4. The Sun is the Largest Object in
the Solar System
• The Sun contains more than 99.85% of the
total mass of the solar system
• If you put all the planets in the solar system,
they would not fill up the volume of the Sun
• 110 Earths or 10 Jupiters fit across the
diameter of the Sun
How big is the Sun?
11. What is a sunspot
Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the
photosphere of the Sun that appear visibly as
dark spots compared to surrounding regions.
They are caused by intense magnetic activity
that draws off the convection of heat to the
surface, thus cooling the surface.
Sunspots are usually in pairs because of the
magnetic activity causing North and South
poles at either of the spots.
Pic on next slide
13. What do sunspots do to us?
Sunspots are a main hotbed of solar flares and
prominences from the sun.
These are in turn pushed by their energy into
space as solar wind once they break free of
the sun's gravity
These solar winds are comprised of highly
charged particles hurtling towards Earth
15. What does that mean to you?
All of those charged particles will wreak havoc with
electronics. A particularly large solar flare caused
blackouts over a large portion of Canada.
The particles can also cause the Aurora Borealis over
the northern latitudes, known as the Northern Lights.
On a darker note this can also cause massive
disruptions to communications, GPS, and military
satellites. So if a bad solar storm were to hit, it could
potentially cut off your phone from Facebook, cause
your car to get wrong directions, and make the Air
Force shoot a missile at the wrong building.
20. The Active Sun
1. Sunspots
appear dark because they are cooler areas
they have a regular 11 year cycle
2. Prominences
Huge cloudlike structures of chromatic gases
trapped by magnetic fields
3. Solar flares
sudden brightening above a sunset cluster
Auroras-display of color near poles caused by
solar flares
23. Convection zone and Radiation
zone
• Convection
-Below photosphere where the material
is in constant convective motion
• Radiation
– Solar energy is transported due to radiation
24. Photosphere
• Grainy appearance to sun when look in a
telescope caused by granules, areas of
hotter gases rising—last 10 minutes and
new ones arise causing a convection
• 90% of sun’s surface are hydrogen
• 10% helium
26. Corona
Outermost portion of the atmosphere
Visible only when photosphere is covered
Solar wind—ionized gases that escape the
gravitational pull of the sun and bombard
parts of solar system, it can effect our
atmosphere.
27. The Solar Interior
Nuclear Fusion
-Converts four Hydrogen nuclei into one
helium releasing energy
energy is released because some matter is
converted to energy
Causes the core to grow in size
Sun can exist in its present state another 10
billion years
28. • Nuclear fusion in the sun is a process by
which rapidly colliding nuclei, like those of
hydrogen and helium, fuse together at
very high temperatures, to form nuclei of
higher atomic weight.
• Nuclear fusion in the sun is a merger of
smaller nuclei into heavier ones, releasing
a lot of energy in the process.
What is nuclear fusion in the sun?
29. How it works!
• In the process of the hydrogen and helium
fusing together, some mass is lost and
converted into energy.
• Nuclear fusion in the sun is only possible
when the repulsion between protons is
overcome.
– For that to happen, energy and temperature
at the suns core has to be really high.
30. The Suns core
• The total radius of the sun is 6.955 x 10^5
km (about 109 times the radius of Earth)
– Its core extends from the center to about 1.8
km, with a temperature of 14.5 million Kelvin.
31. • Consider that four hydrogen atoms have a combined
atomic mass of 4.032 atomic mass units whereas the
atomic mass of helium is 4.003 atomic mass units, or
0.029 less than the combined mass of hydrogen. The
tiny missing mass is emitted as energy as according to
Einstein's equation:
E=mc^2
• E equals energy, m equals mass, and c equals the
speed of light. Because the speed of light if very great
(300,000 km/s), the amount of energy released from
even a small amount of mass is enormous.
32. • The conversion of just one pinheads worth of hydrogen
to helium generates more energy than burning thousand
of tons of coal.
• The sun is consuming an estimated 600 million tons of
hydrogen each second; about 4 million tons are
converted to energy.
– Even at the enormous rate of consumption, the sun
has enough fuel to last easily another 100 billion
years.
– However, evidence from other stars indicates that the
sun will grow dramatically and engulf Earth long
before all of its hydrogen is gone.
– It is thought that a star the size of the sun can exist in
its present state for 10 billion years.