Addressing Your Audience
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This document discusses the importance of considering audience when writing academic papers. It emphasizes that writers should understand who their audience is, what they already know about the topic, and what they need to know to understand the paper. The document provides questions for writers to ask themselves about their audience to help tailor the paper appropriately. It also stresses the importance of tone, organization, and using a "known-new contract" to ensure the audience can easily follow the line of reasoning. Overall, the key message is that understanding the audience is vital for effective academic writing.
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4. Extinction happens when environmental changes cause a species to die out, as they can no longer survive and reproduce.
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Physostomous fish have a pneumatic duct connecting their esophagus to their swim bladder, allowing them to gulp air and inflate it. Physoclistous fish lack this duct and instead use blood vessels and muscles to adjust gas levels in their swim bladder, controlling their depth without surfacing. Gars have an especially puckered swim bladder lining that acts as an auxiliary respiratory organ when dissolved oxygen levels are low, enabling them to gulp air. Lungfish have a branched pneumatic duct leading to two swim bladders that function as lungs. Tetrapod lungs evolved from these and are folded into alveoli to further increase surface area for gas exchange.
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Trasportation of fish seed.
Fertilized fish eggs are known as Fish seeds. In simple words, they are the baby fishes used for seeding new Ponds in fisheries. Fish seed transportation is a process by which transfer of fish seed from the hatchery or place of collection to the rearing ponds.
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History of taxonomy 3
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This document discusses the importance of various physical and chemical parameters of water for successful aquaculture. It outlines key water quality factors like temperature, depth, transparency, and dissolved oxygen levels. Temperature affects fish metabolism and physiology, with high temperatures being lethal. Water depth should be between 1.5 to 3 meters. Transparent water supports higher plankton production and fish growth. Dissolved oxygen, pH, hardness, carbon dioxide, and nutrient levels also impact fish health and pond productivity. Maintaining suitable ranges of these parameters is essential for aquaculture.
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The document discusses osmoregulation and excretion in animals. It begins by explaining that osmoregulation regulates solute concentrations and balances water gain and loss. Freshwater animals conserve solutes and reduce water uptake, while marine and desert animals face dehydrating environments. For marine fish, drinking seawater and excreting salts balances water loss. Freshwater fish constantly take in water and lose salts, balancing this by excreting dilute urine. The kidneys aid homeostasis by excreting waste, maintaining water and salt balance, and regulating pH. Through hormones, the kidneys help control water levels and reabsorb salts and ions.
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The principle of integrated fish farming involves farming of fish along with livestock or/and agricultural crops.. This type of farming offers great efficiency in resource utilization, as waste or by product from one system is
effectively recycled. It also enables effective utilization of available farming space for maximizing production.
•The rising cost of protein-rich fish food and chemical fertilizers
as well as the general concern for energy conservation have created awareness in the utilization of rice and other crop fields and livestock wastes for fish culture. Fish culture in combination with agriculture or livestock is a unique and lucrative venture and provides a higher farm income, makes available a cheap source of protein for the
rural population, increases productivity on small land-holdings
and increases the supply of feeds for the farm livestock.
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The scope of integrated farming is considerably
wide. Ducks and geese are raised in pond, and pond- dykes are used for horticultural and agricultural
crop products and animal rearing.
The system provides meat, milk, eggs, fruits,
vegetables, mushroom, fodder and grains, in
addition to fish.
Hence this system provides better production, provides more employment, and improves socio- economic status of farmers and betterment of rural economy.
Classification of Integrated Fish Farming
Integrated fish farming can be broadly classified into two, namely Agriculture-fish and Livestock-fish systems
Agriculture-fish systems- Agri-based systems include rice-fish integration,
horticulture-fish system, mushroom- fish system, seri-fish system.
Livestock-fish systems- Livestock-fish system includes cattle-fish system, system, pig-fish system, poultry-fish system, duck-fish system, goat-fish system, rabbit-fish system.
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The document discusses the importance of understanding your audience when communicating. It emphasizes that people should consider the audience's perspective, background, interests and existing knowledge to ensure the message is understood properly. It provides tips for audience analysis, such as determining what the audience already knows and cares about, as well as acknowledging any attitudes or concerns they may have. The overall goal is to shape the message in a way that respects the audience and gains their acceptance.
Audorg
This document provides guidance on writing effective business messages by knowing your audience. It discusses the importance of understanding whether the audience is known personally or unknown. For unknown audiences, there are generally two types of readers - skimmers who need key points upfront, and skeptics who require evidence. The document also offers tips on getting to the point, keeping it simple, using active and passive voice appropriately, determining content, and organizing information to meet both skimmer and skeptic needs. Testing the message against audience expectations is also recommended.
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Respiratory System
The document summarizes the respiratory systems of various vertebrates. It describes how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through external respiration using organs like gills, lungs, and skin. It then discusses the specific respiratory adaptations of fish, sharks, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, focusing on features like gill slits, swim bladders, lungs, and air flow patterns through the trachea and lungs.
Adaptations in deep sea fishes
This document summarizes adaptations in deep-sea fishes. It discusses how deep-sea fishes face challenges from the absence of light, low temperatures and high pressure, scarce food sources, and low oxygen levels in deep ocean waters. It provides examples of adaptations seen in deep-sea fishes, such as bioluminescence, large teeth for capturing prey, elongated digestive systems, and specialized eyes adapted for low-light conditions including telescopic and upward-facing eyes. Specific deep-sea fish species mentioned include the lanternfish, anglerfish, lancetfish, and whale fish.
Archaeopteryx
Archaeopteryx is a genus of feathered dinosaurs that lived around 150 million years ago during the late Jurassic period and is considered a transitional form between non-avian dinosaurs and modern birds, exhibiting both avian and reptilian features such as teeth, claws, and a long tail as well as feathers and a wishbone. Discovered in 1860 in Germany, Archaeopteryx has helped establish birds as modern feathered dinosaurs.
Taxonomic procedures
Biological collections preserve plant and animal specimens through various methods. Dry collections involve preserving specimens without liquid through rigidity or highlighting distinguishing features. Wet collections submerge specimens in liquid preservatives to maintain body form and soft tissues. Low-temperature collections maintain specimens' viability for analysis by storing at cold temperatures. Microscopy collections prepare specimens for examination under microscopes. Proper collection, preservation, cataloging and storage help museums maintain valuable reference materials.
Types of Scales in Fishes
Scales are small rigid plates that grow out of a fish's skin to provide protection. There are four main types of scales: placoid, cosmoid, ganoid, and leptoid. Leptoid scales include cycloid scales, found on fish with soft fins, and ctenoid scales, found on fish with spiny fins. Placoid scales resemble teeth and are found on sharks. Ganoid scales are diamond-shaped and interconnected. Scales protect fish and allow flexibility during swimming. The type and structure of scales can provide information about a fish's species and behavior.
Impact of Natural Selection .pptx
Natural selection can lead to several evolutionary outcomes:
1. Convergence occurs when unrelated species independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar environments.
2. Radiation happens when a species diversifies rapidly into many new species occupying different ecological niches. Darwin's finches on the Galapagos islands exemplify this.
3. Regression is the loss of traits no longer advantageous through natural selection.
4. Extinction happens when environmental changes cause a species to die out, as they can no longer survive and reproduce.
Food and feeding
The document discusses food and feeding for aquarium fish. It provides information on the types of foods fish need, including live foods like brine shrimp and bloodworms as well as processed foods like flakes and pellets. It also discusses ingredients that make up quality fish food like proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The document emphasizes the importance of providing the right kind and amount of food, as overfeeding can dirty the tank.
Coldwater fisheries in India
This document discusses cold water fisheries in India. It describes the temperature range for cold water fisheries (5-25°C) and notes that states like Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand are well-suited for cold water fisheries. It identifies important cold water fish species in India like various types of mahseer and trout. Mahseer can grow up to 1.5 meters long and breed from July to September. Trout generally feed on other fish and aquatic invertebrates. Cold water fisheries provide income, employment, and food for local populations and have significant potential to contribute to India's fisheries sector and economy.
Swim Bladders and lungs Notes
Physostomous fish have a pneumatic duct connecting their esophagus to their swim bladder, allowing them to gulp air and inflate it. Physoclistous fish lack this duct and instead use blood vessels and muscles to adjust gas levels in their swim bladder, controlling their depth without surfacing. Gars have an especially puckered swim bladder lining that acts as an auxiliary respiratory organ when dissolved oxygen levels are low, enabling them to gulp air. Lungfish have a branched pneumatic duct leading to two swim bladders that function as lungs. Tetrapod lungs evolved from these and are folded into alveoli to further increase surface area for gas exchange.
Induced breeding in fishes
Induced breeding is a technique where organism is stimulated by particular hormone or other synthetic hormone or by providing condition, introduced to breed in captive condition.
Composite fish culture system
Composite fish culture involves culturing multiple compatible fish species together in a pond to maximize fish yield and productivity. It enables full utilization of available fish feed by including species with different feeding habits, such as surface feeders, column feeders, and bottom feeders. Common fish used include Indian major carps like rohu, catla, and mrigal as well as exotic carps like grass carp and silver carp. Proper pond preparation, fertilization, stocking density, feeding practices, and harvesting are required to achieve high production yields of 4-6 tons per hectare annually through this polyculture technique.
Trasportation of fish seed.
Fertilized fish eggs are known as Fish seeds. In simple words, they are the baby fishes used for seeding new Ponds in fisheries. Fish seed transportation is a process by which transfer of fish seed from the hatchery or place of collection to the rearing ponds.
Taxonomic procedure.pptx
Taxonomy is the describing and naming of taxa and was coined by de Candolle in 1813. Taxonomic procedures include collection, preservation, identification, classification, and publication. Collections are classified as wet or dry. Equipment used for collection includes insect nets, aspirators, Berlese funnels, and killing bottles. Specimens are mounted, pinned, or carded for storage and identification involves using keys to recognize organismal identities. Curation involves organizing, maintaining, and administering collections while taxidermy is the preserving of animal bodies for display.
Modern concept of natural selection
This document discusses the concept of natural selection and provides examples. It describes three patterns of natural selection: directional selection which favors advantageous traits, stabilizing selection which reduces variability, and disruptive selection which favors extreme traits. Examples provided include industrial melanism in moths due to pollution, control of Australian rabbits through myxomatosis virus, and selective breeding experiments increasing traits like body weight and disease resistance in salmon.
Lotic
This document defines and describes lotic systems. Lotic systems include streams and rivers, which are flowing bodies of water. Key characteristics of lotic systems are that the water flows in one direction, from upstream to downstream; the channels are narrower and longer than lakes; and the flowing water continually deepens and widens the channel over time. Lotic systems have shorter water retention times than lentic systems like lakes, due to the constant movement of water.
History of taxonomy 3
The history of taxonomy is described in four periods by Mayr. The first period focused on local fauna studies by ancient Greek scholars like Aristotle. The second period was marked by the acceptance of evolution, influenced by Darwin's ideas. The third period saw the rise of population systematics in the 1930s, where Mayr defined species as interbreeding natural populations. Current taxonomy in the fourth period utilizes a wide range of data beyond just morphology, including genetics, biochemistry, and behavior.
Game Reserves in Pakistan
Game reserves are areas of protected land set aside for conservation purposes where animals can live freely without threat of hunting. Many game reserves are located in Africa and are open to tourists for sightseeing safaris. Game reserves provide important habitat for species and allow wildlife to thrive naturally while protecting ecosystems. However, game reserves face challenges like inadequate funding, infrastructure, and staffing that limit their management and conservation efforts.
physical and chemical parameters of water for fish pond
This document discusses the importance of various physical and chemical parameters of water for successful aquaculture. It outlines key water quality factors like temperature, depth, transparency, and dissolved oxygen levels. Temperature affects fish metabolism and physiology, with high temperatures being lethal. Water depth should be between 1.5 to 3 meters. Transparent water supports higher plankton production and fish growth. Dissolved oxygen, pH, hardness, carbon dioxide, and nutrient levels also impact fish health and pond productivity. Maintaining suitable ranges of these parameters is essential for aquaculture.
Excretion and osmoregulation
The document discusses osmoregulation and excretion in animals. It begins by explaining that osmoregulation regulates solute concentrations and balances water gain and loss. Freshwater animals conserve solutes and reduce water uptake, while marine and desert animals face dehydrating environments. For marine fish, drinking seawater and excreting salts balances water loss. Freshwater fish constantly take in water and lose salts, balancing this by excreting dilute urine. The kidneys aid homeostasis by excreting waste, maintaining water and salt balance, and regulating pH. Through hormones, the kidneys help control water levels and reabsorb salts and ions.
INTEGRATED FISH FARMING & MANAGEMENT
The principle of integrated fish farming involves farming of fish along with livestock or/and agricultural crops.. This type of farming offers great efficiency in resource utilization, as waste or by product from one system is
effectively recycled. It also enables effective utilization of available farming space for maximizing production.
•The rising cost of protein-rich fish food and chemical fertilizers
as well as the general concern for energy conservation have created awareness in the utilization of rice and other crop fields and livestock wastes for fish culture. Fish culture in combination with agriculture or livestock is a unique and lucrative venture and provides a higher farm income, makes available a cheap source of protein for the
rural population, increases productivity on small land-holdings
and increases the supply of feeds for the farm livestock.
Scope of Integrated Fish Farming
The scope of integrated farming is considerably
wide. Ducks and geese are raised in pond, and pond- dykes are used for horticultural and agricultural
crop products and animal rearing.
The system provides meat, milk, eggs, fruits,
vegetables, mushroom, fodder and grains, in
addition to fish.
Hence this system provides better production, provides more employment, and improves socio- economic status of farmers and betterment of rural economy.
Classification of Integrated Fish Farming
Integrated fish farming can be broadly classified into two, namely Agriculture-fish and Livestock-fish systems
Agriculture-fish systems- Agri-based systems include rice-fish integration,
horticulture-fish system, mushroom- fish system, seri-fish system.
Livestock-fish systems- Livestock-fish system includes cattle-fish system, system, pig-fish system, poultry-fish system, duck-fish system, goat-fish system, rabbit-fish system.
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physical and chemical parameters of water for fish pond
physical and chemical parameters of water for fish pond
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The document discusses the importance of understanding your audience when communicating. It emphasizes that people should consider the audience's perspective, background, interests and existing knowledge to ensure the message is understood properly. It provides tips for audience analysis, such as determining what the audience already knows and cares about, as well as acknowledging any attitudes or concerns they may have. The overall goal is to shape the message in a way that respects the audience and gains their acceptance.
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This document provides guidance on writing effective business messages by knowing your audience. It discusses the importance of understanding whether the audience is known personally or unknown. For unknown audiences, there are generally two types of readers - skimmers who need key points upfront, and skeptics who require evidence. The document also offers tips on getting to the point, keeping it simple, using active and passive voice appropriately, determining content, and organizing information to meet both skimmer and skeptic needs. Testing the message against audience expectations is also recommended.
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Chapter 12Organization and OutlinesSpeech is power; speech is
Chapter 12
Organization and Outlines
Speech is power; speech is to persuade, to convert, to compel.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Getting Started
In earlier stages of preparation for a speech, you have gained a good idea of who your audience is and what information you want to focus on. This chapter will help you consider how to organize the information to cover your topic. You may be tempted to think that you know enough about your topic that you can just “wing it” or go “freestyling.” Your organization might be something like this: “First, I’ll talk about this, then I’ll give this example, and I’ll wrap it up with this.” While knowledge on your topic is key to an effective speech, do not underestimate the importance of organization. You may start to give your speech thinking you’ll follow the “outline” in your mind, and then suddenly your mind will go blank. If it doesn’t go blank, you may finish what was planned as a five-minute speech with three minutes remaining, sit down, and then start to remember all the things you intended to say but didn’t.
Organization in your speech is helpful both to you and to your audience. Your audience will appreciate hearing the information presented in an organized way, and being well organized will make the speaking situation much less stressful for you. You might forget a point and be able to glance at your outline and get back on track. Your listeners will see that you took your responsibility as a speaker seriously and will be able to listen more attentively. They’ll be able to link your key points in their minds, and the result will be a more effective speech.
An extemporaneous speech involves flexibility and organization. You know your material. You are prepared and follow an outline. You do not read a script or PowerPoint presentation, you do not memorize every single word in order (though some parts may be memorized), but you also do not make it up as you go along. Your presentation is scripted in the sense that it is completely planned from start to finish, yet every word is not explicitly planned, allowing for some spontaneity and adaptation to the audience’s needs in the moment. This extemporaneous approach is the most common form used in business and industry today.
Your organization plan will serve you and your audience as a guide, and help you present a more effective speech. If you are concerned with grades, it will no doubt help you improve your score as well. If you work in a career where your “grades” are sales, and a sales increase means getting an “A,” then your ability to organize will help you make the grade. Just as there is no substitute for practice and preparation, there is no substitute for organization and an outline when you need it the most: on stage. Do yourself and the audience a favor and create an outline with an organization pattern that best meets your needs.
In the 1991 film What about Bob? a psychiatrist presents the simple idea to the patient, played by actor Bill Murray. ...
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Chapter 3 public speaking
This document discusses analyzing your audience when developing a speech. It provides questions to consider about the audience, including whether they will find the subject useful or interesting, their existing knowledge of the topic, demographic characteristics, and attitude toward the subject. The speaker should gauge whether the audience's attitude is favorable, indifferent, or opposed in order to tailor their approach accordingly - reinforcing positive attitudes, stimulating interest for indifferent audiences, and finding common ground or providing information to opposed audiences. Understanding the audience is key to developing an effective speech.
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The document provides tips for effective public speaking and presentation skills. It discusses the importance of being well-prepared, giving personal examples, staying relaxed, using natural humor, planning body positions, and paying attention to details. Audience analysis is also emphasized as critical for understanding the audience's needs and tailoring the presentation appropriately. Key elements of audience analysis include understanding demographics, interests, expectations, and customizing the message. Effective persuasive communication requires knowing the audience, grabbing their attention, establishing credibility, tailoring the message to the medium, conveying benefits, and using body language to connect with the audience.
CHAPTER6RESEARCHLEARNING OBJECTIVES• Describe the importan.docx
CHAPTER
6
RESEARCH
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Describe the importance of responsible research choices
• Outline an effective, efficient research strategy
• Create search terms for focused online searches
• Gather relevant research materials
• Discover the note-taking approach that works best for you
• Evaluate the credibility and usefulness of different sources
• Effectively organize research materials and choose the most useful ones
• Correctly cite your sourcesCHAPTER OUTLINE
• Introduction: Becoming an Expert
• Researching Responsibly
• The Research Process
• How to Conduct an Online Search
• Gathering Your Materials
• Reading Your Materials and Taking Notes
• Evaluating Sources
• Revising Your Claims
• Organizing Your Research Information
• Choosing the Sources for Your Speech
• Citing Your Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism
• Getting Help from a Research Expert
Robert and Dixie have been assigned to speak on either side of an issue, a kind of “pros and cons” format. They chose home schooling as their issue. each has a general position on it (Dixie is in favor, and Robert against) but they admit they just don't know that much about it. So what now? How do they become well enough informed to give a speech on the topic? Where should they even start? How can you keep track of your research? Do you have cite it?Overview
Research is necessary for an effective public speech. This chapter will help you make responsible, well-crafted, and carefully executed research choices. First, we will help you figure out what you already know and translate that knowledge into a research strategy. Next, we will provide some concrete tips on where to go for research (including other people as well as the Internet and the library), how to design a good search query for search engines and databases, and how to narrow your search. After that, we will address what you need to do once you have collected your research material, including how to read through it, take notes, and evaluate which sources are worthwhile. Finally, we will deal with how to use your research process to refine your arguments, choose and organize your quotations, and give proper credit for the sources you use in your speech.
MindTap®
Start with a warm-up activity about Stephanie's speech, and review the chapter's Learning Objectives.INTRODUCTION: BECOMING AN EXPERT
Researching, composing, and delivering an effective public speech requires you to acquire some expertise on your topic. You don't have to be the kind of expert who can produce original facts, figures, and data and publish groundbreaking work regarding your topic. But you do need to become enough of an expert on your topic to translate the research that you have done to an audience that may not have the same background or comfort with concepts and terminology that you have developed in your research. On your topic, you are the expert for your audience's purposes. You should cultivate enough expertise on your topic to bring new insights to .
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Addressing Your Audience
- 1. Appropriately Addressing your Audience and Purpose Patricia MillerPatricia Miller Enc 1102 Spring 2009Enc 1102 Spring 2009 Prof. Kyle StedmanProf. Kyle Stedman University of South FloridaUniversity of South Florida
- 2. Audience? When writing academic papers, it is vital to consider your audience. Who will be reading this paper? What do they already know about the topic? What do they need to know to understand the topic? Is your topic something new and interesting? Most people don't want to hear an argument they've heard before.
- 3. Who is your Target Audience? A target audience is the specific people or groups of people to whom you are writing. What will appeal to these people? What will bore these people or turn them away from your writing?
- 4. Clever Questions to Ask Yourself Who is your Audience? How many audiences do you have? List them. What does your audience need or want? What is most important to them? What are they least likely to care about? What do you have to say or are you doing in your research that might surprise your audience? What do you want your audience to think, learn, or assume about you? How might you organize your essay in a way that will be best for your audience? Adapted from “Audience”
- 5. Know your Assignment Review assignment instructions! Usually your instructor will discuss the intended audience in the assignment description. If you fail to follow assignment guidelines, you may be failing to meet the expectations of your projected audience.
- 6. Keep your Audience Riveted! Write with a purpose! Your audience is the reason you write. Consider age, education level, and interests of readers. What is your primary goal in writing this paper? To inform, entertain, motivate, or just to express yourself? Adapted from “Writing with a Purpose”
- 7. Consider your Tone Tone, or the manner or style in which you write, is directly tied to audience appeal. One must decide if the audience would respond better to casual colloquialisms or formal terminology. Generally, when appealing to a wide audience, a tone of semi-formality is best. Frequent use of contractions (ie: we've, they've, it's) convey a casual tone. If you want to sound more formal, use fewer contractions (ie: we have, they have, it is). Word choice is key to keeping your audience interested. Are you being too verbose? Are you using terms your audience will understand and relate to? Adapted from “Tone: A Matter of Attitude”
- 8. Organize your Thoughts so your Audience will Follow Organization plays an important part in keeping your readers entertained. A skilled writer will guide readers along an easy-to- follow path. By using transitional phrases and moving clearly from one supporting fact to the next, the writer is assured his or her audience can follow his or her reasoning. Use “telling facts” or facts that illustrate your point instead of simply stating them. Be sure the relationship between your topic and your fact is apparent to your reader. Adapted from “Telling Facts”
- 9. The Known-New Contract This is an important concept for helping the audience to follow your logic. “The basic idea of the known-new contract is that writing feels more fluid and connected when sentences begin with a reference to information already known and then move into information that hasn’t been mentioned yet.” (Stedman par. 3) Your reader should expect changes in topic before they occur. By placing information from your previous sentence into each successive sentence, your reader can more easily follow your line of thought.
- 10. The More You Know... The more you understand about your audience, the better you are able to appeal to their taste. In other words, know your audience, please your audience!
- 11. Works Cited "Audience." The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 28 April 2009. < http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/audience.html>. Macrorie, Ken. Telling Writing. 3rd Ed. Rochelle Park, NJ: Hayden, 1980. Course Handout. Enc 1102, Spring 2009. Stedman, Kyle. “Known-New Contract.” Adapted from Martha Kolln, Rhetorical Grammar: Grammatical Choices, Rhetorical Effects. Course Handout. Enc 1102, Spring 2009. "Tone: A Matter of Attitude." 4/29/2009 < http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/composition/tone.htm>. "Writing with a Sense of Purpose." Capital Community College Foundation. 29 April 2009. < http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/composition/purpose.htm >.