., Forbush, 1954; Burlaga et al., 1985; Venkatesan and Badruddin, 1990;
Storini et al., 1995; Sabbah and Rybansky, 2006; Kudela, 2009; Ahluwalia et al., 2010; Heber, 2013;
Chowdhury, Kudela, and Dwivedi, 2013; and references therein). The long–term GCR modulation
shows ~22–year cycle related to the solar magnetic cycle as the solar polarity reverses near solar
maximum of very activity cycle; the polarity dependant effects on cosmic rays have also been an
area of active research (e.g., Jokipii, Levy, and Hubbard, 1977; Potgieter and Moraal, 1985; Smith
and Thomas, 1986; Cliver and Ling, 2001; Kota 2013; Potgieter, 2014; Laurenza et al., 2014;
Potgieter et al., 2014; Thomas, Owens, and Lockwood, 2014; Thomas et al., 2014; and references
therein).
The ~11/~22 –year GCR intensity modulation in anti–phase with solar activity shows some time lag.
This time lag has been observed to vary from solar cycle–to–cycle (odd/even cycle) and polarity
epoch–to–epoch (positive/negative epoch) (e.g., Mavromichalaki, Belehaki, and Rafois, 1998; Kane,
2003; Badruddin, Singh, and Singh, 2007; Singh, Singh, and Badruddin, 2008; Inceoglu et al., 2014;
Kane 2014). However, a number of

Personal Experience: What I Know and What I Want to Learn...
What I Know/ What I Want to Find Out
A couple weeks ago, in science class, we started talking about Earth and space systems. Ms.
Stephenson told us to make a chart about what we knew about Earth and the space systems. Next, I
drew out the chart and tried to think of what I knew about the topic. I couldn't think of anything!
The only part of Earth and space I knew were the basics. I knew that the sun is a star, the planets
orbit around it, and Earth's axis is at a tilt. I also knew that Earth is lopsided and that Pluto is a dwarf
planet. That was about all I knew about Earth and space systems.
I wanted to know more about Earth and space. How do the planets orbit? What makes the planets
and other objects move? Are there any other galaxies out there? Does the sun affect any planets and
how? I wrote all the questions I had under the "What I Want to Know" column. After writing some
of my questions down I realized I was most interested in how the sun affected Earth and other
planets. Finally, I formed the question: "How do the surface features of the sun affect Earth and
other planets?" After much research I found out the answer.
The Story of My Search
I started my research on March 10th, so it took about three weeks. First, I went to the Gale database
and typed in the key words " Sun affect Earth." I scrolled down and found two articles that were
about my topic and one academic journal. The first article I read was very helpful. It had plenty of
information

What I Learned At Ais 2016. Before Starting The Accounting...
What I Learned in AIS 2016 Before starting the Accounting Information Systems class, I had little
idea of what accounting information was. After having Professor Carothers for previous accounting
classes, I knew it would be a tough class but the knowledge I would gain would be well worth it and
everlasting. Throughout this semester, I have learned a great deal of information, because of this it is
hard to talk about everything. I decided instead of talking about everything I learned I would choose
the topics I believe will be beneficial for later use, whether in school or at a job. The important
topics I chose are; creativity, interviewing, cycles, frauds and errors, controls, and flowcharts. The
proof of what I learned in this paper is the information stated in the following paragraphs in this
paper. Some of the information stated in this paper was obtained from the sources posted on D2L for
the AIS class of fall 2016 which is documented in my sources on the last page. The first and most
emphasized topics in the class was creativity. I learned that creativity does not stop once you hit a
certain age and is also not just for artists. Creativity is present in all jobs and varies from job to job.
In this class I learned that creativity consists of five parts. First, is to evaluate the problem. Second,
is to identify current knowledge. Third, is brainstorm how the current knowledge does or does not fit
the problem. Fourth, develop solutions using the knowledge that fits into

The Effect Of Solar And On Earth
Most solar storms produce a variety of effects on our planet. The intensity of a solar storm increase
gradually, the storm can begin to develop the capacity to create a major disaster on Earth. The
variety of intensity of solar storm is like the difference between being hit with a tropical rainstorm
and being devastated by a Category 5 hurricane. Oak Ridge National Laboratories estimated that
only a solar storm just slightly stronger than the 13 March 1989 storm would have the capacity to
produce a cascading blackout involving the entire Northeastern sector of the United States and other
effect on the terrestrial biological systems. So the question is "what are the components of Solar
Flares? How does it cause damages? What are they? Are there any measures to mitigate the risks?
This paper dissects and analyzes the various threats created by Great solar storms and provide some
Theorell experiences and research details that entail the phenomena and its effects.
Solar Flares:
Definition and Impacts Introduction
Solar storms consist of three major components: solar flares, solar proton events (SPEs) and coronal
mass ejections (CMEs). CMEs can interact with Earth's magnetic field to produce a geomagnetic
storm. Not all solar storms produce all three elements but the largest solar storms tend to. (James. A
Maruesk 2007) Recent scientific information indicates that an extreme solar storm cycle activity
producing Geomagnetically–Induced Currents (GIC) is predicted to

Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Development and Constraints
Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Development and Constraints History In 1954, Bell Laboratories
have developed the first solar cell and the energy efficiency was 6% back then (Goetzberger et al.
2002). The figure has been raised to over 10% within 18 months (Green. 2009). For a long period of
time, solar energy has mainly been applied into the power supply of space vehicles (Goetzberger et
al. 2002). On account of the substantial development in the performance of silicon cells, the
efficiency of solar energy conversion has reached 25% (Green. 2009). The growth over time of solar
efficiency is delineated in Figure 1: Figure 1 – Development in Solar Efficiency since 1940 (Green.
2009) As shown in the diagram, there are majorly three major breakthroughs in solar efficiency.
According to Green, the first one was in 1950s, powered by better cell design, crystal growth and
junction diffusion. The following phase was in 1970s, boosted by the enhanced coatings, surface
texturing, development in shallow junctions and photolithographically deﬁned metallization. Finally,
since mid–1980 the solar technology has benefited from ameliorations in bulk lifetimes, light
trapping and passivation, resulting in more than 5% net growth in efficiency (Green. 2009)
Importance of Solar and other Renewable Energy Sources According to the projections from the
United Nations, the world population will reach 9.3 billion in 2050 (Lee. 2011). The figure is
expected to reach 10.1 billion by

Star Life Cycles
There are two different life cycles for stars but they both start out as a 'Stellar Nebula'. It then splits
off in to separate stars the Low Mass and The High Mass stars..
The Start:
Stars are born in a Nebulae which a clouds of dust and gas (mostly hydrogen). In the stellar
nurseries the dense parts undergo gravitational collapse and compress into a rotating gas globule.
The globule is cooled by emitting radio waves and infrared radiation. It is compressed by
gravitational forces and also by shock waves of pressure from supernova or the hot gas released
from nearby bright stars. These forces cause the roughly–spherical globule to collapse and rotate.
The process of collapse takes from between 10,000 to 1,000,000 years.
The Middle:
The stars grow then shrink. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All but 10% off original mass. Seconds of Lifespan.
Black Hole– A Stars core collapse into extremely dense matter, even light cannot escape the
gravitational pull. 3 or more solar masses. 1070 years lifespan. or
Neutron Star– A Stars core collapses into a dense mass of neutrons. 1.4–3 solar mass. 1033–1045
years.
Low Mass Star life cycle:
Main Sequence– Composition is >98% hydrogen & Helium. 1/3 of Hydrogen is converted into
Helium. 0.8–10 solar mass. 90% lifespan.
Red Giant– Expending hydrogen in their cores, these stars extend their outer layers and can grow to
> 100 times their main sequence size. 99% of original mass. 10% of lifespan.
Planetary Nebula– The outer layers of gas are ejected while the star's core contracts into a white
dwarf. All but 5–15 % of the original mass is ejected. tens of thousands of years.
White Dwarf– This star core is typically composed of carbon and oxygen. Neon, magnesium, and
helium are possible. 5%–15% of original mass. 1015 – 1025 years.
Black Dwarf– A hypothetical remnant of a cooled white dwarf, the Universe's existence is too short
to prove its existence. < 1.4 solar masses. 1033–1045

Northern Lights Research Paper
TECH SPACEFLIGHT SCIENCE & ASTRONOMY SEARCH FOR LIFE SKYWATCHING
ENTERTAINMENT VIDEO SHOP Space.com TECH SPACEFLIGHT SCIENCE &
ASTRONOMY SEARCH FOR LIFE SKYWATCHING ENTERTAINMENT VIDEO SHOP
Aurora Borealis: What Causes the Northern Lights & Where to See Them
By SPACE.com Staff | February 10, 2015 08:15pm ET 432 87 15 22 40 MORE
Aurora Borealis: What Causes the Northern Lights & Where to See Them
Skywatcher Shawn Malone took this photo of the aurora March 15–16, 2012. She writes: "[A]urora
activity picking up casts a bright reflection off of Lake Superior, Marquette, MI."
Credit: Shawn Malone
The northern lights, or aurora borealis, offer an entrancing, dramatic, magical display that fascinates
all who see it – but just ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their southern counterpart, which light up the Antarctic skies in the Southern Hemisphere, are
known as the aurora australis.
What causes the colors?
The colors most often associated with the aurora borealis are pink, green, yellow, blue, violet, and
occasionally orange and white. Typically, when the particles collide with oxygen, yellow and green
are produced. Interactions with nitrogen produce red, violet, and occasionally blue colors.
The type of collision also makes a difference to the colors that appear in the sky: atomic nitrogen
causes blue displays, while molecular nitrogen results in purple. The colors are also affected by
altitude. The green lights typically in areas appear up to 150 miles (241 km) high, red above 150
miles; blue usually appears at up to 60 miles (96.5 km); and purple and violet above 60 miles.
These lights may manifest as a static band of light, or, when the solar flares are particularly strong,
as a dancing curtain of ever–changing color.
History of the auroral lights
For millennia, the lights have been the source of speculation, superstition and awe. Cave paintings in
France thought to date back 30,000 years have illustrations of the natural

Mission Log : A Mission Of The Highest Honor
Mission Log: 001
January 4th, 2127
My identification number is 9777, but everyone here affectionately calls me Sevens. I have been
living in hell for the last six months, or as our supervisors call it, the Exodus Rehabilitation Center.
We are here to be prepared for "a mission of the highest honor", but we all know that is a lie. They
have been feeding us some propaganda that we will be a part of historic mission that will help unite
our planet, when in reality we are the last ditch effort to save us. What they don't know about me is
who I really am. Long before I was born our world fell into a class war, and by all accounts a nasty
one that the upper class "won". The poor were pushed out of the cities. They were stripped of their
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I didn't realize that though, I was only ten at the time. I was in the park when the sirens sounded; it
was too late at that point though. I was knocked to the ground and slammed my head onto the merry
go round. The last thing I remember was my brother screaming. When I woke up I was in the ghetto
near my city in a small ragged tin house with a women and her daughter standing over me. This
would be my new family, my new home, my new way of life. Or so I thought, till the government
came and rounded up all of the prospects, or as we refer to ourselves, space slaves.
Mission Log: 002
January 6th, 2127
Today the shuffled us into the auditorium immediately after our post lunch workout. Io looked like
he was about to erupt out of anger, he doesn't take kindly to any authority figure giving him
instructions. That's why I gave him the nickname Io, I always thought it was fitting and he didn't
know enough about Jupiter's moon to realize I was poking fun at his volcanic temperament. The
temperatures of the moon are actually about negative 202 degrees Fahrenheit [8] which makes sense
if you believe that maybe Io is a nice guy deep down. The volcanos though can reach temperatures
of 3000 degrees Fahrenheit [8] which makes a little more sense with his personality. And the moon
appears to be red, yellow and orange [8] which about describes his face when he is about to beat
someone to a pulp. I did this for everyone though, they made it to easy. I was an

The Tragedy Of Dr. Miller
Dr. Miller watched a bright light soar through the sky as the jet experienced turbulence and the
asteroid made contact with the ground. The resulting shock wave was much more intense than
Samuel had predicted, which was worrisome, but all he could do was watch from the window as he
soared through the sky of a new Earth.
Dr. Miller safely landed in a panicked Moscow and quickly made his way to Dr. Yaknova's
headquarters. They worked together to evaluate the damage and discovered that Samuel's
predictions were wrong, not only was the entire west coast of the United States wiped out, but
almost all of North America. This impact was the biggest that the human race had ever seen, and
resulted in billions of casualties upon impact. There were tsunamis reaching heights never seen
before, fires spreading around the impact, debris from the impact still crumbling and shooting off.
North America was completely without life. The Earth was in shock.
Strangely enough, Dr. Miller was somewhat relieved. Although billions of lives had been lost, he
knew it would not get much worse. The tsunamis would eventually die down and the fires would
stop, the Earth would just have to adjust to one less continent. But then Samuel realized, this impact
brought with it many long term consequences. Acid rain, temperature effects, and pressure changes
were all extremely likely to occur. This would destroy plant life, destroy nanoplankton, and destroy
the ozone layer, resulting in a radiation rich and

A Report On Astronomical Eclipses
Eclipse
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about astronomical eclipses. For other uses, see Eclipse (disambiguation).
"Total eclipse" redirects here. For other uses, see Total Eclipse (disambiguation).
Totality during the 1999 solar eclipse. Solar prominences can be seen along the limb (in red) as well
as extensive coronal filaments.
An eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when an astronomical object is temporarily
obscured, either by passing into the shadow of another body or by having another body pass
between it and the viewer. An eclipse is a type of syzygy.[1]
The term eclipse is most often used to describe either a solar eclipse, when the Moon 's shadow
crosses the Earth 's surface, or a lunar eclipse, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The latter object will block some amount of light being emitted by the former, creating a region of
shadow around the axis of the line. Typically these objects are moving with respect to each other
and their surroundings, so the resulting shadow will sweep through a region of space, only passing
through any particular location in the region for a fixed interval of time. As viewed from such a
location, this shadowing event is known as an eclipse.[5]
Typically the objects involved in an astronomical eclipse are roughly circular in size,[5] and so the
region of an object 's shadow during an eclipse is divided into three parts:[6]
The umbra, within which the object completely covers the light source. For the Sun, this light source
is the photosphere.
The antumbra, extending beyond the tip of the umbra, within which the object is completely in front
of the light source but too small to completely cover it.
The penumbra, within which the object is only partially in front of the light source.
During a lunar eclipse only the umbra and penumbra are applicable. This is because Earth 's
apparent diameter from the viewpoint of the Moon is nearly four times that of the Sun.
The first contact occurs when the Moon 's disc first starts to impinge on the Sun 's; second contact is
when the Moon 's disc moves completely within the Sun 's; third contact when it starts to move out
of the Sun 's; and fourth or last contact when it finally leaves the

The Energy Of Solar Energy
The U.S. Energy Future is one of the most talked about subjects in science. There are many different
types of alternative energy to using fossil fuels. Scientists have warned the population that the fossil
fuels that we current use for our main fuel source may run out in less than 100 years (James Trefil &
Robert Hazen, 2013). While the fossil fuels are readily available to our current generations, we need
to start making great results in switching our main energy source to more renewable energy for our
future generations. I have researched a few of the most popular alternative energy sources for the
U.S. future.
One area of US Energy Future that has been in place for some time now is Solar Energy. Solar
energy was first developed in 1954 by Daryle Chapin, Gerald Pearson and Calvin Fuller in the form
of silicon photovoltaic cells. In 1958 the solar energy field took off. The Vanguard 1 weather
satellite used solar power to power the radios and other equipment on the spacecraft. After the
successful 1 year mission using the solar power, the Lunar Lander, Mars Viking Mission, Hubble
Telescope and the Space Shuttle all used solar power on their crafts (OSU Test Report, 2015). Some
of the problems with solar energy were the high cost of development and the amount of land that
was needed for the solar fields to be used and where to store the energy. One another problem was
the weather being unpredictable. The lack of sunlight would lower the amount of solar

Sunspot Research Paper
Sunspots are temporary irregularities in the sun's photosphere associated with a relatively more
intense magnetic field (George Hale). Sunspots share a number of similar features. They:
have two basic visible structural components: a darker central region called the umbra where the
magnetic field is strongest, and a surrounding brighter region called the penumbra where the
magnetic field is weakest; and lack granules which are seen throughout the rest of the photosphere,
as the convection cells that cause granules are beneath the sunspot (see figure 1)
may occur in groups of up to 10 or less (see figure 2) and occur in pairs parallel to the equator with
the magnetic field of one directed into the sun, and the other pointing out
are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sunspot frequency varies over an 11 year period (Heinrich Schwabe), with cycles lasting as short as
9 years to as long as 12 years in some cases. In this 11 year period the polarity of the Sun is
reversed, so a total of 2 cycles is necessary for the polarity to be restored to a defined initial polarity.
During a solar maximum (the period of peak activity in the 11 year cycle when there are the most
sun spots) there are usually over 100 sunspots appearing simultaneously, while at a solar minimum
there may be none at all (IPS Radio and Space

Solar Myth: The Eternal Cycle Of Renewal
In Egyptian myth, the appearance of death and disease took place when humans began to plot
against the sun god. The sun god sought out advice from the other gods, who suggested destroying
the humans. In order to do so, the Eye goddess transformed into a lioness and slaughtered many
people before the Sun God attempted to save the remaining humans. Additionally, it is also stated
that criminals were occasionally sacrificed to the lioness goddess and that contagious diseases were
her "messengers". Ultimately, death and disease had become a part of humanity. In Sumerian myth,
death and disease take place when the noise from the humans begins to disturb the gods. Enlil sends
first a plague followed by two droughts in effort to reduce the human ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In this tale, Siosire takes his father, Setna, on a journey to the Underworld to show him the judging
of two dead men before Osiris. This short summary of the story explains that when a person dies,
they face judgment and are either granted reward or given eternal punishment, as were the case for
both men being judged in this story. The cruel wealth man was to endure punishment and the poor
man who lived a selfless life was given eternal happiness. Along with the brief summary of this
story, the Life After Death sections elaborately illustrates the many obstacles a soul must expect to
overcome in the Afterlife in order to reach paradise. In a way, it also tells the expectations one must
fulfill in order to reach paradise and live among the gods. Some of the obstacles one must take on
includes overcoming dangers, demons and gods that lived in the Underworld, facing the judgment of
Osiris and forty–two other judges, and finally the weighing of one's heart against the feather of
Maat, who personified characteristics of truth and

Two Types Of Solar Eclipses In Greek History
An eclipse is an astronomical event that happens when a celestial object such as a moon or a planet
moves into the shadow of another celestial body and there are two types of the eclipse on Earth
named solar eclipse and lunar eclipse. A solar eclipse happens when the moon's shadow falls
somewhere on the surface of the earth and a lunar eclipse is the opposite of solar eclipse which
happens when the earth's shadow falls on the moon. There are two sections of the shadow, the dark
umbra, and the partially shaded penumbra, their placement determines the type of eclipse that can be
seen on earth though placement sun. According to Greek history, the person who predicted the first
eclipse was a Greek mathematician, Thales of Miletus. On May 28, 585 BC, the Lydians, and Medes
were engaged in fierce fighting and this was the six–year of war between them. Each was from a
different side of Anatolia which is modern–day Turkey. As the battle stretched on into the evening,
both armies were surprised to see the Sun suddenly darkening and they believed that it was a
message from the gods that they were displeased by the strife. But the Lydians and Medes laid down
their arms. They swore to end the long war and solidified the peace by giving a Lydian princess to
marry the king of the Medes. This is one of the earliest events in recorded history to which we can
set an exact date as we can calculate when that eclipse took place. The eclipses are valuable to the
historian as they give us an event that we can use to correctly date ancient chronologies. Ancient
historians recorded that his eclipse that stopped the war was actually predicted by Thales. Through
thousands of year, patiently watching the movements of the Sun and Moon in the sky, ancient
astronomers realized eclipses happen when the moon passed directly in front of the Sun. For the
solar eclipse to work though, of course, the moon has to be big enough to block out the sun. In
reality, the moon is 400 times smaller than the Sun but in a fantastic cosmic. However, from our
point of view, the moon is almost exactly the same size as the sun in the sky and this means it will
line up and it will completely block the disc of the sun. If the moon is the smaller or any further

Econ 545 Project 2 Macroeconomic Analysis Essay
Introduction Deciding to start a business is brave and adventurous. The first step to success is a
brilliant, viable, profitable idea. Whether you have decided to do it on your own because you are
tired of working for someone else, or you are laid off after many years in your organization, before
you decide to invest your life savings and get buried in debt, consider the big picture, the current
economy, your demographic target consumer and do your research. The idea of solar energy is one
such brilliant, viable idea. True the demand is present for such energy, but before taking the leap,
consider the market saturation, competition, governmental rules and regulations and other determent
factor that will influence the success of your ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Solar energy is a resource that can be utilized by any nation willing to invest in this natural resource.
According to the research attained from the EPIA's 2012 Photovoltaic Barometer report, and data
attained from population numbers from Internet World Stats (IWS) and the GDP numbers come
from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the top countries that utilize solar energy Sources are
Germany, Italy and Belgium, (Shahan, 2013) whereas the top counties that trade with the United
States are Canada, China Mexico Japan Germany and the United Kingdom. (Wikipedia, 2012)
Considering the international market would open up additional opportunity to expand your target
market. The countries that the United States trade the most with still have demand for solar energy.
Business Cycles Another important factor to consider when starting a business is the "business
cycle." The business cycle is the fluctuations in economic activity that an economy will experience
over a period of time. We have experience may business cycles in the United States. We refer to
them as expansions and recessions. In an expansions, the economic outlook is good and growth
happens, without inflation. Recessions are when the economy is shrinking and the determination
factors for a recession include unemployment, low industry production, decrease sales and lower
incomes. Since 1854, The United States has experienced 33

Different Phases Of Solar And Magnetic Activity Cycles
CHAPTER 2 Cosmic–Ray Modulation during Different Phases of Solar and Magnetic Activity
Cycles INTRODUCTION Cosmic–rays are modulated as they traverse into the heliosphere.
Measurements have shown that cosmic–ray intensity varies on different time scales. On a longer
time scale, the cosmic–ray intensity variations in anti–phase with solar activity having ≈ 11–year
cyclicity is well known and studied extensively (e.g., see Venkatesan and Badruddin, 1990; Storini
et al., 1995; Usoskin et al., 1998; Mavromichalaki et al., 1998; Kane, 2003; Sabbah and Rybansky,
2006; Ma et al., 2009; Chaudhary et al., 2011; Kudela, 2012). In addition, the ≈ 22–year modulation
cycle in cosmic–ray flux due to solar magnetic field polarity reversals is observed and modeled
(e.g., Jokipii and Thomas, 1981; Potgieter and Moraal, 1985; Webber and Lockwood, 1988;
Potgieter, 1995; Cliver and Ling, 2001; Laurenza et al., 2012). However, in order to understand
these phenomena, it is important to understand how cosmic–ray transport and propagation vary with
the solar activity and solar magnetic polarity (Heber, 2013). Although sunspots have been used as a
convenient index of solar activity, anti–correlated with cosmic–ray intensity, it has been recognized
that they are not intrinsically related to the problem of solar modulation of cosmic–rays. However,
the diffusion coefficient changes during ≈ 11–year sunspot cycle, being smaller during periods of
high solar activity than

The Importance Of Life On Earth
Earth is living and breathing planet, it takes a lot of energy to keep the Earth health, to keep all its
inhabitants functioning. Earth is a special planet because it is the only know planet that can allow
life to thrive. Earth receive a tremendous amount of energy from the Sun, solar energy is necessary
for life on Earth. A planet filled with life needs water, it is one of the essential pieces for all humans,
animals, and plants. Earth is cover primarily by water, a unique substance that keeps life going.
Water is unique in many ways, "water is the only liquid found at Earth's surface in large
quantities...is readily converted from one state of matter to another (solid, liquid, gas), and water's
solid phase, ice, is less dense than liquid water" (Lutgens 90, 2016). All these unique attributes of
water make life on earth easy for all its inhabitants. On a warm day, a cold drink of water with ice
can be refreshing, just like a dip in a cold late, the same can be said for a warm cup of tea in the
middle of the winter. Water moves through Earth; the process of waters movement is explained by
the hydrologic cycle. The hydrologic cycle is "the continuous exchange of water among the oceans,
the atmosphere, and the continents. The hydrologic cycle has several essential parts, evaporation,
transportation, and precipitation. Evaporation is the action of water moving into the atmosphere
where it condenses and forms clouds, moisture is then transported in the atmosphere all over earth

My Autobiography: Socialization And The Cycle Of Depression
In my autobiography, I went into detail about being biracial, open–minded, and depressed. I did
mention other traits, for instance being Buddhist, low–middle class, and being nineteen years of age.
I just focused more on the first three because I think they all went hand in hand. Being biracial
means I am combination of two different races. I used to hate being mixed and sometimes I still do,
but having this physical trait has helped me be more compassionate towards others who are
different. I always feel out of place when I'm with certain groups of people. Sometimes they'll make
sure to mention that I'm different than the rest of them. I think being biracial has helped me become
open–minded but is also a cause of my depression.
I have learned many things throughout this course. I knew about most of the topics discussed
throughout the class, but I only knew about them to a certain extent. Privilege and oppression were
words I knew of but everyone who talked about it had different definitions of the terms. Now, I do
know that majority of those peoples definitions were wrong.
Everything we've learned throughout this course has been interesting and important to me, but I
realized that I had more interest in the discussions about religious ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In a few of our readings for the class, we discussed the two cycles. The Cycle of Socialization is the
constant loop of discrimination that's not being resolved. It starts out at birth when the doctor tells
says what gender the baby is (Harro, 2013, pg.46). The Cycle of Liberation happens after you start
to realize things going on around you. The first step of this cycle is becoming more aware of what's
happening (Harro, 2013, pg.619). I think these cycles are very important to understand. We would
have a better society and community if we all could stop the Cycle of Socialization and get into that
Cycle of

Global Warming Is Just A Natural Cycle?
"What if global warming is just a natural cycle?" This argument is, perhaps, one of the most
common raised by the average person, rather than someone who makes a career out of denying
climate change. Cyclical variations in climate are well–known to the public; we all studied the ice
ages in school. However, climate isn 't inherently cyclical.
A common misunderstanding of the climate system characterizes it like a pendulum. The planet will
warm up to "cancel out" a previous period of cooling, spurred by some internal equilibrium. This
view of the climate is incorrect. Internal variability will move energy between the ocean and the
atmosphere, causing short–term warming and cooling of the surface in events such as El Nino and
La Nina, and longer–term changes when similar cycles operate on decadal scales. However, internal
forces do not cause climate change. Appreciable changes in climate are the result of changes in the
energy balance of the Earth, which requires "external" forcings, such as changes in solar output,
albedo, and atmospheric greenhouse gases. These forcings can be cyclical, as they are in the ice
ages, but they can come in different shapes entirely.
For this reason, "it 's just a natural cycle" is a bit of a cop–out argument. The Earth doesn 't warm up
because it feels like it. It warms up because something forces it to. Scientists keep track of natural
forcings, but the observed warming of the planet over the second half of the 20th century can only
be

E Ice Age : A Of A Ge Intermediate
https://www.skepticalscience.com/heading–into–new–littl e–ice–a ge–intermediate.htm
Last viewed:2/10/15
A few centuries ago there was a Mini ice age dubbed little ice age. Some believed major
contributors–large volcanic eruption and 'lower solar output'(less solar activity). Solar activity has
been rapidly decreasing (2009 lowest in a century). More CO2, less insulation needed to drop. 2009
is the lowest solar activity level in over 100 years. It would take 2.6 million years for the world to
enter an interglacial period and to reach a glacial trigger. The glaciation trigger is the required drop
in summer insulation.
I think this website is reliable as it has facts from all over the world, past and present (with some
predictions for the future). http://redicecreations.com/article.php?id=13459VVWhy Earth may be
entering a new Icehttp://redicecreations.com/article.php?id=13459
Last viewed: 12/10/15
The data shows that the sun is the primary source for earth's climate change. After spotting an
abnormal sunspot cycle, scientists also noticed that all the planets in our solar system were getting
warmed up, even if it was just by a small amount. Habibullo Abdussamatov made an article that
explained that the Mars melts were due to solar activity, not human. Solar irradiance is heating
earth. Observations show that carbon dioxide is not the cause of the Mars melts. Abdussamatov, a
scientist, says that "The long term increase in solar irradiance is heating both Earth and Mars".

The Science That Is Connected With Planet Earth
Geomagnetic Storms
Introduction
The science that is connected with planet earth encompasses Earth Science among others.
Geomagnetic storms, also known as a magnetic storm, a solar storm, or space weather is a
disturbance in the Earth 's magnetic field (magnetosphere) caused by energy and flows of charged
elements or plasma from the Sun. Solar storms come in a variety of forms, each capable of
distinguishing brands of possible danger. Most magnetic storms are aimed away from Earth, but
when a storm positions in our direction, space weathermen begin to analyze what sort of space
weather it may produce, and how soon to anticipate the chaos [Wisconsin State Journal. P.A2].
Deliberation
What starts a geomagnetic storm is an event called solar flares or an extremely large cloud of solar
material called a coronal mass ejection (CME). When these charged particles get near the earth's
magnetic field, due to the increased magnitudes in solar wind, the magnetic field accelerates towards
the geomagnetic poles, therefore causing the phenomena called aurora borealis or northern lights.
The other effect of a magnetic storm causes the geomagnetic field to become highly unstable due to
the change and distribution of density, as a result, the ions in the earth's ionosphere become agitated,
resulting in disorder; a massive disruption in our technical systems [Wisconsin State Journal P.A2].
The Sun's temperature shows a discrepancy on an 11–year solar cycle that is defined by the
increasing

The Sun and Its Features Essay
The Sun and Its Features
Changes in the magnetic field of the sun affect us here on earth in a number of interesting ways.
This magnetic field is caused by the flow of electrically charged ions and electrons on the sun, and if
it didn't exist, the sun would be a much more boring star. The 11–year cycle of the sun's magnetic
field accounts for many of the cool features of the sun: sunspots, solar flares, and aurora borealis. At
the beginning of the cycle, the magnetic field is weak and there are very few sunspots; later, at the
peak of the cycle, the magnetic field is strong, and there are many sunspots. Sunspots are relatively
cool areas that appear as dark patches on the face of the sun. They occur where magnetic field lines
are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Well, when the sun is at solar maximum, the speed and density of the solar wind goes up, and there
are many more northern lights.
Another example of the way the sun interacts with the earth is solar flares. Remember that sunspots
occur when magnetic field lines are twisted below the surface of the sun, well, solar flares occur
when magnetic field lines are twisted above the surface of the sun. Solar flares are huge explosions
on the surface of the sun that occur near sunspots. They can release as much energy as a billion
megatons of TNT. You might think that this huge a burst of energy has got to effect the earth
somehow, and it does. Big solar flares send so much electrical energy to earth that they have been
known to blow out huge portions of the power grid, disable million–dollar satellites, and even
corrode metal pipelines. During a solar maximum there are many more solar flares than normal.
Because of this threat, we have launched the SOHO satellite into space to sit between the sun and
the earth and monitor the sun's activity. It can give us some advanced warning if a solar flare is
headed our way.
A third example of how the sunspot cycle effects the earth is more interesting, but also more
controversial. Scientists have found that the 11–year solar cycle isn't the same every time. The sun
goes through this cycle like a pendulum, but the pendulum is an unstable one. Sometimes the
pendulum can

The Benefits Of Renewable Energy
Renewable energy is energy collected from natural resources that are continually replenished, so it
can never be exhausted. The earth has copious natural resources such as, water, wind, solar, and
geothermal that can all be used repeatedly and replenished naturally. Since all people use energy in
their everyday lives, using renewable energy is a convenient alternative to fossil fuels. Today many
groups in the U.S. such as, The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) are
trying to make renewable energy the chief source of energy in the nation. Similarly, the Energy
Department is trying to transition to renewable energy for a better future. Using renewable resources
to generate electricity is immensely beneficial to the environment. The first knowledge and use of
renewable energy began before the discovery of coal and before the start of the industrial revolution.
One way renewable energy was used throughout history and even today, is burning biomass, which
is a renewable organic matter. With this in mind, biomass includes biological material derived from
living or lately living organisms such as alcohol fuels, waste, or wood. Also, the use of animal
power, wind, and water to generate energy were early methods of alternative energy, before modern
technologies. "Alternative energy is a term used for an energy source that is an alternative to using
fossil fuels" (Ciolkosz). The realization that coal and oil will eventually run out, led more and more
people

Mgt/360 Final Exam Essay examples
MGT 360 FINAL EXAM NAME: Choose 2 of the following questions and answer completely. You
must answer all items in each question. Use complete sentences. Check grammar, punctuation and
spelling. Each answer must be 500–800 words and should include appropriately formatted
references and citations. Each answer will be worth 5 points. 1. The water cycle is one important
aspect of the biosphere. Briefly describe the movement of water through the water cycle. Water is
continuously moving through, around, and above the Earth as ice, liquid water, and water vapor
depending on the cycle, elevation, and surrounding elements. Three contributing factors are:
Accounting–Where things are, Controls–What factors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Off–site treatment or incineration 7. Land disposal What are advantages and disadvantages of each
of these methods of waste management? How may these methods be applied to manufacturing and
service industries? Provide specific examples to support your answers. 3. You are a development
planner working for the Navajo Nation's tribal government in Window Rock, Arizona. You would
like to develop a decentralized energy plan that encourages businesses to use individual solar power
units. How would you convince business owners to utilize solar power over fossil fuels? Currently
solar power is beginning to expand horizontally throughout communities. This growth is creating a
demand that is beginning to reduce the expense of purchasing and installing solar panels. The
concept is catching on and the technology is improving as the demand increases. The Navajo
Nation's Tribal Government will be able to grasp this concept and implement it into their businesses
and residences. This technology is affordable, reliable, and Wind Rock, Arizona is the perfect
environment for this concept. The N.N.T.A. can and will be the pioneer for other tribal groups
grasping this concept in the near future. Fossil Fuels are a great alternative but the technology is still
relatively expensive and can be very dangerous to the natural environment. The ability to power
more homes from the direct sunlight coming from

The Science Of The Earth Essay
Introduction
The science that is connected with planet earth encompasses geosciences or earth science among
others. Containing old histories, this is considered as a part of planetary science while it possesses
holistic and reductionist approaches in the science of the planet Earth. This discipline can cope with
lithosphere, atmosphere, biosphere or hydrosphere. Quantitative understanding has been developed
by the scientists to understand the ground systems with the tools by mathematics, physics,
chronology, biology, chemistry alike that help to know how the universe is evolved.
Deliberations
According to a news release from NASA, coronal mass ejections caused by geomagnetic storms
have been enhanced in strength; as from G1 to G5, they were rated G3 in 2012. The earth planet is
surrounded and by bubbles of magnetic fields while rapid changes in the earth magnetosphere were
witnessed due to activities that happened on sun that caused a geomagnetic storm. With earth's
magnetic fields, coronal mass ejections were mingled; as a result, the wind became mild in intensity
reported in the month of March in the corresponding year (Philips, 2009).
On the other hand, the geomagnetic storms have been intensified and enhanced in their frequency as
magnetic fields of coronal mass ejections indulges with that of the earth that causes change of
direction and leave more radiation and magnetic energy into the environment of the planet earth.
Solar Hemispheric Observatory and Solar

Assignment Incentive Pay (AIP)
c. CSB packets: these may be submitted by the Retirement Service Office on a DA Form 200 or
from the unit S1s
d. RIP and Airborne Bonuses
e. Assignment Incentive Pay (AIP) f. Release of Accrued Leave Payments: the Delinquent Payment
report (PX/PQ) is provided on a monthly basis by DFAS Central site. This report is used to
generate/send notifications, via the unit S1s, to the listed Soldiers that a DA Form 3340–R has not
been turned in for payment release.
NOTE 7: Currently, this office processes only one bonus in the Officer Incentive Program, the
Officer (Nurse) Accession bonus, and it will be received on a UTM from unit S1s.
7. BONUS REQUIRED DOCUMENTS:
a. Documentation required for Enlistment Bonuses:
(1) DD Form ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The auditor will adhere to MPO–I Directive 15–02 when auditing cycles. Ensure the transactions
reviewed are obtained from the entire cycle to included 10% of a cy–cle's total transactions (number
of total transactions multiplied by 10%).
j. Review 100% of a cycle's transactions for WWP/WTU and PRA accounts, acces–sion transactions
(to include TZ, ML, MM, PT), E5, C2, C9, Reserve Component IS/IT/W7, and A24 transactions. In
addition to the review of the required FIDs set by DFAS Guidance Letters and Directives, Review
100% of Active & Reserve Component BAH transactions (35, 68, 36, A15, A32), E603, TI05, and
DN01 transactions
k. If errors are detected, the auditor will return the cycle to the coder for corrections or delete the
transaction. If the cycle is returned, repeat steps g–j, until no additional cor–rections are needed.
l. If transactions are deleted, annotate the supporting documents with the status (i.e. duplicate, no
action required, incomplete–return to unit, et.) and return to unit using a discrepancy letter.
m. Once the audit is complete and the cycle is released, the auditor will print an 80/80 Report listing

showing the cycle was 'Created By, Audited By and Released By.'
Documents must be secured until the next DFAS–IN update reflects the transactions were

Sunspot Research Paper
Sunspots are dark, irregularly shaped regions at the surface of the sun, typically lasting over a
couple of weeks or months. Sunspots are generally cooler than the photosphere that surrounds it,
hence why they appear darker. This cooler characteristic is caused by intense magnetic field activity,
associated with sunspots, which prevents the convection of heat to the surface.
The number of sunspots on the surface and their size changes over time, in a cycle of approx. eleven
years. Intense sunspot activity, which results in a high exchange of energy from the sun to the Earth,
is associated with geomagnetic storms, which disrupt communications and power transmissions.
A rise in sunspot activity causes solar eruptions (flares). These eruptions

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