Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is an acute renal disorder in pediatric population. It may occur in adult population also, but pediatric population is most affected. Nephrotic syndrome is having high amount of the protein in urine and low serum albumin, abundant albuminuria, generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia.It occurs worldwide and capture at any age, but it generally occurs in initial years of life, more around 4-5 years and is more prevalent in spring season

1. LATEST RESEARCH
PROGRESS ON ACUTE
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
BY- VISHAL KUMAR
Guided By : -Satinder Kakar

2. Introduction
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is an acute renal disorder in pediatric
population. It may occur in adult population also, but pediatric
population is most affected. Nephrotic syndrome is having high
amount of the protein in urine and low serum albumin, abundant
albuminuria, generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia.
It occurs worldwide and capture at any age, but it generally
occurs in initial years of life, more around 4-5 years and is more
prevalent in spring season
No specific cause has been identified yet although there are
many etiologic factors for it, and the renal pathology varies for
different cases, but most seen in childhood cases, in temperate
climates, and renal histology by light microscopy is unworthy and
of little use.

3. TYPES OF NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
1. Minimal change
disease
2. Focal segmental
glomerulosclerosis

4. 1. Minimal change disease
 Most common cause in kids
 Idiopathic
 Maybe assoc with Hodgkin
Lymphoma
 Massive release of cytokines
from Reed–Sternberg cells -
look googly-eyed!
 Lose foot processes of podocytes at
glomerulus
 Due to cytokines
 Normal glomeruli on H&E stain
 Poss some lipid in proximal
tubule cells

5. 2. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
 Most common cause
in Hispanics, Africans
 Usually idiopathic;
poss assoc with
 HIV
 Heroin
 Sickle cell disease

7. 1. Inherited Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome
2. Glomerular filtration barrier

8. 1. Autosomal recessive – present in childhood
2. Nephrotic syndrome type I (NPHS1), also called Congenital nephrotic
syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF)
1. Inherited Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome

9. 1. Fenestrated endothelium
2. Glomerular basement membrane
• Negatively charged to prevent the passage of large anionic molecules (such as albumin)
3. Visceral glomerular epithelium, also known as podocytes
2. Glomerular filtration barrier

10. Treatment
 Results of nephrotic syndrome
as acute renal failure, edema,
hypercoagulation, and infections
should be treated and dealed
proper.
 Immunosuppressive drugs can
be used to prevent relapses.
 However, recent experiments
have shown that steroids and
cyclosporine, may also act
directly on the podocyte to
stabilize its structure

11. Conclusion
 Major advances in the pathophysiological
understanding, have led to new treatment
strategies in the past several years.
However, even though the occurrence of
primary causes of nephrotic syndrome is low,
therefore, clinical trials should be done, adult
patients with nephrotic syndrome should be
treated with clinical trials in the future. Many
new treatment targets identified by basic
science have been proposed. More study of
these new targets and those identified in the
future will potentially lead to novel advances
in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome, with
higher effectiveness in reducing proteinuria