"Free" Trade without "Fair" Trade? -- how should the U.S. react to address our negative trade imbalance in the face of unfair trade practices by most nations around the world?
Current economic theory assumes that nations will voluntarily adopt “fair trade” practices.
The U.S. is in a strong bargaining position to negotiate balanced trade relative to partners that drive our trade deficit – in a trade war, they have a lot more to loose.
The U.S. should proactively adopt a tit-for-tat approach to foster trade liberalization and fairness or risk losing the “international trade war”.
Above ‘fair trade” enforcing mechanism would provide crucial time for retraining displaced labor and/or protecting sectors impacted by unfair practices.
"Free" Trade without "Fair" Trade? -- how should the U.S. react to address ou...CharlesDaniels123
Current economic theory assumes that nations will voluntarily adopt “fair trade” practices.
The U.S. is in a strong bargaining position to negotiate balanced trade relative to partners that drive our trade deficit – in a trade war, they have a lot more to loose.
The U.S. should proactively adopt a tit-for-tat approach to foster trade liberalization and fairness or risk losing the “international trade war”.
Above ‘fair trade” enforcing mechanism would provide crucial time for retraining displaced labor and/or protecting sectors impacted by unfair practices.
The document discusses international management topics such as defining international management and multinational corporations. It then covers trends in globalization, the economic performance of developing countries, and issues relating to the political, legal, technological, and ethical environment that international managers must navigate. Tables and figures are presented on topics like the largest global companies, foreign direct investment flows, and levels of corruption in different countries.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world through trade and financial flows. It involves two core aspects: the globalization of markets, with separate national markets merging into one large global market, and the globalization of production, through companies sourcing goods and services internationally. As markets globalized, international institutions emerged to help regulate trade and promote agreements between nations. While globalization has connected economies, critics argue it has also negatively impacted jobs, wages, and national sovereignty in some countries.
Global interdependence - A level Human Geography - Trade and Debt nazeema khan
Global trade is impacted by many factors including historical colonial ties, resource endowments, locational advantages, trade agreements, and debt burdens. Some key points from the document are:
- Countries' trade patterns are still influenced by historical colonial relationships as countries tend to trade most with their former colonial powers.
- A country's natural resource endowments, such as oil reserves or agricultural potential, impact what goods it can export and trade relationships.
- Geographic location provides advantages if a country is near major markets or transportation routes.
- Trade agreements and trading blocs like the EU promote trade between member countries but can disadvantage non-members.
- Debt burdens, from factors like colonial
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE - TRADE FLOWS AND TRADING PATT...George Dumitrache
Global trade is worth trillions annually and involves the import and export of goods and services across international borders. Comparative advantage, as developed by David Ricardo, states that countries benefit by specializing in and trading goods and services they can produce relatively more cheaply. However, developing countries often face disadvantages like dependence on primary commodities and unfavorable terms of trade, though regional trade agreements and foreign investment can help increase trade and development.
The document provides an overview of international business, including definitions, objectives, importance, modes, and terms. It discusses how international business allows for the optimization of resources and diversification of risk. Key terms are defined, such as multinational companies, global companies, and transnational companies. International business is described as important for earning foreign exchange, utilizing resources efficiently, achieving corporate objectives, spreading risk, improving efficiency, and gaining government benefits. Common modes of international business include imports/exports, tourism/transportation, licensing/franchising, turnkey operations, management contracts, and direct/portfolio investment.
13.1 Global Interdependence: Trade flows and trading patternsGeorge Dumitrache
Trade involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. Imports are purchased from other nations while exports are sold abroad. A country's balance of trade depends on whether it imports or exports more. Global trade patterns are influenced by factors like resource distribution, location, and trade agreements. While trade allows nations to specialize, many developing countries face unequal terms of trade and dependency on specific goods or partners. International organizations aim to promote free and fair trade globally.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on global protectionism and GDP growth by Paul Young on February 21, 2019. The presentation discusses what protectionism is, issues with protectionism policies, top exporting countries, intellectual property theft between countries, trade relations between the US and China, Canada's trade deficits, and potential solutions to address trade imbalances like reducing consumption and saving more in trade deficit countries. The document includes sources for the presented information.
"Free" Trade without "Fair" Trade? -- how should the U.S. react to address ou...CharlesDaniels123
Current economic theory assumes that nations will voluntarily adopt “fair trade” practices.
The U.S. is in a strong bargaining position to negotiate balanced trade relative to partners that drive our trade deficit – in a trade war, they have a lot more to loose.
The U.S. should proactively adopt a tit-for-tat approach to foster trade liberalization and fairness or risk losing the “international trade war”.
Above ‘fair trade” enforcing mechanism would provide crucial time for retraining displaced labor and/or protecting sectors impacted by unfair practices.
The document discusses international management topics such as defining international management and multinational corporations. It then covers trends in globalization, the economic performance of developing countries, and issues relating to the political, legal, technological, and ethical environment that international managers must navigate. Tables and figures are presented on topics like the largest global companies, foreign direct investment flows, and levels of corruption in different countries.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world through trade and financial flows. It involves two core aspects: the globalization of markets, with separate national markets merging into one large global market, and the globalization of production, through companies sourcing goods and services internationally. As markets globalized, international institutions emerged to help regulate trade and promote agreements between nations. While globalization has connected economies, critics argue it has also negatively impacted jobs, wages, and national sovereignty in some countries.
Global interdependence - A level Human Geography - Trade and Debt nazeema khan
Global trade is impacted by many factors including historical colonial ties, resource endowments, locational advantages, trade agreements, and debt burdens. Some key points from the document are:
- Countries' trade patterns are still influenced by historical colonial relationships as countries tend to trade most with their former colonial powers.
- A country's natural resource endowments, such as oil reserves or agricultural potential, impact what goods it can export and trade relationships.
- Geographic location provides advantages if a country is near major markets or transportation routes.
- Trade agreements and trading blocs like the EU promote trade between member countries but can disadvantage non-members.
- Debt burdens, from factors like colonial
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE - TRADE FLOWS AND TRADING PATT...George Dumitrache
Global trade is worth trillions annually and involves the import and export of goods and services across international borders. Comparative advantage, as developed by David Ricardo, states that countries benefit by specializing in and trading goods and services they can produce relatively more cheaply. However, developing countries often face disadvantages like dependence on primary commodities and unfavorable terms of trade, though regional trade agreements and foreign investment can help increase trade and development.
The document provides an overview of international business, including definitions, objectives, importance, modes, and terms. It discusses how international business allows for the optimization of resources and diversification of risk. Key terms are defined, such as multinational companies, global companies, and transnational companies. International business is described as important for earning foreign exchange, utilizing resources efficiently, achieving corporate objectives, spreading risk, improving efficiency, and gaining government benefits. Common modes of international business include imports/exports, tourism/transportation, licensing/franchising, turnkey operations, management contracts, and direct/portfolio investment.
13.1 Global Interdependence: Trade flows and trading patternsGeorge Dumitrache
Trade involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. Imports are purchased from other nations while exports are sold abroad. A country's balance of trade depends on whether it imports or exports more. Global trade patterns are influenced by factors like resource distribution, location, and trade agreements. While trade allows nations to specialize, many developing countries face unequal terms of trade and dependency on specific goods or partners. International organizations aim to promote free and fair trade globally.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on global protectionism and GDP growth by Paul Young on February 21, 2019. The presentation discusses what protectionism is, issues with protectionism policies, top exporting countries, intellectual property theft between countries, trade relations between the US and China, Canada's trade deficits, and potential solutions to address trade imbalances like reducing consumption and saving more in trade deficit countries. The document includes sources for the presented information.
Will the New Era of Trade Protectionism Under the Trump Regime Make America G...Christiana Wu
Trump's trade policies aim to reduce trade deficits and bring manufacturing jobs back to the US. This includes withdrawing from TPP, renegotiating NAFTA, and imposing import taxes. While this may boost domestic industry in the short run, it could also spark trade wars and slow economic growth in partner countries like Mexico and China. The long term economic impacts are unclear as free trade has both benefits and costs for different sectors of the economy.
The document summarizes international trade and its importance for developing countries. It discusses how international trade has increased living standards globally by integrating economies. Developing countries have benefited from trade liberalization through faster economic growth, poverty reduction, and increased manufacturing exports. Further trade liberalization could realize even more gains, especially for the poorest countries. Key regional trade organizations that help developing countries participate in international trade, like AFTA and APEC, are also summarized.
The document discusses US foreign trade. It notes that the US is among the top three global importers and exporters. Total trade accounted for 30% of US GDP in 2013. Exports increased to a record $2.3 trillion in 2013, supporting over 11 million jobs. The US imports and exports both goods and services. It is a member of the WTO and has various trade agreements to help regulate trade.
This document discusses issues relating to global trade governance and how well they are addressed globally. It analyzes the formation of the WTO and its role in facilitating global trade negotiations compared to its predecessor GATT. It also examines challenges posed by China's rise as a trading superpower and imbalances caused by its large trade surpluses. Issues around protecting domestic industries from foreign competition are also assessed in the context of WTO agreements and trade negotiations.
Increasing tariffs and duties on either raw material or finished goods just forces up prices - https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm
Government used tariffs and duties as stop gap when it comes to votes
USA is gaining in-shoring jobs - http://www.stltoday.com/news/national/govt-and-politics/us-factories-expand-at-strongest-rate-in-almost-years/article_f503790c-d2f2-593f-b6b3-e469da499080.html
USA has made changes to tax codes and regulations, but more needs to be done in terms of policies
Rising Healthcare Costs - https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/09/employers-to-spend-about-10000-on-health-care-for-each-worker.html
Rising Labour Costs - https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-economy-costs/u-s-labor-costs-increase-solidly-in-the-fourth-quarter-idUSKBN1FK1XR?il=0 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bonds-investments-analysis/costly-dollar-hedges-tarnish-u-s-bonds-for-overseas-investors-idUSKCN1GC0OF
Rising USD$ - https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bonds-investments-analysis/costly-dollar-hedges-tarnish-u-s-bonds-for-overseas-investors-idUSKCN1GC0OF
The Impact of International Businesses in a Global Economy: An Interdisciplin...IOSR Journals
This study is an analysis of the impact of international businesses in the world economy. It examined the effect of globalization in the economic growth of international businesses and the world economy; and the organizations that act as alliances in international business, such as the World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund. The study observed that while some countries may be favoured by particular changes in international business, others may be adversely affected. This does not mean that international business does not have unfavorable effects. Major changes in international business will also produce major adjustments. The process of adjustments may be a gainful one. The study concludes that in spite of the national economic policies of each country, politics and law play important role in international business, which does not tend to restrict its views to the interest of one country, but it tries to analyze the different national interests which are relevant to the national level of decision-making.
The document discusses globalization and multinational corporations. It defines globalization as increasing global economic interdependence and outlines the key drivers of globalization including market forces, costs, government policies, and competition. It then examines the size and diversity of multinational corporations and why businesses choose to become multinational, such as reducing costs, accessing new markets and government support. The document also explores the impact of multinational investment on both developed and developing host countries.
Prompted initially by the economic success of the North American Free Trade Agreement, trade cooperation around the world is on the rise, leading to a flurry of new Free Trade Agreements. While economies in developed countries such as the US have achieved growth due to the lowering of trade barriers that follow completed FTA's, coinciding tensions have escalated from factions within the industrial sectors of the economy who claim that overall imports increase but at the expense of overall domestic output and export growth.The Asia-Pacific region, particularly China, has concurrently seen unprecedented economic success with their own successfully negotiated FTA's, driven by the access to new markets which allow for the export of their manufactured goods. As a result of the economic success of this phenomenon, races to pursue new FTA's have emerged, along with resistance from a variety of international actors. For example, the proposed Trans-Pacific
Partnership, a FTA linking the US to East Asian countries specifically not including China, has escalated tensions from labor groups within the US who claim that FTA's hurt US manufacturing growth. This study assesses trends in trade with recently completed US FTA partners in order to determine the merits of domestic industrial factions in their claims that FTA's hurt overall US exports.
Global protectionism is on the rise as governments face pressure to protect domestic jobs. Protectionist policies like tariffs restrict international trade and make local industries more competitive by raising import prices. However, protectionism also has drawbacks like higher consumer prices and retaliation from trade partners. The US-China trade conflict has escalated as the US imposed tariffs on Chinese goods and accused China of intellectual property theft, while China denies the allegations. The breakdown of multilateral trade organizations due to US actions threatens the rules-based global economic order.
The document discusses several key aspects of globalization including:
1. Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated world economy and includes the globalization of markets and production. Major institutions like the WTO, IMF, and World Bank help manage and regulate global trade.
2. Technological advances in communication and transportation have reduced barriers and facilitated the spread of global markets and production networks.
3. The global economy has changed dramatically in recent decades with developing nations now accounting for a growing share of global GDP, trade, and foreign investment.
The Trump administration’s economic policy is rapidly breaking down the World Trade Organisation (WTO) system and shattering the rules-based international order. On top of imposing tariffs, the United States is blocking the appointment of new judges to the body that interprets and enforces WTO rules, decisions and agreements.
If this continues, the WTO will virtually cease to function by the end of 2019.
This will cause a gradual breakdown of the multilateral trading system and lead to a new international economic order that is no longer anchored in liberal democratic values, nor fully constrained by the rule of law.
Source - https://theconversation.com/australia-has-to-prepare-for-life-after-the-world-trade-organisation-100522
Global trade is very important but changes are required to ensure trade is fair including the elimination of trade barriers.
1. Carbon leakage taxes - https://www.oecd.org/tax/g20-economies-are-pricing-more-carbon-emissions-but-stronger-globally-more-coherent-policy-action-is-needed-to-meet-climate-goals-says-oecd.htm
2. Climate change - https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-which-countries-are-historically-responsible-for-climate-change
3. Carbon sink - https://financialpost.com/diane-francis/diane-francis-canada-is-a-giant-carbon-sink-why-are-we-not-getting-credit-for-it
4. WTO - https://thehill.com/opinion/international/578148-its-essential-to-bring-back-binding-wto-dispute-settlement
5. China and WTO - https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202110/29/WS617b295ca310cdd39bc71f5d.html
6. Container ships - https://theconversation.com/the-supply-chain-crisis-has-a-silver-lining-container-ships-should-be-decarbonised-faster-170391
7. Critical metals - https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/The-United-States-Is-Not-Doing-Enough-To-Secure-Critical-Metals.html
8. Electricity crisis - https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/29/climate/europe-energy-crisis-cop.html
9. Green economy - https://www.itv.com/news/2021-10-24/what-are-the-five-greenest-countries-and-the-five-biggest-carbon-emitters
10. WTO - https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/28/eu-carbon-border-levy-could-sabotage-climate-goals-says-thinktank
Globalization has led to the integration of markets, transportation, and communication to a degree never seen before. This has two main trends - the globalization of goods/services markets and the globalization of financial markets. Globalization expands markets for companies to sell in and sources of production, impacts mergers and acquisitions, and increases risks for investors and countries from factors like exchange rates and dependence on foreign trade. Large multinational corporations like McDonalds, Nike, and Citigroup have significant operations across many countries.
The document discusses trade issues facing the United States and proposals to address them. It argues that America's persistent trade deficits have cost the economy jobs and growth potential. Several trade problems are outlined, including currency manipulation, foreign consumption taxes, state-owned enterprises, and lack of a U.S. trade strategy. Alternative approaches are proposed that emphasize balanced trade, neutralizing unfair trade practices, and prioritizing national manufacturing and security needs over narrow trade deals. The Coalition for a Prosperous America advocates policy reforms to reduce trade distortions and help American producers compete globally.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on global protectionism and GDP growth. The presentation discusses what protectionism is, issues with protectionism policies, IP theft between countries, trade relationships between countries like the US, China, and Canada, and potential solutions to addressing trade imbalances. It includes data on top exporting countries, projected global GDP growth, and trade deficits for context. The presentation examines how increasing protectionism and ongoing trade wars could impact the global economy.
The document discusses the case against trade tariffs and protectionist policies. It provides several arguments:
1) The EU's Common Agricultural Policy artificially inflates food prices, discriminates against developing nations, encourages overproduction and waste, and favors large farms over small farms.
2) The principle of comparative advantage shows that free trade allows countries to specialize and gain advantages in certain industries, benefiting all countries.
3) Almost all economists support free trade over protectionism, citing evidence that open markets stimulate greater overall economic growth and job creation compared to restricted trade.
China will overtake the US to dominate global trade by 2030, featuring in 17 of the top 25 bilateral sea and air freight trade routes. The analysis projects bilateral trade between 29 economies through 2030 using GDP and export projections. It finds that China's trade with developing countries like India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE will grow substantially. The largest trade route in 2030 is projected to be between China and the US, reaching $594 billion, up from $291 billion in 2009. Emerging economies will play a much greater role in global trade over the next 20 years.
Networking Blunders that Cost you SalesAbhishek Shah
Networking effectively can have a dramatic impact on your sales providing it is done correctly.
Avoid these fatal networking mistakes and improve your results.
The document discusses protectionism and trade liberalization. Protectionism refers to restricting trade between countries through tariffs, quotas, and non-tariff barriers. Tariffs increase import prices while quotas restrict quantities. Non-tariff barriers make trade costly through regulations and standards. Countries adopt protectionism to shield domestic industries and jobs and for strategic or political reasons. Trade liberalization aims to reduce these barriers by promoting specialization, efficient resource allocation, and market access through agreements like GATT and the WTO. However, fully liberalizing world trade faces challenges in removing barriers like agricultural subsidies.
Inspired by "An Idiot Abroad" I created this to help learners view their world from a very different perspective..
Any feedback would be really useful, thanks.
Free-Trade / Fair Trade -- From the 20th Century to 21st CenturyMichael Woods
On April 22, 2016, Michael Woods gave a presentation on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) at the Inaugural Conference on International Inter-Tribal Trade at the Faculty of Law at the University of Oklahoma. The conference was organized with the assistance and hard work of the Citizen Potawatomi Nation, the Mohawk Council of Akwensase, the Chickasaw Nation, the Law Faculties of the University of Oklahoma and Thompson River University and Donna William. Woods, LaFortune LLP joined other firms including Luksi Group LLC, Berkey Williams LLP, Garwill Law Professional Corporation as participants.
Will the New Era of Trade Protectionism Under the Trump Regime Make America G...Christiana Wu
Trump's trade policies aim to reduce trade deficits and bring manufacturing jobs back to the US. This includes withdrawing from TPP, renegotiating NAFTA, and imposing import taxes. While this may boost domestic industry in the short run, it could also spark trade wars and slow economic growth in partner countries like Mexico and China. The long term economic impacts are unclear as free trade has both benefits and costs for different sectors of the economy.
The document summarizes international trade and its importance for developing countries. It discusses how international trade has increased living standards globally by integrating economies. Developing countries have benefited from trade liberalization through faster economic growth, poverty reduction, and increased manufacturing exports. Further trade liberalization could realize even more gains, especially for the poorest countries. Key regional trade organizations that help developing countries participate in international trade, like AFTA and APEC, are also summarized.
The document discusses US foreign trade. It notes that the US is among the top three global importers and exporters. Total trade accounted for 30% of US GDP in 2013. Exports increased to a record $2.3 trillion in 2013, supporting over 11 million jobs. The US imports and exports both goods and services. It is a member of the WTO and has various trade agreements to help regulate trade.
This document discusses issues relating to global trade governance and how well they are addressed globally. It analyzes the formation of the WTO and its role in facilitating global trade negotiations compared to its predecessor GATT. It also examines challenges posed by China's rise as a trading superpower and imbalances caused by its large trade surpluses. Issues around protecting domestic industries from foreign competition are also assessed in the context of WTO agreements and trade negotiations.
Increasing tariffs and duties on either raw material or finished goods just forces up prices - https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm
Government used tariffs and duties as stop gap when it comes to votes
USA is gaining in-shoring jobs - http://www.stltoday.com/news/national/govt-and-politics/us-factories-expand-at-strongest-rate-in-almost-years/article_f503790c-d2f2-593f-b6b3-e469da499080.html
USA has made changes to tax codes and regulations, but more needs to be done in terms of policies
Rising Healthcare Costs - https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/09/employers-to-spend-about-10000-on-health-care-for-each-worker.html
Rising Labour Costs - https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-economy-costs/u-s-labor-costs-increase-solidly-in-the-fourth-quarter-idUSKBN1FK1XR?il=0 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bonds-investments-analysis/costly-dollar-hedges-tarnish-u-s-bonds-for-overseas-investors-idUSKCN1GC0OF
Rising USD$ - https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bonds-investments-analysis/costly-dollar-hedges-tarnish-u-s-bonds-for-overseas-investors-idUSKCN1GC0OF
The Impact of International Businesses in a Global Economy: An Interdisciplin...IOSR Journals
This study is an analysis of the impact of international businesses in the world economy. It examined the effect of globalization in the economic growth of international businesses and the world economy; and the organizations that act as alliances in international business, such as the World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund. The study observed that while some countries may be favoured by particular changes in international business, others may be adversely affected. This does not mean that international business does not have unfavorable effects. Major changes in international business will also produce major adjustments. The process of adjustments may be a gainful one. The study concludes that in spite of the national economic policies of each country, politics and law play important role in international business, which does not tend to restrict its views to the interest of one country, but it tries to analyze the different national interests which are relevant to the national level of decision-making.
The document discusses globalization and multinational corporations. It defines globalization as increasing global economic interdependence and outlines the key drivers of globalization including market forces, costs, government policies, and competition. It then examines the size and diversity of multinational corporations and why businesses choose to become multinational, such as reducing costs, accessing new markets and government support. The document also explores the impact of multinational investment on both developed and developing host countries.
Prompted initially by the economic success of the North American Free Trade Agreement, trade cooperation around the world is on the rise, leading to a flurry of new Free Trade Agreements. While economies in developed countries such as the US have achieved growth due to the lowering of trade barriers that follow completed FTA's, coinciding tensions have escalated from factions within the industrial sectors of the economy who claim that overall imports increase but at the expense of overall domestic output and export growth.The Asia-Pacific region, particularly China, has concurrently seen unprecedented economic success with their own successfully negotiated FTA's, driven by the access to new markets which allow for the export of their manufactured goods. As a result of the economic success of this phenomenon, races to pursue new FTA's have emerged, along with resistance from a variety of international actors. For example, the proposed Trans-Pacific
Partnership, a FTA linking the US to East Asian countries specifically not including China, has escalated tensions from labor groups within the US who claim that FTA's hurt US manufacturing growth. This study assesses trends in trade with recently completed US FTA partners in order to determine the merits of domestic industrial factions in their claims that FTA's hurt overall US exports.
Global protectionism is on the rise as governments face pressure to protect domestic jobs. Protectionist policies like tariffs restrict international trade and make local industries more competitive by raising import prices. However, protectionism also has drawbacks like higher consumer prices and retaliation from trade partners. The US-China trade conflict has escalated as the US imposed tariffs on Chinese goods and accused China of intellectual property theft, while China denies the allegations. The breakdown of multilateral trade organizations due to US actions threatens the rules-based global economic order.
The document discusses several key aspects of globalization including:
1. Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated world economy and includes the globalization of markets and production. Major institutions like the WTO, IMF, and World Bank help manage and regulate global trade.
2. Technological advances in communication and transportation have reduced barriers and facilitated the spread of global markets and production networks.
3. The global economy has changed dramatically in recent decades with developing nations now accounting for a growing share of global GDP, trade, and foreign investment.
The Trump administration’s economic policy is rapidly breaking down the World Trade Organisation (WTO) system and shattering the rules-based international order. On top of imposing tariffs, the United States is blocking the appointment of new judges to the body that interprets and enforces WTO rules, decisions and agreements.
If this continues, the WTO will virtually cease to function by the end of 2019.
This will cause a gradual breakdown of the multilateral trading system and lead to a new international economic order that is no longer anchored in liberal democratic values, nor fully constrained by the rule of law.
Source - https://theconversation.com/australia-has-to-prepare-for-life-after-the-world-trade-organisation-100522
Global trade is very important but changes are required to ensure trade is fair including the elimination of trade barriers.
1. Carbon leakage taxes - https://www.oecd.org/tax/g20-economies-are-pricing-more-carbon-emissions-but-stronger-globally-more-coherent-policy-action-is-needed-to-meet-climate-goals-says-oecd.htm
2. Climate change - https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-which-countries-are-historically-responsible-for-climate-change
3. Carbon sink - https://financialpost.com/diane-francis/diane-francis-canada-is-a-giant-carbon-sink-why-are-we-not-getting-credit-for-it
4. WTO - https://thehill.com/opinion/international/578148-its-essential-to-bring-back-binding-wto-dispute-settlement
5. China and WTO - https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202110/29/WS617b295ca310cdd39bc71f5d.html
6. Container ships - https://theconversation.com/the-supply-chain-crisis-has-a-silver-lining-container-ships-should-be-decarbonised-faster-170391
7. Critical metals - https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/The-United-States-Is-Not-Doing-Enough-To-Secure-Critical-Metals.html
8. Electricity crisis - https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/29/climate/europe-energy-crisis-cop.html
9. Green economy - https://www.itv.com/news/2021-10-24/what-are-the-five-greenest-countries-and-the-five-biggest-carbon-emitters
10. WTO - https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/28/eu-carbon-border-levy-could-sabotage-climate-goals-says-thinktank
Globalization has led to the integration of markets, transportation, and communication to a degree never seen before. This has two main trends - the globalization of goods/services markets and the globalization of financial markets. Globalization expands markets for companies to sell in and sources of production, impacts mergers and acquisitions, and increases risks for investors and countries from factors like exchange rates and dependence on foreign trade. Large multinational corporations like McDonalds, Nike, and Citigroup have significant operations across many countries.
The document discusses trade issues facing the United States and proposals to address them. It argues that America's persistent trade deficits have cost the economy jobs and growth potential. Several trade problems are outlined, including currency manipulation, foreign consumption taxes, state-owned enterprises, and lack of a U.S. trade strategy. Alternative approaches are proposed that emphasize balanced trade, neutralizing unfair trade practices, and prioritizing national manufacturing and security needs over narrow trade deals. The Coalition for a Prosperous America advocates policy reforms to reduce trade distortions and help American producers compete globally.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on global protectionism and GDP growth. The presentation discusses what protectionism is, issues with protectionism policies, IP theft between countries, trade relationships between countries like the US, China, and Canada, and potential solutions to addressing trade imbalances. It includes data on top exporting countries, projected global GDP growth, and trade deficits for context. The presentation examines how increasing protectionism and ongoing trade wars could impact the global economy.
The document discusses the case against trade tariffs and protectionist policies. It provides several arguments:
1) The EU's Common Agricultural Policy artificially inflates food prices, discriminates against developing nations, encourages overproduction and waste, and favors large farms over small farms.
2) The principle of comparative advantage shows that free trade allows countries to specialize and gain advantages in certain industries, benefiting all countries.
3) Almost all economists support free trade over protectionism, citing evidence that open markets stimulate greater overall economic growth and job creation compared to restricted trade.
China will overtake the US to dominate global trade by 2030, featuring in 17 of the top 25 bilateral sea and air freight trade routes. The analysis projects bilateral trade between 29 economies through 2030 using GDP and export projections. It finds that China's trade with developing countries like India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE will grow substantially. The largest trade route in 2030 is projected to be between China and the US, reaching $594 billion, up from $291 billion in 2009. Emerging economies will play a much greater role in global trade over the next 20 years.
Networking Blunders that Cost you SalesAbhishek Shah
Networking effectively can have a dramatic impact on your sales providing it is done correctly.
Avoid these fatal networking mistakes and improve your results.
The document discusses protectionism and trade liberalization. Protectionism refers to restricting trade between countries through tariffs, quotas, and non-tariff barriers. Tariffs increase import prices while quotas restrict quantities. Non-tariff barriers make trade costly through regulations and standards. Countries adopt protectionism to shield domestic industries and jobs and for strategic or political reasons. Trade liberalization aims to reduce these barriers by promoting specialization, efficient resource allocation, and market access through agreements like GATT and the WTO. However, fully liberalizing world trade faces challenges in removing barriers like agricultural subsidies.
Inspired by "An Idiot Abroad" I created this to help learners view their world from a very different perspective..
Any feedback would be really useful, thanks.
Free-Trade / Fair Trade -- From the 20th Century to 21st CenturyMichael Woods
On April 22, 2016, Michael Woods gave a presentation on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) at the Inaugural Conference on International Inter-Tribal Trade at the Faculty of Law at the University of Oklahoma. The conference was organized with the assistance and hard work of the Citizen Potawatomi Nation, the Mohawk Council of Akwensase, the Chickasaw Nation, the Law Faculties of the University of Oklahoma and Thompson River University and Donna William. Woods, LaFortune LLP joined other firms including Luksi Group LLC, Berkey Williams LLP, Garwill Law Professional Corporation as participants.
The document discusses various aspects of software implementation and integration. It defines implementation as the process of transforming a design into code and other implementation elements. Key aspects discussed include unit testing, integration testing, configuration management, host-target development, reuse, and prototyping. Implementation involves tasks such as writing code, testing components, integrating work, and debugging. The roles of implementers and integrators in managing this process are also outlined.
1) The Berlin trade exhibition brought together a rich diversity of products yet created a single unified whole through the impossibility of expressing each individual trend or style.
2) This uniformity was achieved on the largest possible scale by bringing together products from around the world.
3) Within the exhibition, there was a competition among displays to provide maximum visual stimulation and appeal to consumers through their presentation, similar to shop window displays.
Jim W in a Nutshell - My Personal Approach to Sellingjimw_presos
Jim Williams provides his personal approach to selling at iRise, including maintaining a positive work ethic, effective communication style, and team management. He emphasizes always generating leads, learning, establishing credibility, educating prospects, building consensus, proving value, qualifying opportunities, managing pipelines and teams, and closing deals.
Exhibitions are an important catalyst for the growth of the Indian economy, though the industry faces challenges from poor infrastructure, governance, and lack of support. While India's exhibition industry is ranked 13th globally and growing at 10% annually, it captures less than 1% of the global market share. The document discusses the size and growth of India's exhibition industry, major players, challenges around venues, legal environment, and talent recruitment and retention. It argues for industry associations like IEIA to lobby the government and support the sector through initiatives related to venues, health and safety standards, skills development, and networking opportunities to help the industry compete globally.
This document discusses various tariff and non-tariff trade barriers. It defines a tariff as a tax on imported goods that increases their price. Common tariff barriers include customs duties and export taxes. While tariffs protect local industries and jobs, they also increase prices for consumers. The document also examines how tariffs impact domestic production and imports. It then outlines various types of important tariff barriers. Next, it defines non-tariff barriers as obstacles other than tariffs, such as quotas, embargoes and product standards. The document lists some examples of non-tariff barriers and their impacts.
User Generated Content shifting power back to the fan in the world’s most pop...Carlos F. Flores
Over the years, Broadcasting Rights has become the #1 source of revenues for major soccer teams around the world. Fans attending live games have taken a back seat and are not happy. Smatphone-enabled, "User Generated Content" may shift the balance of power back to fans.
THE CHANGING ROLE OF THE “SOCIALLY CONNECTED, MOBILE ENABLED” FOOTBALL (SOCC...CharlesDaniels123
After ticket sales became displaced as the primary source of income for football (soccer) teams, fans saw their influence diminish considerably. "Social" and "mobile" are helping fans recapture their influence and positioning them "front" and "center" in the rapidly growing football ecosystem.
Personal selling involves a two-way communication between a buyer and seller, often face-to-face, to influence a purchase decision. The personal selling process consists of six stages: (1) prospecting, (2) preapproach, (3) approach, (4) presentation, (5) close, and (6) follow-up. Adaptive selling means adjusting the presentation to fit each situation, while consultative selling focuses on problem identification and resolution.
Exhibition Stand Trade Show Booth Design & Buildraliexb
Asiatic Media is an exhibition stand design and construction company based in the Gulf region that prides itself on exceeding customer expectations from design through installation. They offer personalized service tailored to customer needs so customers can sit back and enjoy the process. Asiatic Media has designed stands for many clients, both locally and internationally, and their portfolio includes projects in over 15 countries. They are currently working on stand designs for the UAEU and the EMARAT Career Fair in Dubai.
The document provides an overview of personal selling, including its definition, evolution, and contributions. It discusses transaction-focused versus relationship-focused approaches and different personal selling methods like stimulus response, mental states, and problem solving. The document also outlines the sales process, including developing customer relationships, initiating relationships, enhancing relationships, and gaining customer commitment.
FairTrade aims to help disadvantaged producers through fair pricing and long-term trading relationships. However, some argue it has unintended consequences. It may encourage overproduction and prevent market signals. While the social premium and labor standards help communities, others argue aid may be more efficient. Overall, FairTrade attempts to address trade imbalances but critics question its impact on long-term development.
The document discusses key aspects of designing an effective sales force including objectives, strategy, structure, size, compensation, and management. It outlines setting objectives like allocating sales reps' time. Strategy can involve direct sales or contractual sales. Structure can be territorial or by product/market. Size is determined by workload approach and call frequencies. Compensation includes fixed salary, variable commissions, and benefits. Managing the sales force involves recruiting, training, supervision, motivation, and evaluation.
The document outlines the key steps in the personal selling process for pharmaceutical salespeople. These include:
1) Preparing by studying products, market trends, and potential customers.
2) Following steps like determining customer needs, approaching the customer, presenting the product, overcoming objections, and closing the call to make a sale.
3) Relationship building which involves regular follow-up, activities, and interactions to understand customers.
Assumptions: Strategy already defined Strategy not subject to sudden chang...PRIYANK JAIN
Assumptions:
Strategy already defined
Strategy not subject to sudden change
Strategy Development separate from Implementation
Framework for Strategy Implementation
Assumptions: Strategy already defined Strategy not subject to sudden chang...
Similar to "Free" Trade without "Fair" Trade? -- how should the U.S. react to address our negative trade imbalance in the face of unfair trade practices by most nations around the world?
Another institution in the news is the G20. Established in 1999, the.docxmelvinjrobinson2199
Another institution in the news is the G20. Established in 1999, the G20 comprises the finance ministers and central bank governors of the 19 largest economies in the world, plus representatives from the European Union and the European Central Bank. Originally established to formulate a coordinated policy response to financial crises in developing nations, in 2008 and 2009 it became the forum though which major nations attempted to launch a coordinated policy response to the global financial crisis that started in America and then rapidly spread around the world, ushering in the first serious global economic recession since 1981. G20 Established in 1999, the G20 comprises the finance ministers and central bank governors of the 19 largest economies in the world, plus representatives from the European Union and the European Central Bank. ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE G20 Relevant Statistics There have been six G20 Leaders’ Summits (Washington, London, Pittsburgh, Toronto, Seoul, and Cannes). At the Leaders’ level, this is the second time, following the Republic of Korea, that an emerging country holds the presidency of the Group. Mexico will become the first Latin American country to chair the annual presidency of the Group. According to estimates by the International Labor Organization, the G20 has created or preserved between 7 and 11 million jobs by end of 2009. G20 members represent almost 90 percent of global GDP and 80 percent of international global trade; 64 percent of the world’s population lives in G20 member countries, and 84 percent of all fossil-fuel emissions are produced by G20 countries. Source: www.g20.org/index.php/en/numeralia. QUICK STUDY 1. What is meant by the globalization of markets? Which product markets tend to be the most global? 2. What is meant by the globalization of production? Why are production systems being globalized? 3. What is the main purpose of global institutions such as the WTO, IMF, and World Bank? LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2 Recognize the main drivers of globalization. Drivers of Globalization Two macro factors underlie the trend toward greater globalization.14 The first is the decline in barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and capital that has occurred since the end of World War II. The second factor is technological change, particularly the dramatic developments in recent decades in communication, information processing, and transportation technologies. DECLINING TRADE AND INVESTMENT BARRIERS During the 1920s and 1930s, many of the world’s nation-states erected formidable barriers to international trade and foreign direct investment. International trade occurs when a firm exports goods or services to consumers in another country. Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests resources in business activities outside its home country. Many of the barriers to international trade took the form of high tariffs on imports of manufactured goods. The typical aim of such tariffs was to protect domes.
The document discusses the increasingly globalized economic environment and factors influencing country competitiveness. It covers the rise in international trade and foreign direct investment. Major trade agreements and organizations like the WTO are examined. Emerging markets and regional economic blocs are important recent trends. Information technology is changing competition while intellectual property issues remain. Multinational corporations now hail from many countries and account for over half of global GDP.
Globalization has increased dramatically in recent decades due to reductions in trade barriers and advances in technology and transportation. The World Trade Organization aims to help producers conduct cross-border business through agreements reducing trade barriers. While globalization offers economic benefits through increased productivity and innovation, it also poses challenges as many workers face job losses or pay cuts due to overseas competition and outsourcing. International standards like IFRS and agreements like NAFTA, CAFTA, and the WTO play important roles in facilitating global business and trade.
The document summarizes key topics in the global economic environment:
1) The world economy has become highly intertwined through increased trade and foreign direct investment. However, large economies like the US remain relatively insulated.
2) Country competitiveness depends on factors like innovation and human capital. Emerging markets like China and India now represent areas of great potential.
3) International institutions like the WTO and regional trade agreements have lowered trade barriers but face challenges in regulating new issues like e-commerce.
This document discusses several key aspects of globalization, including:
1. Major retailers like Carrefour, Tesco, and Walmart began global expansion in search of economies of scale but found difficulties establishing common retail models across countries due to differences in tastes, costs, and supply chains.
2. Globalization is driven by declining trade barriers and investment restrictions as well as advances in transportation and telecommunications that have shrunk perceived distances between countries.
3. While globalization increases revenue opportunities and can reduce costs, managing an international business presents unique challenges like dealing with differences between countries and ensuring global plans can be successfully executed.
World trade growth has slowed significantly since the global financial crisis, growing at an average annual rate of 2.8% from 2012-2014 compared to 5.9% from 1980-2008. Weaker global demand has contributed to lower trade growth, but other structural factors are also holding trade back. Changes in global supply chains, with China producing more internally and the US slowing offshoring, have reduced trade flows. Rising protectionism since the 2008 crisis, with over 3,870 new restrictive trade measures implemented, is also constraining trade growth. As a result, world trade is unlikely to return to pre-crisis levels in the short-term.
This document presents a study examining the relationship between international trade and economic growth in Afghanistan from 2002 to 2018. The study uses statistical tests like the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test and Johansen cointegration tests to analyze the data. The results show there is a long-run relationship between international trade and economic growth in Afghanistan. There is also bidirectional causality between imports and exports, and unidirectional causality from exports to GDP and from exports to balance of trade.
World Trade Organization| WTO| Marketing|Lamia Islam
Short Description about World Trade Organization. Basic concepts about its objective, mission, function, positive and negative impacts. Collected from published articles.
The document provides an organizational critique of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses the influence and role of the WTO in the world. It outlines several significant dilemmas and issues faced by the WTO, including agriculture, access to patented medicines, non-agricultural market access, export subsidies, administration of tariff quotas, and dissatisfaction among developing countries. It also discusses several key criticisms of the WTO related to its lack of transparency and democracy, prioritization of corporate profits over human rights, environmental and labor protections, undermining of local decision making, and disadvantages it creates for small and poor countries. The conclusion calls for reforms to improve participation of developing countries and enhance transparency.
This presentation exposes relevant information about trade agreements. What are trade agreements, what are tariff and non-tariff barriers, what main trade agreements exist today, what is the WTO.
The document discusses various ways that countries and economies can be grouped on a global scale. It examines economic groupings based on development levels and types of economies. Political groupings like trade blocs that countries form through international agreements are also covered. The impacts of transnational corporations on both host and source countries are summarized, noting they can bring both benefits like job creation but also costs such as environmental impacts and profits leaving the host nation.
This document summarizes recent trends in global trade based on a review of emerging issues. Chapter 1 introduces the topics to be covered, including the impact of the 2008 economic crisis, World Trade Organization negotiations, bilateral and regional trade agreements, and the policy linkages between trade and climate change. Chapter 2 discusses the global economic context dominated by the 2008 financial crisis and resulting recession. It outlines the severe downturn in global trade and disproportionate impacts on poorer developing countries. Chapter 3 analyzes developments in WTO negotiations, including the lack of a breakthrough on agriculture and industrial goods, with key differences remaining around special protections for developing countries.
The Global
Economic
Environment
1
Interesting The Guardian story about Italy that combines Culture (population) + Political (govt business subsidies) + Economic environments
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/11/underpopulated-italian-region-molise
Global Economic Environment
1 of 2
International Trade Theory
firms expanding internationally must appreciate how their international activities match with a country’s goals for international trade
Balance of Payments
a leading indicator of the international economic health of a country and may directly influence a firm’s expansion decisions https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/balance-of-trade
Government Policy and Trade
firms are directly impacted by government policies in areas such as tariffs and non-tariff barriers
3
Global Economic Environment
2 of 2
Institutions in the World Economy
institutions such as the World Trade Organization and the World Bank greatly influence trade policies, and ultimately can influence a firm’s global strategy
Regional Economic Integration
firms generally benefit from economic integration through lower costs of doing business. However it can also lead to stronger competitors
4
International Trade Theory
Why do nations trade?
Key international trade theories:
Absolute Advantage and Comparative Advantage
Product Life Cycle – Trade patterns and production over time
5
Comparative Advantage
“Different countries have dissimilar prices and costs on goods because different goods require a different mix of factors in their production and because countries differ in their supply of these factors.” (Ohlin)
e.g., Can you grow salmon in Texas?
6
Product Life Cycle
Four Phases of the Product Life Cycle:
Phase 1: the U.S. exports the product
Phase 2: foreign production starts
Phase 3: foreign production becomes competitive in export markets
Phase 4: import competition begins
The Product Life Cycle may not explain trade and production patterns as well anymore due to:
Short gap between phases
“Born globals” may skip some phases
7
Product Life Cycle
1 of 3
Developed Nation (strong economy)
Produces more than consumes at the beginning, then a switch
8
Product Life Cycle
2 of 3
Emerging Nation
Consumes more than produces at the beginning, then a switch
9
The Consumer PLC
Extending a Product in Other Markets
Balance of Payments 1 of 2
The Balance of Payments (BOP) is a summary of a country's economic transactions w/the world, for a specified period of time.
Current Account
Goods (Merchandise)
Services
Unilateral Transfers
http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/glance.htm
http://tse.export.gov/TSE/
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/forex/indian-rupee-hits-an-all-time-low-of-72-69-versus-us-dollar/videoshow/65769296.cms
11
U.S. Imports
vs. Exports
https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/balance-of-trade
Financial considerations
Reflects a country’s solvency/economic health
Steady loss of foreign exch.
The document discusses various topics related to international trade and economic organizations. It defines free trade and globalization, and explains how free trade is based on the theory of comparative advantage. Several international organizations that influence global trade and economic policy are described, including the WTO, IMF, World Bank, UNCTAD, OECD, G7/G8 and G20. Criticisms of some organizations and their policies are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of global and regional economic integration. It discusses the evolution of the GATT and WTO in promoting global integration through reducing trade barriers. It also describes different levels of regional integration like free trade areas, customs unions, and economic unions. Examples of regional integration efforts in Europe, North America, South America, Asia, Australia/New Zealand, and Africa are outlined. Potential debates around regional integration being building blocks or stumbling blocks to global integration, and the effectiveness of the WTO, are also mentioned.
The document discusses various topics related to international business management including globalization, trade liberalization, GATT, WTO, and foreign direct investment (FDI). Regarding globalization, it provides an overview of aspects like trade, capital flows, movement of people, and spread of knowledge across borders. It then discusses the positives of trade liberalization such as increased growth, poverty reduction, and new jobs. The summary compares GATT and WTO, noting that WTO replaced GATT and has broader coverage of trade in goods, services, and intellectual property with stronger dispute settlement procedures. It also explains that MNCs pursue different business strategies and may opt for FDI to enter foreign markets in order to gain high anticipated profits.
Wto and implications for small and developing countriesDavepres
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO), including its origins from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), membership and decision-making processes, key principles like most favored nation status, and current issues being negotiated like agriculture and intellectual property rights. It also discusses challenges facing small and developing states within the WTO as well as arguments for and against the organization. The future of the long-running Doha Round negotiations remains uncertain.
The document discusses globalization and its impacts. It begins by defining globalization as the closer integration of countries through reduced trade barriers and costs of transportation and communication. It then outlines some of the major international institutions involved in governing globalization, including the IMF, World Bank, and WTO. The document also discusses some of the opportunities and threats presented by globalization, such as increased inequality, environmental impacts, and threats to cultural diversity. It raises issues about the appropriate level of global regulation and discusses Joseph Stiglitz's critique of how international institutions have pursued globalization.
The document discusses the impact of Pakistan's membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO). It notes that Pakistan faces threats from liberalized trade policies, as developed countries provide heavy subsidies to their agriculture sectors while requiring developing countries like Pakistan to reduce subsidies and import tariffs. This makes Pakistani agriculture vulnerable to cheap imports. However, carefully balancing imports and exports through domestic support policies could help Pakistan benefit from WTO membership in the long run.
Similar to "Free" Trade without "Fair" Trade? -- how should the U.S. react to address our negative trade imbalance in the face of unfair trade practices by most nations around the world? (20)
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...Vighnesh Shashtri
Under the leadership of Abhay Bhutada, Poonawalla Fincorp has achieved record-low Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and witnessed unprecedented growth. Bhutada's strategic vision and effective management have significantly enhanced the company's financial health, showcasing a robust performance in the financial sector. This achievement underscores the company's resilience and ability to thrive in a competitive market, setting a new benchmark for operational excellence in the industry.
5 Tips for Creating Standard Financial ReportsEasyReports
Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
"Free" Trade without "Fair" Trade? -- how should the U.S. react to address our negative trade imbalance in the face of unfair trade practices by most nations around the world?
1. November, 2012
53rd ANNUAL TAX FORUM.
“No nation was ever been ruined by trade”
Benjamin Franklin
“Free trade is not based on utility but on justice”
Edmund Burke
2. Background.
1
Entrepreneur
Investor
Managing Partner
ARGENTO DIGITAL VENTURES
Partner / Vice-President
ADVENTIS MANAGEMENT
CONSULTING
Leader, Telecommunications &
Media Practice
ROLAND BERGER STRATEGY
CONSULTANTS
Principal (Twice Winner of
Professional Excellence Award)
BOOZ ALLEN HAMILTON
Managing Director
GOLDEN SEEDS - Angel &
Venture Capital Investment Group
Managing Partner
ARGENTO DIGITAL VENTURES
CEO / Founder
MON AMI PET WORLD
Member of Technical Staff
AT&T BELL LABORATORIES
4. Globalization and International Trade are related by a “virtuous”
cycle.
3
Technology
evolution. Rising
incomes.
Reduced transportation
and communication costs
Increased economic
specialization
GLOBALIZATION
INTERNATIONAL
TRADE
Increased interdependence (goods, financial) across nations
5. As a result, the growth in exports worldwide has largely outpaced GDP
growth since 1950. Export increased 35X while GDP only 9X.
4
Source: WTO
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
1950 = 100 Exports (volume) GDP (volume)
Exports multiplied by 35 times since1950,while
GDP only by less than 9 times
EXPORTS AND GDP GROWTH WORLDWIDE
6. The Great Recession of 2009, temporarily slowed down exports growth. In
the last decade, exports grew 1.6X, while GDP grew 1.3X.
5
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
2000 = 100 Exports (volume) GDP (volume)
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
volume growth rates
average growth rate
of exports = 4.3%
average growth
rate of GDP= 2.4%
EXPORTS AND GDP GROWTH WORLDWIDE
Source: WTO
7. In the last two decades, U.S. imports grew 3.6X, exports 3.2X, while
GDP 1.7X. As a result, trade deficit has increasingly become an issue.
6
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook
90
140
190
240
290
340
390
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
1990 = 100 GDP (volume) Exports (volume) Imports (volume)
U.S. IMPORTS & EXPORTS
8. In the last two decades , the U.S. trade deficit has increased from 2%
of GDP to over 5% of GDP. China has been responsible for 40% of the
U.S. trade deficit, in the last three years.
7
Trade balance
in $ billion (rhs)
-1000
-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
-8%
-7%
-6%
-5%
-4%
-3%
-2%
-1%
0%
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
$ billion% of GDP -
current prices
Source: IMF World Economic Outlook Database
U.S. TRADE DEFICIT
- Decrease in U.S. demand
- QE I, II – cheaper dollar.
- Sanctions.
9. The U.S. ranks third in exports and second in imports, worldwide.
8
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0%
3%
6%
9%
12%
15%
$ billionShare of total
exports
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0%
4%
8%
12%
16%
20%
$ billionShare of total
imports
The U.S. ranks 3rd in exports
worldwide (share of 10.3%)
Source: WTO
The U.S. ranks 2nd in imports
worldwide (share of 15.6%)
The U.S. share of WW
GDP is 22%
(China’s is 10.4%)
10. China is the world’s largest exporter, surpassing the UK (2002), Japan
(2004), the U.S. (2007) and Germany (2009).
9
16 32
128
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
USexports = 100 China Germany Japan UK India Brazil
In2007, China overtookthe US
Source: WTO
TOP WORLD EXPORTERS
Is GERMANY an example
worth following?
11. U.S. imports are concentrated around 5 trading partners that represent
68% of total. China is our largest import partner.
10
14%
12%
19%
17%
6%
U.S. TOP IMPORT PARTNERS
Source: WTO
12. U.S. exports are concentrated around 5 trading partners representing
62% of total. China is our fourth largest export partner.
11
19%
18%
13%
5%
7%
Source: WTO
U.S. TOP FIVE EXPORT PARTNERS
13. Germany and China rely on exports as their “economic growth
engine”. The U.S. relies much less so, among industrialized nations.
12
16% 21%
36%
26%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
US China Germany Japan UK India Brazil
Source: WTO, IMF World Economic Outlook Database
DEPENDANCE OF ECONOMY ON EXPORTS (EXPORTS/GDP)
The U.S. has
BARGAINING POWER in
TRADE NEGOTIATIONS
14. The U.S. dependence on trade for “economic growth” is
relatively low when compared to major trading partners. The
U.S. bargaining position in trade negotiations is STRONG.
13
28%
48%
53%
30%
23%
30%
51%
61%
Source: WTO
DEPENDANCE OF ECONOMY ON TRADE (EXPORTS+IMPORTS/GDP)
The U.S. has
BARGAINING POWER in
TRADE NEGOTIATIONS
15. 14
2. Trade Practices the Role of Free Trade
Organizations and Free Trade Agreements.
16. The U.S. has the lowest average import tariffs among large,
industrialized economies.
15
3.5%
5.3%
9.4%
4.5%
13.7%
5.3%
9.6%
12.6%
Source: WTO
IMPORT TARIFF IMBALANCE – U.S. & ROW
17. The U.S. also has the lowest import tariffs as a percentage of total
imports.
16
2.1%
7.2%
10.2%
4.6%
3.1%
2.1%
9.5%
2.8%
Source: WTO
18. Import tariff imbalance across key goods is much more severe.
17
Source: WTO – average tariffs by product
0
2
4
6
8
10
% Chemicals
0
10
20
30
40
% Clothing
0
5
10
15
20
% Leather and Footwear
0
5
10
15
% Non-electrical machinery
0
5
10
15
% Electrical machinery
0
5
10
15
20
25
% Transport equipment
19. Non-tariff barriers, a major obstacle to fair trade are applied routinely
by some export-driven nations.
18
NON-TARIFF MEASURES (NTMs)
First three measures are often necessary to achieve public policy goals (e.g., health
and safety of consumers).
A harmonization, rather than elimination of these practices is recommended.
Important NTMs (Non-Tariff Measures)
Technical barriers (e.g., labeling).
Sanitary measures (e.g., licenses, certifications).
Domestic regulation.
Quantity restrictions.
Export subsidies.
The impact of NTMs on total imports is estimated at 10%, higher than the impact
of tariffs. Quantification of their impact is challenging.
20. Other unfair practices are used to unbalance international trade.
19
DUMPING
Pricing on imported products lower than in their domestic markets.
WTO’s “Anti-Dumping Agreement” aims at addressing this issue.
EXCHANGE RATE MANIPULATION
China’s currency is “purposely” under-valued distorting trade in their favor
(imports from China become cheaper and exports to China more expensive).
Trade deficit with China could be easily narrowed by a re-alignment of the
Dollar/Yuen exchange rate.
An agreement for global re-alignment of exchange rates is urgently needed.
21. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the main body overseeing
“trade practices”. Multilateral Trade Agreements go further in
liberalizing trade.
20
ORGANIZATIONS AND AGREEMENTS AIMED AT FOSTERING “FAIR TRADE”
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT) -- January, 1948.
Initially 23 member countries.
The first round of negotiations resulted in 45,000 tariff agreements affecting
$10 billion (around one-fifth of the world trade, at that time).
MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS (Trade Rounds)
Aimed at tariff reduction and non-tariff barriers elimination.
Several rounds have taken place over last 50 years fostering international trade
by eliminating barriers to free trade (e.g., NAFTA).
URUGUAY ROUND (1986-1994). Birth of the World Trade Organization (WTO)
Formally replaced GATT.
Permanent International Institution -- GATT was a multilateral agreement.
Besides goods trading practices, WTO covers trade in services and
Intellectual Property (GATT focused exclusively on goods).
The US has been a member of the WTO since its birth, 1 January 1995;
The US was also one of the 23 first signatories of the GATT in 1948.
Bare
Minimum
“Free”
Trade
22. The U.S. has signed several Regional and Bilateral Trade Agreements
but not with China, India, Russia, Japan or Brazil some of the most
protectionist nations.
21
TRADE AGREEMENTS – U.S.
BILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS
Australia, Chile, Morocco, Bahrain, Oman, Peru, Singapore.
Several other bilateral agreements are waiting for Congressional approval.
REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS
North-America Free Trade Association (NAFTA).
Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP).
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA).
US-Southern African Customs Union Free Trade Agreement.
The Enterprise for ASEAN Initiative.
U.S.-Andean Free Trade Agreement.
Central American Free Trade Agreement—Dominican Republic.
23. In 2011, the WTO had 153 members accounting for 95% of the world’s
trade. Four new members entered in 2012, Russia among them.
22
WTO FOOTPRINT
24. Doha Round, sponsored by the WTO, is a key effort to balance
tariffs. It has been deadlocked for a number of years.
23
DOHA ROUND
Negotiations have extended for over 10 years.
The U.S. is offering to improve access to foreign agricultural
products into the U.S., eliminating agricultural export subsidies; easing tariffs
and quotas and reducing other forms of trade-distortions.
In return, the US aims to negotiate services trading and to reach a level
playing field with emerging economies by reducing tariffs on industrial
goods for some manufacturing sectors;
Emerging economies insist that the Doha round was never intended to
result in such balancing.
RATIONALE FOR NEGOCIATION FAILURE
Scope creep. Excessive delays.
Shifting economic power away from industrialized nations. (75% of world’s GDP
growth in 2011- 2014 will come from developing nations, compared to less than
50% in 1998 - 2001)
25. The WTO mandate does not go far enough to ensure “fair trade”.
24
OBJECTIVE OF WTO AND MULTILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS
Reciprocal liberalization of trade-barriers applied in a
non-discriminatory fashion.
BARRIERS TO “FAIR” TRADE
Tariffs, import taxes across product categories.
Non-tariff barriers, such as quantitative restrictions (e.g., rare earth metals) or
export subsidies (e.g., solar panels).
Dumping (e.g., solar panels).
Currency manipulation/devaluation.
NATIONS FAVORED BY TRADE IMBALANCED HAVE “LITTLE” INCENTIVE TO
NEGOTIATE
27. Nations’ core capabilities determine their exports. International trade
influences economic development and social welfare.
26
IMPORTS IMPACT THE ECONOMY AND SOCIAL WELFARE
Economic structure, Welfare.
Inflation.
Unemployment.
Wage inequality..
NATIONS EXPORT PRODUCTS WITH COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
Economics Models (e.g., Heckscher - Ohlin) indicate that countries export
goods that use abundant resources and import goods that use scarce
resources.
Under this theory, the US and other developed economies would
export mostly capital-intensive and knowledge-intensive goods and
import from developing economies labor-intensive goods and natural
resources..
IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE ON THE U.S. ECONOMY
28. EXPORTS bring innumerous benefits to a nation’s economy and it
drives local businesses to become world-class players.
27
• Increased revenues. Selling to new “foreign” customers. Foreign
market may be growing faster than domestic market.
• Lower production costs due to economies of scale and
“experience curve” effects.
• Utilization of idle capacity.
Access to New
Markets
• Focus on core capabilities.
• Improved efficiency.
• Improved product quality.
• Becoming more price competitive.
Enhances
Competitiveness
• Balance domestic market fluctuations.
• Overcome saturation of domestic markets.
• Extent product-life cycle.
• Follow domestic customer while overseas.
Increased
flexibility
29. IMPORTS also bring significant consumer and economic benefits.
28
• Lower prices for certain products due to increased supply
increased real disposable income.
• Increased variety of products to choose from.
• Hedge against temporary shortages (e.g., agricultural products
and local weather effects).
Benefits to
Consumers
• Fair trade fosters competitiveness and keeps suppliers efficient
(e.g., making investments, reducing production costs).
• Trade barriers foster non-competitive industries, able to supply
only protected domestic market (e.g., Brazil auto industry)
Enhanced
Competitiveness
• Lower cost imported intermediate goods.
• Lower production costs for local producers.
• Reduced prices for consumers or increased profits for producers.
Lower Inflation
30. IMPORTS are capable of creating or destroying jobs.
29
IMPACT ON U.S. JOBS
Between 1983-2002, 6 million manufacturing jobs were lost mainly due to
imports and offshoring.(source: 2011 World Bank).
Despite this loss of jobs the manufacturing sector maintained its share of
real GDP (around 23% vs. 22% in the 1960s) and even increased its share in
exports of goods (from 61% in 1963 to 71% in 2011).
Manufacturing in now more concentrated on capital goods (around 38% vs.
28% in the 1960s), which is in line with theoretical predictions.
IMPACT OF IMPORTS ON “U.S. JOBS”
Timely availability of “alternative” jobs for displaced manufacturing workers
and /or retraining mechanisms MUST BE ENSURED !!.
31. The trade deficit with China eliminated or displaced more than 2.7
million jobs (2.1 million in manufacturing), since entering the WTO.
30
Source: Scott (2012)
32. The major NEGATIVE impact of IMPORTS appears to be on wages.
31
FLEXIBILITY AND SIZE OF U.S. ECONOMY ALLOWS TRADE TO IMPACT WAGES
MORE THAN UNEMPLOYMENT LEVELS
65% of manufacturing workers who lost their job during the 1980s-90s due to
trade liberalization were employed two years later.
However, 25% accepted jobs with 30% lower wages.
(source: The Economist, 2007)
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND REQUIRED SKILLS-SETS >> WAGE EROSION.
OTHER POTENTIAL REASONS.
De-unionization.
Decrease in real minimum wage.
Immigration of unskilled workers.
33. The U.S. focus on EXPORT of knowledge and capital-intensive goods
exacerbates demand for highly skilled labor.
32
1
• The U.S. excels on knowledge and capital-intensive sectors.
2
• Demand for skilled workers increases.
• Demand for unskilled workers decreases.
3
• Skill premium increases.
• WAGE INEQUALITY INCREASES
REAL HOURLY WAGES ACROSS INCOME PERCENTILES
34. Wage inequality has been expanding since the 1980s. Individuals with
lower incomes and education levels are the losers.
33
REAL HOURLY WAGES ACROSS INCOME
PERCENTILES
REAL HOURLY WAGES ACROSS
EDUCATION LEVELS
Source: Yellen (2006)
While the real hourly wages of workers in the 90th percentile rose by 30%
from 1973 to 2005, those at the 50th percentile or below saw real hourly
wages increasing by only 5% to 10%.
Individuals in lower skilled jobs - lower education levels - are most affected
by international trade.
35. International trade must be carefully balanced. “Dogmatic”
approaches could be disastrous.
34
INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN THE BALANCE - U.S. ECONOMY
Benefits Costs
National Security
Potential loss of
Industrial Base
Increased Wage
Inequality
High Unemployment
Levels
Controlled
Inflation
Improved
Competitiveness
Improved Consumer
Welfare
Economic Growth
37. For the U.S., the promise of international trade is not being fully
realized. However, the U.S. is in a strong bargaining position.
36
THE PROMISE AND REALITY OF U.S. INTERNATIONAL TRADE
- Globalization >> Trade.
- Trade >> Economic Growth,
Social Welfare,
Competitiveness.
- U.S. Complacency >> Barriers
- Barriers >> Trade Deficit.
- Trade Deficit >>
Unemployment, Wage Inequality,
Industrial Base Erosion.
- Trade partners unwilling to
negotiate.
- Trade Agreements Insufficient.
PROMISE REALITY
U.S. BARGAINING POWER (TRADE / GDP)
U.S.= 28%.
China = 53%..
Russia = 48%.
India = 51%%.
38. In an environment where “lack of trust” prevails, how to play the
game to balance our trade deficit ?
37
FAILURE OF TERMS-OF-TRADE APPROACH
FAIR TRADE SHOULD LEAD TO OPTIMAL OUTCOMES, BUT…
Consider two trading partners (e.g., U.S. and China) and two trade policy options:
i. Fair trade or
ii. Impose tariffs that raises own real income at the expense of trading
partner’s income
The Prisoners' Dilemma game illustrates that short-term mentality and lack of
trust, would drive both partners to protect themselves and get sub-optimal
payoffs (-5, -5) -- equilibrium position.
If both parties are not equally aggressive, the passive party pays dearly
(-10, 20).
China (aggressive)
Fair Trade Protection
U.S. (passive)
Fair Trade (10, 10) (-10, 20)
Protection (20, -10) (-5, -5)NE
C
39. A “tit-for-tat” approach to trade would induce aggressive trade partners
to cooperate – fair trade. (1/2)
38
Source: The Evolution of Cooperation. D. Axeldrod.
CURRENT
AGGRESSIVE PARTNER
SAYS ‘UNCLE”
“FAIR TRADE”
(NASH EQUILIBRIUM)
The U.S. is in a
STRONG BARGAINING
position
40. A “tit-for-tat” approach to trade would induce aggressive trade partners
to cooperate – fair trade. (2/2).
39
In trade relations, short-run incentives for non-cooperation often dominate.
Countries boost domestic production by levying tariffs on imports or by resorting
to non-tariff barriers.
Disadvantaged trade partners may retaliate and initiate what is known as a
TIT-FOR-TAT strategy
The objective of this strategy is twofold:
(i) In the short-term it stops unfair trade.
(ii) in the longer-term, it enforces cooperative behavior.
The threat of future payoffs forgone in case of non-cooperation serves as a
disciplining device to foster cooperation.
A tit-for-tat strategy would foster trade liberalization and fairness..
42. Most agree with the end-goal of free trade and its benefits. The path
for getting there is crucial and must be defended.
41
International Trade driven by Globalization is here to stay.
Exports fuel GDP growth – the U.S, does not export enough – 10% of WW exports
and 22% of WW GDP.
Unfair trade practices by key U.S. trading partners have created a trade deficit that
contributes to job losses, wage inequality and erosion of our industrial base.
WTO is unable to guarantee “fair trade”. “Rogue” nations have no incentive to negotiate.
Multi-lateral Trade Agreements are effective but take long to negotiate.
Economic theory models free trade, “statically” (end goal only, not the path) and
assumes that nations will voluntarily adopt “fair trade” practices while getting there.
The dynamic nature of international trade and its consequences – unemployment,
wage inequality, potential loss of industrial base - demands a dynamic, proactive response.
The U.S. is in a strong bargaining position to negotiate balanced trade relative to
partners that drive our trade deficit – in a trade war, they have a lot more to loose.
The U.S. should proactively adopt a tit-for-tat approach to foster trade
liberalization and fairness or risk losing the “international trade war”.
Above ‘fair trade” enforcing mechanism would provide crucial time for retraining of
displaced labor and/or protecting sectors impacted by unfair practices.
CONCLUSION
44. REFERENCES
Ebenstein A., Ann Harrison, Margaret McMillan and Shannon Phillips, “Estimating the Impact
of Trade and Offshoring on American Workers Using the Current Population Surveys”, World Bank,
2011.
Janet L. “Economic inequality in the United States.” FRBSF Economic Letter 33-34 (2006): 1-7.
Scott R., “The China toll - Growing U.S. trade deficit with China cost more than 2.7 million jobs
between 2001 and 2011, with job losses in every state”, Economic Policy Institute, 2012.
Sitchinava N. “Trade, Technology, and Wage Inequality: Evidence from U.S. Manufacturing, 1989-
2004” (working paper).
“Trade's victims - In the shadow of prosperity.” The Economist, January 18, 2007.
“The Doha round - Dead man talking.” The Economist, April 28, 2011.
World Trade Reports of 2007, 2008, 2011 and 2012, www.WTO.org.
Tariff Profiles, www.WTO.org.
43