Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) is a type of additive manufacturing that builds solid physical models by stacking sheets of material that have been cut into the shape of each layer using a CAD model. The sheets are usually made of paper, plastic, cellulose or metals and are supplied with adhesive backing. After each layer is cut, excess material remains in place to support the part during building. LOM allows for larger parts to be made quickly and inexpensively using materials like paper. However, the finish and accuracy of paper parts is not as good as other materials and additional finishing is required.
This presentation is useful; for understanding the processes of rapid prototyping and its application.
Also this presentation includes the STL file format and problems with STL files.
The presentation covers all the methods of Rapid protoyping and various aspects related to it.
The Topics covered in the presentation are
1) Droplet Deposition Manufacturing
2) Laminated Object Manufacturing
3) Fused Deposition Modeling
4) Selective Laser Manufacturing
5) Sterolithography
WHAT IS PLASTIC?
A synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers such as polyethylene, PVC, nylon, etc., that can be molded into shape while soft, and then set into a rigid or slightly elastic form.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
This presentation is useful; for understanding the processes of rapid prototyping and its application.
Also this presentation includes the STL file format and problems with STL files.
The presentation covers all the methods of Rapid protoyping and various aspects related to it.
The Topics covered in the presentation are
1) Droplet Deposition Manufacturing
2) Laminated Object Manufacturing
3) Fused Deposition Modeling
4) Selective Laser Manufacturing
5) Sterolithography
WHAT IS PLASTIC?
A synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers such as polyethylene, PVC, nylon, etc., that can be molded into shape while soft, and then set into a rigid or slightly elastic form.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
1. Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)
Solid physical model made by stacking layers of
sheet stock, each an outline of the cross-sectional
shape of a CAD model that is sliced into layers
• Starting sheet stock includes paper, plastic,
cellulose, metals, or fiber-reinforced materials
The sheet is usually supplied with adhesive
• The sheet is usually supplied with adhesive
backing as rolls that are spooled between two
reels
• After cutting, excess material in the layer remains
in place to support the part during building
5. Advantages
Ability to produce larger-scaled models
Uses very inexpensive paper
Fast and accurate
Good handling strength
Good handling strength
Environmentally friendly
Not health threatening
6. Disadvantages
Need for decubing, which requires a lot of labor
Can be a fire hazard
finish, accuracy and stability of paper objects
not as good as materials used with other RP
not as good as materials used with other RP
methods
7. Typical Uses
Investment casting patterns
Concept verification
Masters for silicone-rubber injection tools
Fit-check
Fit-check
Direct use
8. Extrusion Based Additive Manufacturing
These technologies can be visualized as similar to cake icing, in
that material contained in a reservoir is forced out through a
nozzle when pressure is applied.
The material that is being extruded must be in a semi-solid state
when it comes out of the nozzle.
when it comes out of the nozzle.
The material must fully solidify while remaining in that shape.
The material must bond to material that has already been
extruded so that a solid structure can result.
9. Key Features
Loading of material;
Liquification of the material;
Application of pressure to move the material through
the nozzle;
Extrusion;
Plotting according to a predefined path and in a
Plotting according to a predefined path and in a
controlled manner;
Bonding of the material to itself or secondary build
materials to form a coherent solid structure;
Inclusion of support structures to enable complex
geometrical features.
11. Key features Contd…
We would like to have material in semi solid state but
handling cost capability is more, so we have material in
form of pallets i.e. solid.
The material inside the chamber should be kept in a
molten state but care should be taken to maintain it at as
low a temperature as possible since some polymers degrade
low a temperature as possible since some polymers degrade
quickly at higher temperatures and could also burn, leaving
residue on the inside of the chamber that would be difficult
to remove and that would contaminate further melt.
Shape and size of extruded part is governed by nozzle.
Minimum feature size is based on diameter of nozzle.
12. Extrusion
Mass Flow is related to
a) Pressure drop between chamber and
surrounding atmosphere
b) Nozzle geometry
b) Nozzle geometry
c) Material viscosity
13. Solidification
Once the material is extruded, it should ideally
remain the same shape and size.
Gravity and surface tension, however, may cause
the material to change shape.
Size may vary according to cooling and drying
Size may vary according to cooling and drying
effects.
The cooling is also very likely to be nonlinear, then
it is possible the resulting part will distort upon
cooling.
This can be minimized by use of a controlled
environmental chamber when building the part.
14. Positional Control
Extrusion-based systems use a platform that indexes in
the vertical direction to allow formation of individual
layers.
The extrusion head is typically carried on a plotting
system that allows movement in the horizontal plane.
system that allows movement in the horizontal plane.
Plotting must be coordinated with the extrusion rate to
ensure smooth and consistent deposition.
Since the requirement is to move a mechanical extrusion
head in the horizontal plane then the most appropriate
mechanism to use would be a standard planar plotting
system. For example belt drives or lead-screws.
15. Bonding
For heat-based systems there must be sufficient residual heat
energy to activate the surfaces of the adjacent regions, causing
bonding.
Gel-based systems must contain residual solvent or wetting agent
in the extruded filament to ensure the new material will bond to the
adjacent regions that have already been deposited.
adjacent regions that have already been deposited.
If there is insufficient energy, the regions may adhere, but there
would be a distinct boundary between new and previously
deposited material.
This can represent a fracture surface where the materials can be
easily separated.
Too much energy may cause the previously deposited material to
flow, which in turn may result in a poorly defined part.
16. Support Generation
Supports in such systems take two general forms:
– Similar material supports
– Secondary material supports
The most effective way to remove supports from the part is to
fabricate them in a different material.
The variation in material properties can be exploited so that
supports are easily distinguishable from part material, either
supports are easily distinguishable from part material, either
visually (e.g., using a different color material), mechanically (e.g.,
using a weaker material for the supports), or chemically (e.g., using a
material that can be removed using a solvent without affecting the
part material).
To do this, the extrusion-based equipment should have a second
extruder. In this way, the secondary material can be prepared with
the correct build parameters and extruded in parallel with the
current layer of build material, without delay.
17. Plotting and Path Control
Extrusion-based machines take input from CAD
systems using the generic STL file format.
This file format enables easy extraction of the slice
profile, giving the outline of each slice.
Part accuracy is maintained by plotting the outline
material first, which will then act as a constraining
region for the fill material.
Determining the fill pattern for the interior of the
outlines is a much more difficult task for the
control software.
18. Precise control of extrusion is a complex trade-off, dependent on a
significant number of parameters, including:
– Input pressure: This variable is changed regularly during a build, as it is
tightly coupled with other input control parameters. Changing the input
pressure (or force applied to the material) results in a corresponding output
flow rate change.
– Temperature: Maintaining a constant temperature within the melt inside
the chamber would be the ideal situation. However, small fluctuations are
Control of Extrusion
the chamber would be the ideal situation. However, small fluctuations are
inevitable and will cause changes in the flow characteristics.
– Nozzle diameter: This is constant for a particular build, but many
extrusion based systems do allow for interchangeable nozzles that can be used
to offset speed against precision.
– Material characteristics: This would include viscosity information that
would help in understanding the material flow through the nozzle. Since
viscous flow, creep, etc. are very difficult to predict, accurately starting and
stopping flow can be difficult.
19. Control of Extrusion Contd…
– Gravity and other factors: If no pressure is applied to
the chamber, it is possible that material will still flow due
to the mass of the molten material within the chamber
causing a pressure head. Surface tension of the melt and
drag forces at the internal surfaces of the nozzle may
retard this effect.
– Temperature build up within the part: All parts will
– Temperature build up within the part: All parts will
start to cool down as soon as the material has been
extruded. However, different geometries will cool at
different rates. Large, massive structures will hold their
heat for longer times than smaller, thinner parts, due to
the variation in surface to volume ratio.
20. Fused Deposition Modeling
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), produced and developed by
Stratasys, USA.
FDM uses a heating chamber to liquefy polymer that is fed into
the system as a filament.
The filament is pushed into the chamber by a tractor wheel
The filament is pushed into the chamber by a tractor wheel
arrangement and it is this pushing that generates the extrusion
pressure.
The major strength of FDM is in the range of materials and the
effective mechanical properties of resulting parts made using this
technology.
Parts made using FDM are amongst the strongest for any polymer-
based additive manufacturing process.
21.
22. Materials
The most popular material is the ABSplus
material, which can be used on all current
Stratasys FDM machines.
Some machines also have an option for ABS
blended with Polycarbonate.
23. Note that FDM works best with polymers that are amorphous in
nature rather than the highly crystalline polymers.
This is because the polymers that work best are those that are
extruded in a viscous paste rather than in a lower viscosity form.
As in amorphous polymers, there is no distinct melting point and
Materials Contd…
As in amorphous polymers, there is no distinct melting point and
the material increasingly softens and viscosity lowers with increasing
temperature.
The viscosity at which these amorphous polymers can be extruded
under pressure is high enough that their shape will be largely
maintained after extrusion, maintaining the extrusion shape and
enabling them to solidify quickly and easily.
24. Limitations of FDM
Sharp features or corners not possible to get;
Part strength is weak perpendicular to build
axis;
More area in slices requires longer build times;
More area in slices requires longer build times;
Temperature fluctuations during production
could lead to delamination.
27. Selective Laser Sintering
Layer thickness: ~0.1 mm thick;
The part building takes place inside an enclosed chamber
filled with nitrogen gas to minimize oxidation and
degradation of the powdered material;
The powder in the building platform is maintained at an
elevated temperature just below the melting point and/or
glass transition temperature of the powdered material;
glass transition temperature of the powdered material;
Infrared heaters are used to maintain an elevated
temperature around the part being formed;
A focused CO2 laser beam is moved on the bed in such a
way that it thermally fuses the material to form the slice
cross-section;
Surrounding powders remain loose and serve as support
for subsequent layers.
28. Beam Deposition Processes
BD processes are NOT used to melt a material that is pre-laid in a
powder bed but are used to melt materials as they are being
deposited;
BD processes use a focused heat source (such as a laser, electron
beam or plasma arc) to melt the material and build-up 3D objects in
a manner similar to extrusion-based process;