The document proposes harnessing solar energy from space using a system of solar panels and parabolic mirrors in orbit. The solar energy would be converted to microwave energy and transmitted to rectennas on Earth. Several giant solar collectors in geosynchronous orbit would beam microwaves to rectennas on an island from 36,000 km above Earth. The system would provide power nearly 24 hours a day without reductions from night, seasons, or weather, accessing over 10 times more solar energy than available on Earth.

1. FUN WITH THE SUNA NEW WORLD INITIATIVE
Published By : Jyotsana Rastogi
: Saransh Gupta

2. Our Area Of Interest
From eons, man has searched for a viable
source of energy. The invention of fossil fuel
at one time was a matter of much awe.
However, soon the need for better alternatives was felt.
From fossil fuels to the renewable sources of energy such as solar, hydro, wind,etc.
the advancements have been great. And now, its the call of this very age of
advancement which directs our mind to the ambitious project of harnessing
energy in the space.

3. Why Space??
Space offers some very attractive ways of harnessing energy such
as by the usage of helium – 3, windmills on mars ,recently may
be from methane on mars, etc. Space has asteroids, plasma etc.
Boasting of some unique properties which make it an even better
option than Earth for the purpose of harnessing energy.
Harnessing solar energy in space, we think, will be one of the
most ground-breaking inventions of the 21st century, as well as
being the most viable.
Our model for the same contains ideas from a exhaustive study of
the existing models,the proposed models, journals by acclaimed
scientists as well as innovative and unique ideas of my teammate!

4. Had Enough of empty words??

5. This is how we turn our empty words
into reality..

6. The journey to the space for harnessing solar energy begins by
launching a rocket consisting of a setup of two consecutive
identical parabolic mirrors having common centre of curvatures
and the solar panels placed at the centre of curvature to extract
maximum solar energy. When parallel rays are incident on parabolic
surface they converge the incident rays to the centre of curvature
with maximum intensity. The rocket containing this setup consists of
three parts which are combined together as a single unit at a time of
launching the rocket. Further the rocket is launched in the space after
which two of its subunit get detached and only the topmost part
containing solar panel and parabolic mirror gets in to the outer space
as this topmost part reaches the space the setup opens rotating around
the earth similar to the way as satellites revolve around the earth. Now
the solar energy received by the solar panels is converted to microwave
energy which is further transmitted to earth. While travelling towards the
earth, the microwaves are converged towards the tiny retinas using
transceivers. Further, the microwave energy received by the rectenna is
converted to dc voltage ,then to ac. And hence using energy from space
we produced electricity.

7. Comes the Sun: Mirrors in orbit would reflect sunlight onto huge solar
panels, and the resulting power would be beamed down to Earth.
But you have not seen the most interesting part .Several giant solar
collectors in geosynchronous orbit would be beaming microwaves down to
the bay (island) from 36,000 km above Earth.
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9. On Microwaves and Lasers
• The laser method’s main advantages and disadvantages both relate to its short
wavelength, which would be around 1 micrometer for this application. Such
wavelengths can be transmitted and received by relatively small components: The
transmitting optics in space would measure about 1 meter for a 1-GW installation,
and the receiving station on the ground would be several hundred meters long.
However, the short-wavelength laser would often be blocked by the atmosphere;
water molecules in clouds would absorb or scatter the laser beam, as they do
sunlight. No one wants a space-based solar power system that works only when
the sky is clear.
• But microwaves—for example, ones with wavelengths between 5 and
10 centimetres—would have no such problems in transmission. Microwaves also
have an efficiency advantage for a space-based solar power system, where power
must be converted twice: first from DC power to microwaves aboard the satellite,
then from microwaves to DC power on the ground. In lab conditions, researchers
have achieved about 80 percent efficiency in that power conversion on both
ends. Electronics companies are now striving to achieve such rates in commercially
available components, such as in power amplifiers based on gallium
nitride semiconductors, which could be used in the microwave transmitters.

10. Carbon Rules!!!
Today, researchers are experimenting with adding a small amount of graphene
flakes to polymer-blend bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells and are finding that it
improves the conversion efficiency of the cells significantly. The semiconducting
part of a BHJ solar cells is made from two different materials—an electron donor and
an acceptor. Light forms exactions at their interface, which separate into holes and
the electrons producing a voltage. In the work performed , they have discovered that
they can increase the ratio of electron donors to electron acceptors to boost the
energy absorbed by the cell.
Because graphene is pure carbon, its charge conductivity is very high. We want to
maximize the energy being absorbed by the solar cell, so we will increase the ratio
of the donor to acceptor and we will use a very low fraction of graphene to
achieve the goal.

11. Special arrangement of recteenas and
transrecivers to extract maximum of
microwave energy and convert it to
electrical energy

12. Parabolic mirrors converging
solar energy.
a more advanced SPS concept that solves the solar collection problem by employing two
huge reflective mirrors accompanied with Sensors and controllers. These would be
positioned so that between the two of them, they would direct light onto two photovoltaic
panels 24 hours a day. The two mirrors would be free flying, not tethered to the solar panels
or the separate transmission unit, which means that we would have to master a sophisticated
kind of formation flying to implement this system

13. In space there is 10 times as much available solar
energy as on Earth: There are no efficiency
reductions due to the day-night cycle, seasonal
variation, or weather conditions.

14. Recteena : An Introduction
Rectenna is actually an abbreviation i.e.
rectifying antenna which is a device that
receives microwaves & then converts it into D.C.
We can in fact directly convert solar energy into
electrical energy with the use of solar cells, but
sunlight diffuses in the night time from the
earth. And if the need arises for 24 hrs Power
supply, the most directive solution is rectinna.
We are aware of the fact that light is an electromagnetic wave. Light rays never
diffuse in space & if by any means these rays can be transmitted from space to earth
then it will be a nice solution for our desired need of 24 hrs power supply.
An SPS (Space Power Satellite) will convert the light rays to microwaves & will transmit
them to earth. The main component is schottky dioode.
Rectifying antenna rectifies received microwaves into DC current. A rectenna comprises
of a mesh of dipoles and diodes for absorbing microwave energy from a transmitter
and converting it into electric power. Its elements are usually arranged in a mesh
pattern, giving it a distinct appearance from most antennae .

15. A simple rectenna can be constructed from a schottky diode placed between
antenna dipole. The diode rectifies the current induced in the antenna by the
microwaves. Rectennae are highly efficient at converting microwave energy to
electricity. In laboratory environments, efficiencies above 90% have been
observed with regularity. In future rectennas will be used to generate large
scale power from microwave beams delivered from orbiting SPS satellites.

16. Now actually what we are thinking here is to use the beam energy falling on
the 3km wide surface such that we could achieve maxium power at
maximum efficiency. For this purpose a synchrotron can be used.Let us
discuss what basically a synchrotron is??

17. A synchrotron is an extremely powerful source of X-rays. These
are produced by highly energetic electrons moving in a large circle
in the synchrotron.The entire world of synchrotron science
depends on one physical phenomenon: When a moving electron
changes direction, it emits energy. When the electron is moving fast
enough, the emitted energy is at X-ray wavelength.A synchrotron
machine exists to accelerate electrons to extremely high energy and
then make them change direction periodically. The resulting X-rays
are emitted as dozens of thin beams, each directed toward a
beamline next to the accelerator, so the energy of these beamed x-
rays that are accelerated to higher potentials could generate
enormous power feasibly. The entire beam energy that is beamed
to earth after going thorugh a panel of rectennas could be used to
accelerate these electrons or some micoparticles that could make
the structure efficient and cost effective and an alternative to
rectennas.

19. Future perspective & cost analysis
• The land below the rectenna can be utilized for domestic purposes
like farming etc,apart from this if the rectennas are generating any
kind of heat energy then it can be easily utilized as a steam for
thermal power plant. We can provide water as a coolant as we have
large amount of water on earth.
• The procedure involed in the projects would be difficult and
expensive, but the payoff would be immense, and not just in
economic terms. Throughout human history, the introduction of
each new energy source—beginning with firewood, and moving on
through coal, oil, gas, and nuclear power—has caused a revolution
in our way of living. If humanity truly embraces space-based solar
power, a ring of satellites in orbit could provide nearly unlimited
energy, ending the biggest conflicts over Earth’s energy resources.
As we place more of the machinery of daily life in space, we’ll begin
to create a prosperous and peaceful civilization beyond Earth’s
surface.

20. Conclusion
In space there is 10 times as much available solar energy as on Earth: There are no efficiency reductions
due to the day-night cycle, seasonal variation, or weather conditions.
Once the station is installed, the imbursement will be enormous because in space there is 10 times as
much available solar energy as on Earth. There will be no efficiency reductions due to the day-night
cycle, seasonal variation, or weather conditions. The space-based solar collectors in
geosynchronous orbit will be able to generate power nearly 24 hours a day. Our replacement over
silicon solar cells by graphene and CNTs will anonymous. Graphene is characterized as lighter than a
feather, stronger than steel, incredibly flexible and more conductive than copper. These
characteristics give our
project a major support. With the use of oscillators the power is sent from the space using microwaves
which have high operating frequencies, require small antennas, reliable and hence require less
maintenance.
These microwaves are received 36,000 kms below on the earth by the rectenna and cyclotron wave
converters. These are not only efficient and feasible but also eco-friendly. They convert microwaves
in to ac supply which can be used further.
In our project we have not only emphasized on the efficiency and feasibility of our work but we have
also shared our concern regarding our environment and for the people who are living on it.
At the end we would like to end up saying..”Sunlight will soon be a source which will be nurturing us in
every aspect with its immense amount of energy and all the problems of power will vanish away
and simultaneously compelling all the human race to afford their gratitude to the Creator !!!!”