Solar irradiance is not the only way to heat planetary bodies. Our Earth is more than 30 degrees warmer than it should be. Particle and Induction heat could fill some gaps in our understanding of the real Scientific and Engineering principles of The Gaia Hypothesis. Introducing particle and induction heating of planetary bodies Particle and induction heating were not well understood when carbon dioxide gas was theorized as to why Venus was so hot in the 1960s. Is it time to reexamine the role of CO2 in Climate change?

1. Could a Modern Kitchen Stovetop
Explain Global Warming?
By Chris YUKNA
yuknachris(at)gmail com
Science General

2. Pretty Silly Idea... Right?
Our planet is not in the kitchen!
Earth is not plugged into an electrical socket!
And seriously, we have been changing the surface and
atmosphere of our planet with the industrial revolution
for many centuries now!

3. Nota bene: underlined phrases and
most images are hyperlinked to
pertinent sites
The rest of this page is purposely left blank

4. First, is there a Global Warming Mystery Overall?
Our planet is much warmer than it should be from the beginning of life's
appearance on earth:.There is the Faint Young Sun Warm Earth Paradox
to our present: The estimated average temperature of the Moon is -50
yet the average temperature of the Earth is 15 degrees centigrade.
The Earth should be much colder than it is. The common explanation that
Gaia the earth goddess, life, or DaisyWorld conserve or generate the trillions
of joules necessary to heat our world by more than 40 degrees. That's a big
maybe.

5. Anthropomorphic or Man-made
Climate Change
With all the coal, gas, oil that we have been burning why wouldn't
increased carbon dioxide and water be the cause of our present
increases in global temperature? Look what happened to Venus and its
runaway greenhouse effect, first theorized in the 1960s
Venus may have had its oceans boil away and
once the water vapor was in the upper atmosphere
photodissociation and radiolysis would have
destroyed the water molecules.
But what if this is wrong or at least not the whole
story? What if the warming is more about induction
heating or massive solar storms? These were little
known concepts half a century ago.

6. “When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever
remains, however improbable, must be the truth”
Ok, bare with me, let's look at why everyone
assumes that something unusual is going on
with the general consensus is that
Greenhouse gases are warming our planet
here is why:
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

7. It is not our fault if the Sun is Brighter
● That should be true and let humanity off the hook however …
● The Sun is dimming alas.
● In 2017 NASA satellites were tracking a decline in total solar irradiance
(TSI). Across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, the sun’s output had
dropped nearly 0.1% compared to the Solar Maximum of 2012-2014.
https://spaceweatherarchive.com/2017/12/17/the-sun-is-dimming/

8. Milankovitch Cycles
● The Earth's orbit around the Sun changes:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles
● “Earth’s current orbital positions within the Milankovitch cycles predict
our planet should be cooling, not warming, continuing a long-term
cooling trend that began 6,000 years ago.e NASA

9. So it's Humanity's Fault
Obviously if you have eliminated increased
light from the Sun and you know that carbon
dioxide has increased in the atmosphere then
it's a done deal isn't it?
But stars do not ONLY heat planetary bodies by
radiation alone. Could we have missed something?

10. On to Kitchen Appliances: Heat lamps?
Heat lamps keep our food nice and warm while waiting to be
served.
This is akin to solar radiation, which is the only warming
parameter considered by current climate models

11. Solar Particles & Gas Burners
Burning gas actually
touches the bottom of
the frying pan and the
Earth is not touched by
hot gases from the Sun?
● Actually, the Earth passes through the
solar atmosphere or corona a very hot but tenuous
plasma, which sort of transforms into the solar wind.
Not only is the solar wind hot by millions of degrees
but it is traveling extremely fast as it accelerates
away from the Sun. So solar particles are like the
gas we cook with

12. When the Solar Wind Hits our Planet
Although the solar wind is extremely hot and packs a
kinetic punch it is not dense, a few ions per cubic
centimeter. In the scale of the solar system, Earth is not
large. So it is easy to see why it's impact has been
ignored. However the Earth's Magnetosphere is huge and
does interact with this wind.
As you can see from
the illustration on the
left some of the wind
regularly impacts on
the upper atmosphere.
The electrons create
some of the auroras.

13. But the ions in the wind create what is called
the Proton Aurorae
Both electrons and protons heat the mesosphere
above the poles. The effects of the Protons and
alpha particles is further explained in the
Plasma Water Theory
The proton aurora
remained a mystery for an
long time because the light
produced is in the
ultraviolet and up range
and thus invisible to the
naked eye

14. How the Magnetosphere is heated by the Solar
wind and subsequently heats our atmosphere
● Surprise Magnetosphere heats the upper
atmosphere: scientists have discovered a basic mode of energy
transfer from the solar wind to the Earth's magnetosphere,"It's like
something else is heating the atmosphere besides the sun. This
discovery is like finding it got hotter when the sun went down,"
● In addition, Charged particles carry currents, which cause
significant modifications in the Earth's magnetosphere.
(So our world really is connected to an electric socket;-))
● And what about solar storms, CMEs carried on the
solar wind?

15. Solar Gas Burner on High

16. Coronal Mass Ejections or Solar Storms
● CME is a significant release of plasma and accompanying
magnetic field from the Corona
● Their temperature is about 10 million degrees and mass
has been compared to that of Mt Everest.
● They originate from active regions on the Sun's surface,
such as groupings of sunspots (note: lack of sunspots
have been linked to cold periods on the Earth)
● When a CME strikes our magnetosphere it reconnects to
the on the nightside and releases power on the order of
terawatt scale, which is directed back toward Earth's
upper atmosphere
And the appliance?

17. Back to the Kitchen: Induction Heating
How can a star like Sol be considered like
a stovetop?

18. How does induction heating work?
The coil above the iron bar is an electromagnet. See the rred
glowbeneath the helix Each time the current is reversed the polarity of
the magnetic field changes from north to south then back again. This
moves the iron atoms to and fro: where movement = heat. In order for
this to work in your kitchen your pots and pans have to be magnetic. An
aluminum casserole will not work.

19. Therefore the Sun is the Coil
The Sun's magnetic field reverses
every 11 years on an astronomic
time scale this is in microseconds
Typical electromagnet or coil in a
induction heating unit which
repeatedly oscillates north south .

20. And the Earth is the Magnetic Pot or Pan.
It may be very difficult to determine how much energy
could be transferred to Earth from the Sun for a number
of reasons: the timescale, resonance, etc. However, we
know induction does occur.
Geomagnetic storm induce electric currents in the
permafrost.

21. If only induction heating existed on
other star-systems?
● Planets that are embedded in the changing magnetic
fields of their host stars can experience significant
induction heating in their interiors
● These are special cases but why wouldn't the Sun cycle
periodicity affect a magnetic Earth.
● Of course since Venus has no intrinsic magnetic field in
its core this would not work there or would it?
Actually, it does

22. The Magnetic Surprise on Venus
● While Venus does not have a magnetic interior, but the
solar wind induces a Venusian Magnetosphere,
planetwide electric currents in the atmosphere and on the
surface.
● Electric currents running through its ionized upper
atmosphere create magnetic fields that push back against
the flow of the solar wind thus protecting an atmosphere
92 times as dense as ours.
● None of this energy has been taken into account to
explain the high temperatures on the surface of Venus
● Any energy from changes in the polarity of the Sun's
magnetic field would be transferred to the much smaller
mass of the Venusian atmosphere.

23. The Magnetic Surprise on Venus
● While Venus does not have a magnetic interior, but the
solar wind induces a Venusian Magnetosphere,
planetwide electric currents in the atmosphere and on the
surface.
● Electric currents running through its ionized upper
atmosphere create magnetic fields that push back against
the flow of the solar wind thus protecting an atmosphere
92 times as dense as ours.
● None of this energy has been taken into account to
explain the high temperatures on the surface of Venus
● Any energy from changes in the polarity of the Sun's
magnetic field would be transferred to the much smaller
mass of the Venusian atmosphere.

24. Induction Heating & Volcanoes
● Induction heating of planetary bodies exists for star
systems like Trapist 1 and this induction could drive
exoplanet volcanism

25. Any Evidence that Volcanism or Induction heating is
tied to Warming?
● Geologically,
volcanic activity becomes more frequent and stronger
as our planet warms
Puzzling heat from deep Inside the Earth Is melting
Greenland's ice sheet 2018
● Source of geothermal heat underneath East
Antarctica is melting that part of the ice cap.
● During one of the warmest epochs in the history of
Earth the Cretaceous, volcanoes were far more
prevalent and the Earth's magnetic field was perhaps
three times as strong

26. Any Evidence that Volcanism or Induction heating is
tied to Warming?
● Geologically,
volcanic activity becomes more frequent and stronger
as our planet warms
Puzzling heat from deep Inside the Earth Is melting
Greenland's ice sheet 2018
● Source of geothermal heat underneath East
Antarctica is melting that part of the ice cap.
● During one of the warmest epochs in the history of
Earth the Cretaceous, volcanoes were far more
prevalent and the Earth's magnetic field was perhaps
three times as strong

27. Curiously, during the Cretaceous, with a stronger
magnetic field, the polar regions had sub tropical forests
and dinosaurs even though having nights that lasted from
three to six months

28. So if Volcanoes Might Be a Sign of Planetary Induction
Heating: Let's look around the Solar System
● The Earth has an Intrinsic Magnetic field and there are lots of
active volcanoes
● Mars has Olympic Mons the tallest volcano in our solar system
and seemingly most its volcanoes became dormant about 3 or
4 billion years ago just about when it lost its magnetic field and
most of its water.
● Venus has the most volcanoes of any planet we know of which
would make sense since it is closer to the Sun and induction
and particle warming would be stronger. Again about the time
Venus lost it's intrinsic magnetic field
● There are moons in the solar system that have active
volcanoes...

29. Jupiter's Moon Io has the most active volcanoes
of any world in our solar system
Electric arcs on Io

30. Io's extreme geologic activity is the result of tidal heating from
friction generated within Io's interior as it is pulled between
Jupiter and the other Galilean moons?
● It is impossible that all the heat generated on Io only by
tidal heating, even worse you can't test this in a lab.
● Io's orbit cuts across Jupiter's powerful magnetic lines of
force, turning Io into an electric generator.
● The Jovian magnetic field induces very strong electric
currents in the interior of Io.
● Io is within a plasma torus inside Jupiter's magnetosphere
● These and the rest of this presentation requires a rethink
of the relationship of particle and induction heating and
vocanoes.

31. Finally, How to Explain the Warming of the Higher
Latitudes Without resorting to Particle & Induction
Heating?

32. Thank You
This work is part of a project to explain the inner workings of the Gaia
Hypothesis with Science and Engineering and will have serious
implications on future Terraforming projects.
● The Beauty of Nature's symmetry:
“The Earth is warm and wet because it has a magnetic field and an
oxygen atmosphere and it has a magnetic field because it is warm
and wet.”
C.G. Yukna
Part 2. Plasma Water Theory
Part 3. The Ionic Hypothesis of Magnetic Fields (coming soon)
Part 4. Magnetic effects on composition and density of planetary
bodies (a later publication)
Prof Christopher Yukna ret.
yuknachris(at)gmail com