ACTIVITIES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT

ACTIVITIES IN PHYSICAL
EDUCATION AND SPORT
International Journal of Scientific and Professional
Issues in Physical Education and Sport
Editor-in-Chief: Aleksandar Naumovski, Macedonia
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UDC 796 ISSN 1857-7687
ACTIVITIES IN PHYSICAL
EDUCATION AND SPORT
International Journal of Scientific and
Professional Issues in Physical Education and Sport
APES Vol. 1 No. 2 pp. 109-264 Skopje, 2011
CONTENS
FOREWORD
by Aleksandar Naumovski, Prof. Sc. Dr.
President of the Federation of Sports Pedagogues
of the Republic of Macedonia
to the main topic:
SPORTS AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN FUNCTION OF NEEDS
FOR CERTAIN SOCIAL ACTIVITIES (EDUCATION, CULTURE,
SECURITY, DEFENSE, LEGISLATION, TOURISM, ECONOMY,
URBANISM ETC.) ………………………………………………………………………………….……113-115
Borislav Cicović, Danko Pržulj, Dejan Stojiljković and Jelena Kocić
(Original scientific paper)
THE INFLUENCE OF BASIC PREPARATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENTOF
THE MOTOR AND FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES OF JUDOISTS……………………...117-122
Mladen Živković and Vuk Lazarević
INFLUENCE OF THE FLEXIBILITY AND EXPLOSIVE POWER
ON THE RESULTS IN SPRINT DISCIPLINES……………………………………...…123-127
Katerina Spasovska
THE CONNECTION OF MOTORIST ABILITIES FOR ASSESSMENT THE
COORDINATION AND EXPLOSIVE POWER WITH SUCCESSFUL PERFORM
TO GYMNASTIC ELEMENT, MOTOR IN FRONT LOOM ON
PARALLEL BARS………………………………………………………………………..129-134
Dragan Nejić and Saša Marković
ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES – THE IMPORTANT FACTOR OF
VOLLEYBALL SELECTION…………………………………………………………....135-144
Živorad Marković, Zoran Bogradnović, Aleksandar Ignjatoviić
and Sandra Milanović
EFFECTS OF TWO MODES OF PLANNING OF TEACHING PHYSICAL
EDUCATION ON ANTHROPOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
SECONDARY SCHOOL AGE FEMALE STUDENTS…………………………………145-150

Branka Protić – Gava, Tijana Šćepanović, Nikola Jevtić and Velimir
FREQUENCY OF POSTURAL DISORDERS IN SAGITAL PLANE OF
YOUNGER-AGED SCHOOL CHILDREN……………………………………………...151-156
Ruždija Kalač, Serjoža Gontarev and Slobodan Stojčevski
MEASUREMENT FEATURES OF SOME SPECIFICALLY MOTOR
TESTS ON BOXERS……………………………………………………………………157-162
Mladen Živković, Jelena Radičević and Milica Petković
ADAPTIVE CHANGES OF MOTOR AND FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES OF SCHOOL
CHILDREN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION.......................163-168
Radomir Arsić, Nevenka Zrnzević and Jelena Krulj-Drašković
(Review)
COMPARASION SPORTS RESULTS DEAF STUDENTS REACHED AT
THE SCHOOL SHAMPIONSHIPS....................................................................................169-178
Aleksandar Joksimović
(Professional paper)
METHODOLOGICAL SHAPING OF SKI
TRAINING..........................................................................................................................179-182
Rade Stefanović and Ljubiša Lilić
THE INFLUENCE ON PHYSICAL EXERCISES AND AGE
CHARACTERISTICS ON THE YOUNG SCHOOL-AGE RUNNERS …………...…....183-186
Irena Stanišić and Milan Stanišić
THE INFLUENCE OF DAMAGED EYESIGHT ON MOTOR DEVELOPMENT…......187-191
Ivana Hadzivanova
THE FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF A PSYCHOLOGIST-PSYCHOTHERAPIST
IN TRAINING PROCESS ,COMPETITIVE CYCLE OF LEADING SPORTSMAN
I AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HOLISTIC GESTALTAPPROACH IN
DEVELOPING (PROGRESSING) OF THEIR POTENTIALS ………………...…….…193-196
Danilo Aćimović, Aleksandar Joksimović and Omer Špirtović
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENTS AND THEIR
SIGNIFICANCE IN SPORT…………………………………………………………...…197-199
Rade Stefanović and Ljubiša Lilić
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS, RESOURCES, DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING
TASKS FOR THE STEEPLECHASE RUNNER……………………………………...…201-204
Nenad Živanović and Nebojša Ranđelović
REGISTERED FORMS OF VIOLENCE IN SPORT …………………………..….……205-209
Vasko Vangelov
DUST – HARMFUL AGENT TO HEALTH OF TEACHING AND
COACHING STAFF…………………………………………………………………...…211-213
Jelena-Krulj Drašković, Sladjana Vidosavljević and Radomir Arsić
THE COACHES THE PEDAGOGUE…………………………………………………....215-219
Aleksandar Joksimović
SPORTS FORM OF ALPINE SKIERS……………………………………..……………221-223
Violeta Šiljak and Vesna Boškan
MULTI-SPORT COMPETITIONS ………………………………………………………225-227

Vesna Boškan and Violeta Šiljak
THE NEEDS AND WAYS OF ENGAGEMENT OF PR IN SPORTS
EDUCATIONOF THE YOUNGSTERS …………………………………………………229-233
Aleksandar Joksimović, Danilo Aćimović and Emilija Petković
NATURAL FORMS OF MOVEMENTS IN SKIING
AS RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY………………………………………………………235-237
Danilo Aćimović, Aleksandar Joksimović and Omer Špirtović
SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION AND ADVERTISING SYSTEMS IN THE
FUNCTION OF SPORT COMPETITIONS…………………………………………...…239-242
Aleksandar Raković, Daniel Stanković and Aleksandar Joksimović
(Proffesional paper)
MODEL OF SPECIFIC EXERCISES IN RACE WALKING……………………………243-247
Jadran Kalkovski
(Preliminary communication )
DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES – THE BASIS FOR A QUALITATIVE
CORRECTION OF PRACTICAL TEACHING OF PHYSICAL
EDUCATION FOR SPECIAL STUDENTS OF THE FACULTY OF
CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND DETECTIVE ……………………………………………249-256
At the 14
th
SYMPOSIUM ON SPORTS AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION
OF YOUTH ………………………………………………………………………………………257-257
GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS …………………………………..………….259-264

113
FOREWORD
by Aleksandar Naumovski, Prof. Sc. Dr.
President of the Federation of Sports Pedagogues
of the Republic of Macedonia
to the main topic:
SPORTS AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN FUNCTION OF NEEDS FOR
CERTAIN SOCIAL ACTIVITIES (EDUCATION, CULTURE, SECURITY,
DEFENSE, LEGISLATION, TOURISM, ECONOMY, URBANISM ETC.)
At the 14th
SYMPOSIUM ON SPORTS AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF
YOUTH
The premise for setting the main topic of the Symposium is perceiving the function of sports
and physical education of youth for inter-disciplinary integration and implementation in
development of other related social activities. The premise is based on existence of sports and
physical education as inter-disciplinary and supra-summation social activities.The development
stage of the sports and physical education functions is determined by scientific knowledge
arising from researches in a number of social, natural, bio-medicinal and deve-lopment
sciences. In this sense, kinesiology has a dominant, independent and inter-disciplinary role with
a knowledge acquired through its methods, providing significant realization of sports and
physical education functions. This enables satisfaction of personal interests of youth and other
age categories of citizens.
Furthermore, it is not coincidence that sports and physical education have belonged to
different social and economic conditions over the past period. Also, in current events they are
very often defined as activities of a special social interest. Analogously, scientific and social
functions of sports, with physical education as its integral part, are implemented independently,
or together with other administrative body (usually ministry) of other social activity in gove-
rnments of many countries worldwide. this clearly points to the convenient status and
evaluation of sports and physical education that are in function of realizing social interests of
youth, and to some extent state interests of any country.
Over the past period have been achieved significant results in implementation of this
sports and physical education function. They are noticeable within their program tasks and
commonly manifested through tasks of some other related scientific social activities.
Physical education and sports activities of primary and secondary school students are
organized and conducted within real frameworks. Their program tasks and number of classes
in regular teaching, as well as free activities as a way of their realization, are legally regulated.
In this way regular teaching and free activities of physical education and its sports activities are
implemented with maximal and full coverage of students. At the same time, realization of these
activities correlates to some extent with some program activities of other social activities
conducted in schools. This is especially fact in education generally, health, culture, tourism and
other related social activities.

114
This situation by all means should be continually intensified and expanded, because it
is integral realization of the main function of physical education in the context of general
education and other social activities within the upbringing and education process of students.
Physical education and sports activities of fun character in pre-school institutions are
characterized with similar achievements. They are often conducted through various integrated
forms of body movements with cultural, fun, musical, visual art and other similar activities. In
this way, main program tasks in physical education and fun sports activities, as an inter-
disciplinary function together with other related activities of students, are conveniently
implemented. However, further affirmation and improvement of this situation is required in the
forthcoming period.
Having in mind existing conditions, situation with these activities implementation
among university students can also be defined as convenient. The main representative of this
state is the “St. Cyril and Methodius” University in Skopje, and the Faculty of Physical Culture
which makes efforts for implementing physical education and sports activities in teaching and
free learning process for students through the Center of Physical Education and Sports.
In order to improve this situation, appropriate measures are necessary to be
undertaken for introducing and expanding teaching in physical education and sports activities
for students of other universities. Realization of these activities should be achieved to a greater
extent through program contents compatible with contents of other social activities such as
health, tourism, culture etc. Contents of such a character (body movements with proper
nutrition, fitness activities, sports and recreation activities and appropriate summer and winter
sports-tourist activities, visit to cultural and historical monuments, folklore activities etc.), would
especially contribute for improving capabilities and features of the anthropological status of
youth.
Under this condition, special relationship can be noted of sports and physical education
with program activities in the field of health. It is indicated by the definition of physical education
in existing practice as “physical and health education”. So, the need for more pronounced
integrated designing of program contents in the field of sports, physical education and health in
a preventive and curative sense, particularly when poor posture and physical deformities with
young people are concerned, is becoming increasingly topical.
Also, there is implementation of sports and physical education in activities such as
security and defense. Applicative program contents for defense and security members require
application of physical education and appropriate sports activities for increasing the level of
their physical fitness. Therefore, work of adequate organizational bodies and organs, and
particularly work of special forces in the field of security and defense, include program contents
for improving psycho-physical and other abilities of people involved in these fields. Having in
mind the importance of physical education and sports activities implementation for fulfilling
tasks in security and defense and achieving social interests, there is a need for further
actualization of this successful implementation.
Over the last few years professional and scientific knowledge about sports and
physical education has been successfully applied in the field of urbanism with construction of
over 100 sports facilities. That has been achieved, among other things, by conceiving
functionality of sports facilities for the needs of physical education of school students and
athletes. This very favorable situation has been improved by including this knowledge in
regulating ownership, management, use and maintenance of these sports facilities.
The function of sports and physical education has also been applied in legislation and
integrated with it as sports legislation. Although legislation has special importance for efficient
function of sports associations and convenient status of athletes activities, it is still not present
enough in practice. Therefore, situation with this kind of legislation requires further intensive

115
improvement, so that legal solutions, among other things, derive adequately from the function
of sports and physical education.
Without going into analysis and further consideration of fulfilling sports and physical
education function for the needs of other social activities, in order to improve it, it is necessary
that adequate inter-disciplinary researches be conducted. Furthermore, researches need to be
conducted with application of multi-variant regressive mathematical and statistical procedures,
where certain parameters of sports and physical education function should be taken as
predictors, and as criteria should be taken a number of parameters of other related social
activities.
Realization of this kind of research would provide generalization of their results, and
conclusions, which would increase the level of inter-disciplinary implementation of sports and
physical education for more efficient realization of needs in the sphere of other related social
activities.
Sports pedagogues, in cooperation with other professional and scientific cadres, are
willing to make their contribution for projecting and realization of this kind of researches, as well
as for their results and conclusions application in the practice and achieving more intensive
realization of social interests of youth and other age categories of citizens.

INTRODUCTION
The sudden increase in sports achievements in
judo the world over make it necessary for experts
to constantly find new means and methods in their
work with judoists (Gajić 1985, Gambetta &
Winckler 2001). The effects of the work which are
achieved in the training process depend on timely
focus, selection and current trends (Bompa 2006,
Milanović 2007). Educating and forming top
judoists takes place systematically over several
phases, and begins at the youngest competitive
age. Each phase in the year-long development of
judoists is characterized by various training con-
tent, extent and intensity, which makes scientific
programming of the training process and control of
the effects of training necessary (Anohin 1970,
Bratić 2003, Pržulj 2007).
Motor skills take part in the realization of all
types of judo techniques and enable the strong,
swift, long-term, precise or coordinated perform-
ance of various motor tasks (Bratić 1998). Fun-
ctional abilities of judoists are connected to the
effectiveness of the oxygen transport system (aer-
obic capacity), the effectiveness of anaerobic ener-
gy mechanisms, which enable high-intensity sports
activity when oxygen uptake is smaller than neces-
sary (Gajić 1985, Željaskov 2004, Pržulj 2006).
The aim of our research was to determine the
influence of basic preparation training on the
development of the motor and functional abilities
APES 1(2011) 2:117-122 Cicović, B., et. al.: THE INFLUENCE OF BASIC...
117
THE INFLUENCE OF BASIC PREPARATIONS ON THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOTOR AND FUNCTIONAL
ABILITIES OF JUDOISTS
UDC: 796.853.23.015.3
Borislav Cicović1, Danko Pržulj1, Dejan Stojiljković2 and Jelena Kocić1
1University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, East Sarajevo,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
2University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia
Abstract
The aim of our research was to determine the influence of a basic preparation
model of training on the development of the motor and functional abilities of judoists.
The sample of subjects consisted of 28 elementary school children, aged 14 and 15,
who had been included in the training process for future judoists, and involved in the
basic preparation training in the judo clubs of East Sarajevo. Their motor skills were
evaluated with the following tests 1. segmentary speed: hand tapping (MTAP), foot tap-
ping (MTAN) and foot tapping against a wall (MTPZ) and 2. explosive strength: the
standing depth jump (MSDM), the triple standing jump (MTRS) and the quintuple
standing jump (MPTS). Their functional abilities were evaluated by means of the fol-
lowing tests: heart rate after load (FPPOP), maximum anaerobic power (FMARG) and
vital lung capacity (FVKPL). A discriminant analysis was used. The research results
have indicated that the physical exercises involved in the basic preparation model of
training had a statistically significant effect on the increase of the motor and function-
al abilities of judoists.
Keywords: school children, training process, experiment, model,
discriminant analysis

of judoists. The subject matter of the research was
to determine whether basic preparation can lead to
any adaptation processes in the body so that in the
final measuring, in comparison to the initial one,
statistically significant changes in the motor and
functional abilities of the subjects can be noted.
METHODS
The sample of subjects consisted of 28 elemen-
tary school students, aged 14 and 15, included in
the training process for future judoists, and taking
part in the basic preparation training in judo clubs
in East Sarajevo. Their motor skills were evaluat-
ed with the help of segmentary speed tests (hand
tapping MTAP, foot tapping MTAN, foot tapping
against a wall MTPZ) and explosive strength (the
standing depth jump MSDM, the standing triple
jump MTRS, the standing quintuple jump MPTS).
The tests used to evaluate their motor skills were
taken from the research of Kurelić, Momirović,
Stojanović, Šturm, Radojević & Viskić-Štalec,
1975. Their functional abilities were evaluated
with the following tests: heart rate after load
(FPPOP), maximum anaerobic power (FMARG)
and vital lung capacity (FVKPL). The functional
tests were taken from the model of Heimer,
Mišogoj & Bosnar, 1989. To process the obtained
results, the T-test and the canonical discriminant
analysis were used.
The experimental basic preparation model
The basic preparation of young judoists aimed
at developing their motor and functional abilities
lasted for a period of four weeks, with three hours
of training per week. The basic preparation pro-
gram realization included various activities
focused on a particular goal: the harmonious and
multifaceted processing of the locomotor appara-
tus and all its segments, the development of pri-
mary strength, flexibility, explosive strength,
capacities for coordination and speed characteris-
tics (the speed of motor reactions, movement
speed, basic locomotor speed during various kinds
of motion). As part of the methodology of the
anaerobic training of judoists, three basic tasks
were being carried out: the increase in functional
abilities of the phosphocreatine mechanism, the
improvement of energy mechanisms and the
increase in the efficiency of nervous structures
under the special conditions of oxygen debt.
RESULTS
The results of the T-test of the motor skills
between the initial and final measuring of judoists
are shown in Table 1. By analyzing the obtained
results for the coefficients of the T-value and their
significance (P), it can be concluded that there is a
statistically significant difference in all of the
motor tests at the final as compared to the initial
measuring.
By using a canonical discriminant analysis
(Table 2), a significant discriminant function of
mid-intensity was obtained (CR=69.4%), which
indicates the correlation of the group of data on the
basis of which the discriminant analysis of the
obtained data was carried out. The results of the
discriminant strength of the motor variables deter-
mined by means of the Wilks-Lambda were high
118
Table 1. The significance of the differences between the
motor tests of the subjectsat the initial and final measuring
Motor
tests
Mean
IN
Mean
FI
T-
Value
df P
MSDM 193.5 210.6 5.28 28 .001*
MTRS 421.2 481.0 5.04 28 .013*
MPTS 642.5 695.8 5.17 28 .011*
MTAN 27.1 32.7 -4.26 28 .036*
MTAP 35.1 41.2 -4.14 28 .040*
MTAZ 25.2 31.4 -3.87 28 .045*
Table 2. The significance of the isolated discriminant function
of the subjects’ motor skills
Eugenvalue
Canonical
R
Wilks'
Lambda
Chi-Sqr
.
df P
.337 .694 .653 48.022 6 .002*
Table 3. The factor structure of the
isolated discriminant function
Variables Root 1
MSDM –.529
MTRS –.502
MPTS –.470
MTAN –.433
MTAP .424
MTAZ .358
Table 4. Measuring centriods of the subjects
Measuring Root 1
Initial 1.460
Final –1.460

(.653), and this indicates that the differences
between the initial and final measuring in the space
of motor skills of the subjects are statistically sig-
nificant (P=.002), which is confirmed by the Chi
square test, which has a high value (Shi-Sqr =
48.022).
Table 3 presents the structure of the discrimi-
nant function of the involvement of the motor
skills variables in the forming of significant dis-
criminant functions. The results indicate that the
following tests make the greatest contribution to
the discriminant function: the standing depth jump
(MSDM-.529) and the standing triple jump
(MTRS-.502), and quintuple standing jump
(MPTS -.470), while a somewhat smaller contribu-
tion is made by foot tapping (MTAN -.433), hand
tapping (MTAP .424), while foot tapping against a
wall (MTAZ .358) made the smallest contribution.
The results in Table 4 present the discriminant
function of the centroids on the basis of all the
motor tests, with a value of 1.460 and -1.460. The
significance of the displayed measuring centroids,
tested through the significance of the discriminant
function, indicates that their distance (discrimina-
tion) is significant.
The results of the disriminant analysis of the
motor skills in the final measuring of the subjects,
compared to the initial measuring, indicate that
under the influence of the basic preparation train-
ing, significant changes in the motor skills of the
subjects had taken place. The greatest contribution
to this difference was made by the tests of explo-
sive strength and to a lesser extent, repetitive
strength.
Table 5 contains the results of the T-test of the
functional abilities between the initial and final
measuring of the subjects in the control group. The
analysis of the T-value coefficients and their sig-
nificance (P) indicates that a statistically signifi-
cant difference can be found in all of the tests of
functional abilities, at the final, in comparison to
the initial state.
The canonical discriminant analysis indicates
(Table 6) that a significant discriminant function of
mid-intensity (CR=68.0%) was obtained, which
indicates the correlation between the group of data
on the basis of which the discriminant analysis of
the obtained results was carried out. The results of
the discriminant strength of the functional vari-
ables determined by Wilks’ Lambda are high
(.708), which indicates that the differences
between the initial and final measuring in the space
of functional abilities of the subjects was signifi-
cant (P= .011), as the value of the Chi square test
is high (Chi-Sqr = 40.631).
Table 5 shows the structure of the discriminant
function regarding the influence of the variables of
functional abilities in forming significant discrim-
inant functions. The results indicate that the great-
est contribution to the discriminant function is
made by anaerobic strength (FMARG -.586) and
heart rate frequency after load (FPUPO .562), and
to a lesser extent, vital lung capacity (FVKPL
.337).
Table 6 shows the discriminant function of the
centroids on the basis of all of the functional tests
and it has a value of -.460 and .460. The signifi-
cance of the presented measuring centroids which
were tested through the significance of the dis-
criminant function indicates that their distance
(discrimination) is significant.
119
Table 5. The significance of the changes in the functional
tests of thesubjects between the initial and final measuring
Functional
tests
Mean
IN
Mean
FI
T-
Value
df P
FVKPL 3390 3685 -4.46 3 .031
FMARG 3.87 3.12 -4.19 3 .041
FPPOP 152 141 -5.18 3 .011
Table 6. The significance of the isolated discriminant
function
Eugenvalue
Canonical
R
Wilks'
Lambda
Chi-
Sqr .
df
P-
Level
.321 .680 .708 40.631 3 .011*
Table 7. The factor structure of the isolated
discriminant function
Variables Root 1
FMARG –.586
FPUPO .562
FVKPL .337
Table 8.Measuring centroids
Measuring Root 1
Initial –.460
Final .460

The results obtained from the discriminant
analysis at the final in relation to the initial
measuring of the subjects indicate that under
the influence of the basic preparation training,
significant changes in the functional abilities
of the subjects had taken place. The greatest
contribution to this difference was made by the
following tests: maximum anaerobic power
(FMARG) and heart rate after load (FPUPO).
DISCUSSION
Motor skills have a direct effect on motor reac-
tions, that is, the motor behavior of humans. One
part of the motor skills is under the significant
influence of the factor of genetics, while another is
under the influence of various exogenic factors,
especially sports activities. For the purpose of
increasing the level of complex motor tasks, such
as explosive strength and segmentary speed, it has
been determined (Najšteter1997, Duraković 2008,
Pržulj 2007) that the transformation processes are
related to the energy component in a statistically
significant manner. Bearing this in mind, in this
research the application of physical exercise in the
work process was under the control of not only the
intensity or the extent of the load, but also the
process of energy renewal, that is, the rest phase,
during which most of the compensation of physio-
logical changes caused by the exercise process
take place (Anohin 1970, Milanović 2007).
During the basic preparation, much care was
taken that rest as a necessary phase in the process
of energy renewal, that is, the process of reestab-
lishing the balance which had been disrupted by
the increased energy consumption, followed
supraliminal load (the intensity of the exercise bor-
ders on the maximum abilities of the body).
Special attention was paid to the fact that any fur-
ther exercise involving supraliminal load followed
at a precise phase of the energy renewal process.
We can assume that such an approach in the
process of basic preparation realization made a
special contribution to the statistically significant
increase in the studies anthropological features at
the final, in comparison to the initial state of the
subjects.
CONCLUSION
The research was carried out with the aim of
determining the influence of the basic preparation
model of training on the development of the motor
and functional abilities of judoists. The sample
consisted of 28 subjects who took part in the train-
ing process in the judo clubs in East Sarajevo. The
measuring instruments for motor skills consisted
of three tests used to define explosive strength and
segmentary speed. The functional abilities were
determined with the help of tests of aerobic and
anaerobic muscle potential. By using a canonical
discriminant analysis, we determined that at the
end of the experimental period, a statistically sig-
nificant increase in explosive strength, segmentary
speed and functional abilities had taken place
among the judoists.
REFERENCES
Anohin. P.K (1970). Teoriя funkcionalnoй
sisтemi. Oпштie vьoпrosi
fizioloгiчeskim mehanizmov [The theory of
functional systems. General questions physiologi-
cal mechanism. In Russian.] Moskva: Nauka.
Bompa, T. (2006). Teorija i metodologija treninga
[Theory and methodology of training. In
Croatian.] Zagreb: Gopal
Bratić, M. (2003). Džudo, Udžbenik [Judo, a hand-
book. In Serbian.] Niš: The Faculty of Physical
Education.
Bratić, M. (1998). The quantitative changes that
orginated from the application of different
methodological procedures in the process of
acquiring and improving complex motoric move-
ments in judo [Kvantitativne promene koje
proizilaze iz primene različitih metodoloških pro-
cedura u procesu sticanja i unapređivanja kom-
pleksnih motoričkih kretanja u džudou]. Facta
Universitatis, Series: Physical Education, 1(5),
39-45.
Duraković, M. (2008). Kinatropologija, Biološki
aspekti tjelesnog vježbanja [Kinanthropology, the
biological aspects of physical exercise. In
Croatian]. Zagreb: Kineziološki fakultet
Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
Gajić, M. (1985). Osnovi motorike čoveka [The
basics of human motorics. In Serbian). Novi Sad:
The Faculty of Physical Education.
Gambetta, V. & Winckler, G. (2001). Sport specific
speed [Brzina karakteristična za sport]. Sarasota,
FL: Gambetta Sports Training Systems.
120

Heimer, S., Mišogoj, M. i Bosnar, K. (1989).
Faktorska struktura testova za procenu anaer-
obnog kapaciteta [The factor structure of the tests
assessing anaerobic capacity. In Croatian.]
Kineziologija, 22(2), 107-110.
Kurelić, N., K. Momirović, M. Stojanović, J. Šturm,
Đ. Radojević i N. Viskić-Štalec (1975). Struktura
i razvoj morfoloških i motoričkih dimenzija omla-
dine [The structure and development of the mor-
phological and motor dimensions of the young. In
Serbian.] Beograd: Institut za naučna straživanja
Fakulteta za fizičko vaspitanje Univerziteta u
Beogradu.
Milanović, L. (2007): Metodika treninga brzinsko-
eksplozivnih svojstava kod djece i mladih,
Kondiciona priprema sportaša [The methodology
of training involving the speed-explosive features
of children and the young, the condition training
of athletes. In Croatian.]. Zagreb: Kineziološki
fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
Najšteter, Đ. (1997). Kineziološka didaktika
[Kinesiological didactics . In Serbian]. Sarajevo:
Bosna i Hercegovina, Federacija Bosne i
Hercegovine, Federalno ministarstvo obrazovanja,
nauke, kulture i sporta.
Pržulj, D. (2006). Antropomotorika, udžbenik
[Anthropomotorics, a handbook. In Serbian.]
Istočno Sarajevo: Fakultet fizičke kulture.
Pržulj, D. (2007): Kondiciona priprema sportista,
udžbenik [The condition training of athletes, a
handbook. In Serbian.] Pale: Fakultet fizičke kul-
ture.
Željaskov, C., (2004). Kondicioni trening vrhunskih
sportista [The condition training of top athletes.]
Beograd: Sportska akademija.
121
Correspondence:
Borislav Cicović
University of East Sarajevo
Faculty Physical Education and Sport
East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Stambulčić bb, 71420 Pale, RS-BIH
E-mail: familijacicovic@paleol.net

122
Apstrakt
Celta na istraùvaweto be{e da se utvrdi vlijanieto na odreden
model za razvojot na motornite i funkcionalnite sposobnosti kaj
xudistite. Primerokot na ispitanicite go so~inuvaa 28 u~enici od
osnovnite u~ili{ta, na vozrast od 14 i 15 godini. Tie bea naso~eni so
trenaèn proces na bazi~ni podgotovki za idni xudisti vo xudo-
klubovite na Isto~no Sarajevo. Motornite sposobnosti bea procenu-
vani so slednite testovi za procenuvawe na: segmentarnata brzina –
taping so raka (MTAP), taping so noga (MTAN), taping so nozete na yid
(MTAPZ); eksplozivnata snaga – skok vo dale~ina od mesto (MSDM),
triskok od mesto (MTRS), i petskok od mesto (MPTS). Funkconalnite
sposobnosti bea procenuvani so testovite: Frekvencija na pulsot po
optovaruvawe, (FPPOP), maksimalna anaerobna mo} (FMARG), vitalen
k-pacitet na belite drobovi (FVKPL). Podatocite se obraboteni so
diskriminativna analiza. Rezultatite na istraùvaweto pokaàa
deka telesnite ve`bi na modelot za bazi~nata podgotovka, stati-
sti~ki zna~ajno vlijaele vrz zgolemuvaweto na motrnite i funkciona-
lnite sposobnosti.
Klu~ni zborovi: u~enici, trenaèn proces, eksperiment, model,
diskriminativna analiza
VLIJANIETO NA BAZI^NATA PODGOTOVKA VRZ
RAZVOJOT NA MOTORNITE I FUNKCIONALNITE
SPOSOBNOSTI NA XUDISTITE
UDK: 796.853.23.015.3
(Originalen nau~en trud)
Borislav Cicovi}1, Danko Prùq1, Dejan Stojiqkovi}2 i Jelena Koci}1
1Univerzitet vo Isto~no Sarajevo, Fakultet za fizi~ko vospituvawe i
sport, Isto~no Sarajevo, Bosna i Hercegovina
2Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe,
Ni{, Srbija

INTRODUCTION
Motor activity in sprint running is character-
ized by quick hand and leg movements to empha-
size maximal speed. Speed of movement frequen-
cy according to some researchers (Babijak 1979,
Malacko & Rađo 2004, Milanović 2007), is deter-
mined by the speed of muscle contractions which
depends on the morphological and biochemical
characteristics (inclusion of white and red fibers).
It was found out that speed is genetically deter-
mined 90-95% and is in high correlation with flex-
ibility, explosive power and specific endurance so
as to enable an athlete to run the whole track in
hight tempo (Koprivica 1998, Željaskov 2004,
Bompa 2006). Therefore in sprint in the high inten-
sity and overload conditions there are high
demands of the anaerobic-aerobic endurance, for
the top resistance of the organism to the oxigen
long and swift recovery.
Explosive power is vital within the motor activ-
ity of sprint running where explosive hand and leg
movements are especially important when it is
necessary in running to realize several narrow
groupings of explosive movements tied to one
unit. It is genetically conditioned with around
80%. Top results are achieved from 18-22, and
from 28 decreases.
Flexibility means ability to perform movements
with great amplitude. Most representative measure
of this ability is maximal amplitude of the body
parts movements in some joints. Therefore it is
important in sprint running to achieve flexibility
in all parts of the loco-motor system. Bottom line
of this ability comprises structural features of the
muscle and ligaments and their elasticity and what
is more important, structure and form of the joint
bodies where the movement is executed. By incre-
asing flexibility one remarkably decreases danger
of harming the ligaments and muscles, general
motor efficiency is improved and the loco-motor
system stability is enhanced (Corbin & Noble
1980, Vuksanović 1999, Višnjić 2006).
APES 1(2011) 2:123-127 Živković , M. and Lazarević. V.:INFLUENCE OF THE FLEXIBILITY...
123
INFLUENCE OF THE FLEXIBILITY AND EXPLOSIVE POWER
ON THE RESULTS IN SPRINT DISCIPLINES
UDC: 796.422.12.012.11/.13-057.874
Mladen Živković , PhD student and Vuk Lazarević, PhD student
University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia
Abstract
A sample was comprised of 30 subjects schoolboys from the elementary school
population aged 14 (±6 months), having regular PE curricula and at the same time
additional engagement in the sports section for the physical education in school.
Measuring instruments for the estimation of motor abilities (as predicting system)
make up dimension of flexibility: bench deep forward bent (mdpk), split -(mšpa), and
bat dislocate -misp) and explosive power: standing long jump - MSDM, standing triple
jump (MTRS) and standing five jump (MPTS). Sprint disciplines (as criterion system)
comprise 100 meter running (SB100) and 200 meter running (SB200). The main aim
of this research was to determine the influence of the flexibility and explosive power on
the results in sprint disciplines in subjects. Software „Statistica“ 8.0 for Windows was
used for the calculation of the following parameters: basic statistical parameters,
discriminative measurements (skewniss and curtosis), and regression analysis.
Research results showed that there is strong linear connection between the sets of
dimensions of flexibility and explosive power as a predicting system and tests of 100
meter sprint running (SB100) and 200 meter running (SB200), as criterion variables.
Keywords: schoolchildren, physical education, sports section, regression analysis

Research subject is investigation of motor abil-
ities dimensions of flexibility and explosive power
and sprint speed of 100 and 200 meters running in
in the subjects.
The main aim of this research was to determine
the influence of the flexibility and explosive power
on the results in sprint disciplines in subjects.
Research results of the influence of motor abil-
ities on the results in sprint running have theoret-
ical and practical values for the training process,
because this research brings forward new scientif-
ic information on the value of the tests of flexibil-
ity and explosive power that mostly influence the
results efficiency in sprint disciplines of short dis-
tances.
Thus the training process and regular and addi-
tional PE teaching classes could be given more
space for the especially emphasized development
of the manifest variables and dimensions of flexi-
bility and explosive power that have the biggest
predictive values for the short tracks running
speed, and this in turn would influence achieve-
ment of better sports results in sprint disciplines.
METHODS
A sample was comprised of 30 subjects school-
boys from the elementary school population aged
14 (±6 months), having regular PE curricula and at
the same time additional engagement in the sports
section for the physical education in school.
Measuring instruments for the estimation of
motor abilities in this research (as predicting
system) comprise dimension of flexibility: bench
deep forward bent (mdpk), split -(mšpa), and bat
dislocate -misp) and explosive power: standing
long jump - MSDM, standing triple jump (MTRS)
and standing quint jump (MPTS). Applied set of
motor variables was taken from the research of
Kurelić, Momirović, Stojanović, Šturm, Radojević,
Viskić-.Štalec,1975. Measuring instruments for the
estimation of sprint speed (as criterion system)
comprise 100 meter running (SB100) and 200
meter running (SB200). Applied sets of sprint
speed were taken from the research of Jovović,
2006.
Software „Statistica“8.0 for Windows was used
for the calculation of the following parameters:
basic statistical parameters, discriminative meas-
urements (skewniss and curtosis), and canonic dis-
criminative analysis.
RESULTS
Results shown in Table 1 in subjects in the area
of motor abilities dimension of flexibility, and
explosive power indicate that none of the variables
displayed significant abberation from the normal
distribution having in mind that the coefficients of
skewness do not exceede 1.00. Results of the
kurtosis are below the normal values of
distribution 2.75, which makes distribution
platicurtic or scattered
Results shown in Table 2 in the area of sprint
speed of the subjects indicate that none of the tests
displayed significant abberation from the normal
distribution having in mind that the coefficients of
skewness do not exceede 1.00. Results of the
kurtosis are below the normal values of
distribution 2.75, which makes distribution
platicurtic or scattered.
Based on the value of the coefficient of multi-
ple correlation (RO =.75) in Table 3, it can be stat-
ed that motor abilities (as predicting system),
based on the coefficient F relation (4.52) and its
significance (Q=.021), statistically significantly
explains obtained results in sprint speed at 100
meter (SB 100).
Coefficient of determination criterion variable
(Delta) and the system of motor tests dimension of
flexibility, and explosive power have 56% com-
mon relations. Other 44% common variability in
the explanation of criterion variable is contained
within other dimensions of the anthropological
area that were not researched.
Results of the partial regression (Beta) and its
significance Q (Beta) on univariate level point out
(Table 4), that statistically significant relations
with criterion variable is atributed to all motor tests
dimensions of flexibility, and explosive power.
Obtained results of the partial regression
coefficients (Beta) and its significance Q (Beta)
show that the subjects will achieve better results in
sprint speed at 100 meter (SB100) if they display
higher level of flexibility and explosive power.
Motor tests: bench deep forward bent (MDPK),
split - (MŠPA), and bat dislocate (MISP), standing
long jump - MSDM, standing triple jump (MTRS)
and standing quint jump (MPTS) and hand ball
throwing (MBLP)can be recommended as reliable
measuring instruments for the prediction of the
results in sprinter speed at 100 meters (SB100).
Based on the value of the coefficient of multi-
ple correlation (RO =.59) in Table 5, it can be stat-
ed that motor abilities (as predicting system),
based on the coefficient F relation (3.53) and its
significance (Q=.042), statistically significantly
explains obtained results in sprint speed at 200
meter (SB 200).
Coefficient of determination criterion variable
(Delta) and the system of motor tests have 34%
common relations. Other 66% common variabili-
124

ty in the explanation of criterion variable is con-
tained within other dimensions of the anthropolog-
ical area that were not researched.
Results of the partial regression (Beta) and its
significance Q (Beta) on univariate level point out
(Table 6), that statistically significant relations
with criterion variable is atributed to all motor tests
bench deep forward bent (mdpk), .013), split -
(mšpa) .040), and bat dislocate -misp) .018
standing triple jump (MTRS) .006).
Obtained results of the partial regression coeffi-
cients (Beta) and its significance Q(Beta) show
that the subjects will achieve better results in sprint
speed at 200 meter (SB100) if they display higher
level of flexibility and explosive power.
Motor tests bench deep forward bent (mdpk),
split (mšpa) and bat dislocate (misp), standing
triple jump (MTRS) can be recommended as
reliable measuring instruments for the prediction
of results in sprint speed at 200 meters (SB200).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Results in sprint running speed are mostly
determined by motor knowledge of the technique
of sprint running, flexibility and explosive power
and they all contribute to the maximal speed of
running by activating maximal number of muscle
fibers in the unit of time. Hence for the successful
realization of the total structure of movements in
sprint running and especially in the phase of take
125
Table 1. Basic statistical parameters of motor abilities
Variable N Mean Min Max SD Error Skewn. Kurtos.
MDPR 30 22.19 16.00 37.00 9.28 0.385 0.039 -1.305
MISP 30 84.30 57.00 110.00 3.84 0.219 -0.422 2.228
MŠPA 30 166.66 144.00 195.00 3.54 0.291 0.480 2.109
MSDM 30 211.74 194.00 290.00 9.50 0.363 0.252 2.412
MTRS 30 596.44 486.00 691.00 5.03 0.265 0.490 1.067
MBLP 30 46.14 35.00 53.00 4.67 0.531 0.345 -1.970
Table 2. Basic statistical parameters of sprint speed
Variable N Mean Min Max SD Error Skewn. Kurtos.
SB100 30 12.54 11.98 13.47 2.09 0.710 0.123 1.445
SB200 30 25.44 24.39 27.54 5.05 2.203 0.120 2.590
Table 3. Regression analysis of motor abilities
and criterion variable sprint speed in 100
meter (SB100) on a multivariate level
Delta % RO F Q
.56 . 75 4.52 .021
Table 4. Regression analysis of predicting system and
criterion variable sprint speed in 100 meter
(SB100) on an univariate level
Tests R Part - R Beta Q(Beta)
MDPR -0.54 -0.53 -4.06 .002
MISP 0.38 -0.32 -2.12 .030
MŠPA 0.28 0.24 3.32 .015
MSDM -0.38 -0.39 -3.14 .025
MTRS -0.22 -0.04 -3.12 .023
MBLP 0.23 0.23 3.39 .013
Table 5. Regression analysis of motor abilities
and criterion variable sprint speed in 200
meter(SB100) on a multivariate level
Delta % RO F Q
.34 .59 3.53 .042
Table 6. Regression analysis of predicting system
andcriterionvariable sprint speed in 200 meter(SB200)
on univariate level
Tests R Part - R Beta Q(Beta)
MDPR .32 .30 3.48 .013
MISP -.33 -.22 -2.56 .018
MŠPA .29 .24 2.34 .040
MSDM -.03 -.03 -0.06 .828
MTRS -.35 -.32 -4.19 .006
MBLP -.03 -.13 -4.22 .186

off, flight and landing with the most intensive
forces exerted during swift and explosive leg and
hand movements one needs reserves of energy
potential the lower limbs muscles. Besides quick
change of muscular activities of legs from the ago-
nistic into antagonistic and vice versa during amor-
tization in the take off phase shows that for the
successful speed sprint running two elements are
important explosive power and flexibility that
stimulate speed of upper and lower limbs move-
ments which was verified and confirmed in this
paper.
On the horizontal speed of 100 and 200 meter
running according to or research results vital
influence is attributed to the coordination of the
flexibility and explosive power in the final phase
of upper leg movement of the striding leg which
perfects manifestation of the reactive force and
thus simultaneously enables forward extension of
the leg.
Regression analysis in this research confirms
that there is strong linear connection between the
set of tests of dimensions of flexibility and explo-
sive power as predicting system and criterion vari-
able sprint speed at 100 and 200 meter running
(SB200 as criterion variable.
The obtained results of dimensions of flexi-
bility and explosive power on one hand and 100
and 200 meter sprint running on the other hand
will be used first of all for the individualized
planning, programming and implementation of
regular PE curricula and training work in extra-
curricular activities in PE teaching with this age
subjects. Results are usable for more efficient
direction process and selection in sports dominated
by motor flexibility and explosive power.
REFERENCES
Babiak, J. (1979). Relacije između motoričkih
sposobnosti i uspjeha u atletici [Relation of motor
abilities and success in athletics. In Serbian.]
Fizička kultura, 3. 33(3), 261-266.
Bompa, T.(2006).Teorija i metodologija treninga
[Theory and methodology of training. In
Croatian.] Zagreb: Gopal
Corbin, C.B. i Noble, R.M. (1980). Flexibility. A
major component of physical fitness. Journal of
Physical Education and Recreation, 51(6), 23-24,
57-60.
Jovović, V. (2006). Atletika (biomehanika, tehnika i
metodika) [Athletcs (biomechanics, technique and
methodics). In Montenegrin.] Nikšić: Filozofski
fakultet.
Koprivica, V. (1998). Osnovi sportskog treninga
[Basics of sports training. In Serbian.] Beograd:
SIA.
Kurelić, N., K. Momirović, M. Stojanović, J. Šturm,
Đ. Radojević i N. Viskić-Štalec (1975). Struktura
i razvoj morfoloških i motoričkih dimenzija omla-
dine [Structure and development of the morpho-
logical and motor dimensions of the youth. In
Serbian.] Beograd: Institut za naučna istraživanja
Fakulteta za fizičko vaspitanje Univerziteta u
Beogradu.
Malacko, J. Rađo, I.(2004). Tehnologija sporta i
sportskog treninga [Technology of sports
training. In Serbian.] Sarajevo: Fakultet sporta i
tjelesnog odgoja.
Milanović, D. (2007). Teorija treninga, Priručnik za
studente sveučilišnog studija [Theory of training,
Handbook for the students of the universities. In
Croatian]. Zagreb: Kineziološki fakultet
Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
Vuksanović, M. (1999). Utvrđivanje efikasnosti nas-
tave fizičkog vaspitanja u odnosu na postignute
rezultate u atletici [Determination of PE curricula
efficiency in relation the results in athletics. In
Sebian.] (Doctoral dissertation). Novi Sad:
Fakultet fizičke kulture.
Višnjić, D. (2006). Nastava fizičkog vaspitanja: od V
do VIII razreda osnovne škole: priručnik za stu-
dente, nastavnike i profesore [Physical education
teaching process in grades V to VIII of the ele-
mentary school: handbook for the students, teach-
ers and professors. In Serbian.] Beograd: Zavod
za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva.
Željaskov, C. (2004). Kondiciona priprema vrhun-
skih sportista [Conditional preparation of top ath-
letes.In Serbian.] Beograd: Sportska akademija.
126
Correspondence:
Mladen Živković
University of Niš,
Faculty of Sport and Physical Education,
Čarnojevićeva 10A,
18000, Niš, Serbia
E-mail: profrile@gmail.com

127
VLIJANIETO NA FLEKSIBILNOSTA I EKSPLOZIVNATA
SNAGA VRZ REZULTATITE NA SPRINTERSKITE
DISCIPLINI
UDK: 796.422.12.012.11/.13-057.874
Mladen @ivkovi} i Vuk Lazarevi}
Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe,
Ni{, Srbija
Apstrakt
Primerokot na ispitanicite be{e so~inet od u~enici na osnovnite
u~ili{ta so vozrast od 14 godini (± 6 meseci), koi pokraj redovnata
nastava po fizi~ko vospituvawe, bea opfateni vo u~ili{na sportska
sekcija. Bea primeneti prediktorski merni instrumenti za procenu-
vawe na fleksibilnosta: Dlabok pretsklon na klupa (MDPK), {paga
(M[PA) i iskret so palka (MISP) i za eksplozivna snaga: skok vo dale-
~ina od mesto (MSDM), triskok od mesto (MTRS) i petskok od mesto
(MPTS). Kako kriteriumski sitem bea primeneti sprinterskite
disciplini: tra~awe na 100 metri (SB100) i na 200 metri (SB200). Cel-
ta na istra`uvaweto be{e da se utvrdi vlijanieto na fleksibilnosta
i eksplozivnata snaga vrz sprinterskite disciplini kaj ispi-
tanicite. Presmetani se osnovnite statisti~ki parametri, skjuni-
sot i kurtozisot i regresivnata analiza. Pritoa, e koristena progra-
mata Statistika 8.0. Rezultatite poka`aa deka postoi stat-
isti~ki zna~ajna povrzanost me|u testovite na fleksibilnosta i
eksplozivnata snaga (kako prediktorski sistem) i testovite na
sprinterskoto tr~awe na 100 i 200 metri (kako kriteriumski vari-
jabli).
Klu~ni zborovi: u~enici, fizi~ko vospituvawe, sportska sekcija,
regresivna analiza

INTRODUCTION
The motorical abilities are one of the basic fac-
tors in determinating the motorical activites, in this
case we are talking about sport gymnastics, and the
determination of the structure on the motorical
space as a segment of the anthropological space of
the person is always in the focus of the interesting
of many foreign and ours experts.
From the review of previous research in this
exertion is an attempt to study only one segment
of the anthropological status of the person, motor
space, but not entirely, only part of it which I think
is the most important for reaching the successful
performance of selected gymnastic elements .
Knowing the complexity of the elements and
specificity of gym machines , I decided to handle
and explore the part of the motorical movements
which includes coordination and explosive power,
and the successful technical performance of the
selected gymnastic elements. But here I did not
analyze all the space of coordination and explo-
sive power, I’ve decided to examine only certain
segments of these two areas separately.
Considering that in this sport of gymnastics are
performed fast and complex motor tasks, forward
and back, legs, hands or whole body in the survey
decided to apply the following factors of coordina-
tion: coordination of whole body, coordination of
legs, coordination to perform fast and complex
movements and reorganization of the dynamic
stereotype.
Given this sport of gymnastics where are per-
formed fast and complex motor tasks, forward and
back, legs, hands or whole body I have decided to
research the following factors apply to the coordi-
nation of whole body coordination, coordination of
legs, coordination to perform all rapid and com-
plex movements and reorganization of dynamic
stereotype.
When it came to the part of choosing a test to
assess explosive power , I was conducted, accord-
ing to the results, of the classification the Mila-
APES 1(2011) 2:129-134 Spasovska, K.: THE CONNECTION OF MOTORIST...
129
THE CONNECTION OF MOTORIST ABILITIES FOR ASSESSMENT
THE COORDINATION AND EXPLOSIVE POWER WITH SUCCESSFUL
PERFORM TO GYMNASTIC ELEMENT, MOTOR IN FRONT
LOOM ON PARALLEL BARS
UDC: 796.414.4.012.11
Katerina Spasovska
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Physical Culture,
Skopje, Macedonia
Abstract
Aim of this studies was to establish connection of motor tests intended for assess-
ment the coordination and explosive power with successful perform of gymnastic ele-
ment ,,motors in front loom,,. On the sample of 68 subjects, male students from first
year studies at Faculty of Physical Culture in Skopje Applied were a total of 20 mani-
fest at motor variables of which twelve (12) for the assessment of the coordination
(coordination of the whole body, coordination of the feet coordination of rapid complex
movements and reorganization of the dynamic stereotype as well as eight (8) motor
tests for estimation of explosive strength (jumping on the type and the type ejection).
Assessment of the successful performance was evaluation on the technical perform-
ance of the selected gymnastic element on gymnastic parallel bars, have been done by
the 4 qualified judges with the use of standardized criteria. The received results with
the regression analysis showed statistically significant influence on the criterion.
Keywords: coordination, explosive power, evaluation, regression analysis, students,
testing

novic D. (1981). The two factors that he asided of
the explosive power are: absolute power of an
explosive power, it means type of jumps, and the
relative type of explosive power or type of jumps.
So diagnoses of successing in sports gymnas-
tics focused this exertion is the detection of the
relations of space responsible for motor coordina-
tion and explosive power of some parts of the body
and successful performance of gymnastics persist-
ent element in front.
Gimnastics assessment element is carried out
with standardized criteria adapted and aligned with
the way the assessment during regular classes and
certain parts of this policy assessment in male
sports gymnastics applied to games .
METHODS
To achieve the objectives of our research is a
research procedure conducted on a sample of 68
respondents, male students of first year of the
Faculty of Physical Culture in Skopje, generation
2007/2008.
The Predictional system consists 20 types
motor variables of which twelve (12) are for eval-
uation of the coordination of certain body parts
(the whole body coordination (3), coordination of
legs (3), coordination of rapid complex move-
ments (3) and reorganization dynamic stereotype
(3) and eight (8) tests to assess the explosive power
(type leaps 3) and type of discharge (5).
In assessing the COORDINATION of the fol-
lowing tests were used:
1.Coordination of the whole body surface :
1.Movements on the floor (MKOPOD)
2.Movemenets in the air (MKOVOZ).
3 Crossing the parallel sticks (MKOPPP).
2.Coordination of legs :
4. Skip or reaproching horizontal rope (MKN-
PHJ)
5.Climbing and getting down Swedish scales
(MKNKSS)
6.Side steps (MKNCVS).
3.Coordination of fast and complex movements:
7. Skiping and jumping over (MKBPIP),
8.Climbing and getting down a desk and jumping
chair l (MKBKSKR)
9.Making an eight with tilting (MKBOSN).
4.Reorganization of dynamic stereotype:
10. Long-jump backwards (MKBKSKR),
11. Polygon backwards (MRPONA)
12.Climbing and getting down the stairs back-
wards (MRKSSN).
For evaluation of the explosive POWER used in
the following Power were used these tests:
Types of jumps:
1.Jump from one place to some distance (MESS-
DM)
2.Jumps up-down-away (MESGDD)
3.Running 20m. from high start (MES20M).
Type of disposal :
1.Throwing a medicinka from the lying on your
back with arms forward (ESFMNR)
2. Throwing a medicinka from the lying back to
back with legs (MESFMNN)
3. From some leverage there will be folded dispos-
al bag with the legs and pushed forward , hands
must be placed on person’s chests (MESPVNU)
4. From leverage there will be folded disposal bag
with legs must be pushed forward , but this time
student’s arms are pushed forward (MESPVNP)
5. From some leverage folded disposal Bag is
pushed forward with feet, with hands holding on
the ripstol (MESPVNR).
In this case, the technical performance gymnas-
tics loom persistent element in the front has been
taken like a categoricall variability.
For processing the obtained data are applied
basic statistical indicators: the arithmetic mean
(X), standard deviation (SD), coefficient of vari-
ability (KB%), lower and upper limit of the range
in which the results range (Min-Max). Normality
of distribution of the results of the applied vari-
ables is checked by the method of Kolmohgorov
and Smirnov. The impact of system of the predic-
tional categorical variable was determined by regr-
ession analysis.
RESULTS
Table 1 provides basic statistical parameters of
the motor variables for coordination and explosive
strength (power). In the interest of space they are
not further interpreted.
The table 2 shows the results of regresive
analysis of the impact of some variables for motor
assessment and coordination system based on the
predictional variable in front of the loom as a cri-
terion.
The predictional system of coordination is
highly significant and is associated with the crite-
ria RUPVP-persistent in the front (0.63). Changes
130

in the successful performance of categorical vari-
able can be explained with only 40%. With the
predictional coordinate system that has been
applied can be predicted the successful perform-
ance on this element (Table 2)
Significant and low coefficients of partial
regression with a criterion has an assess of coor-
dination of the whole body MKOPPP (-0.47)-cro-
ssing parallel sticks (or beams) with rapid and
complex movements MKBKSKR (-O.25) – climb-
ing and getting down on the desk and jumping
chair and with variable the reorganization of dyna-
mic stereotype MRPONA (0.34) - polygon back-
wards.
With these tests can be performed partial pre-
diction of the criteria.
The table 3 shows the results of regresive
analysis of the impact of some motor variables to
assess explosive power as predictonal i system
based on persistent variable as a criterion in the
front.
Sign Inspection in the Table 3 you can see that
the predictional system of motor skills assessment
and high explosive power significant is associated
with criteria (0.51). Variability of the criteria is
explained with 26%. Such a relationship is signifi-
cant at the level of the system 0.01. The connection
between criterion and and the system allows the
successful prediction of the performance the crite-
rion RUPVP-persistent in the front.
Significant partial regression coefficients 0.32
criterion variable has with the explosive power of
the type of jumps MESGDD (0.53) - jumps up-
down-away. With this test can be performed a suc-
cessful prediction of the performance criterion.
In order to perform this element first must be
mastered all technique to weave in leverage and
technique of transferring the reactive swing.
Obtained significant partial effects of predictional
variables for assessment separate parts of coordi-
nation and explosive power to explain the analysis
of the element.
After swaying in the ultimate leverage final
point in prices for the body is thrown or bit dis-
posed and move down and forward. The moment
when the body moves from front to backwards,
we can perceive the impact of the reorganization
test dynamic stereotype MRPONA (polygon back-
131
Table 1. Results of basic statistical indicators of motor coordination variables
and explosive power.
X SD KV Min Max Skew Kurt K-S
1 MKOPOD 11,08 1,34 12,09 7,65 13,84 0,00 -0,22
2 MKOVOZ 4,14 0,50 12,07 2,31 5,27 -0,63 1,78
3 MKOPPP 10,40 3,45 33,17 5,26 21,65 0,87 0,87
4 MKNPHJ 17,37 5,29 30,45 8,66 31,40 0,62 0,05
5 MKNKSS 13,04 1,90 14,57 9,40 21,38 1,40 4,51
6 MKNCVS 18,20 1,46 8,02 15,35 21,53 0,17 -0,56
7 MKBPIP 15,78 2,61 16,53 11,05 24,08 0,86 1,23
8 MKBKSKR 16,89 2,63 15,57 12,21 21,73 -0,08 -0,89
9 MKBOSN 16,97 0,91 5,36 14,95 19,31 0,33 0,10
10 MRSDNA 1,42 0,20 14,08 1,04 1,89 0,28 -0,65
11 MRPONA 9,47 1,57 16,57 6,62 15,15 0,60 1,30
12 MRKSSN 6,61 1,79 27,08 3,90 14,91 1,95 7,32
13 MESSDM 2,39 0,15 6,27 2,02 2,68 0,08 -0,61
14 MESGDD 4,54 0,56 12,33 3,00 6,00 -0,28 0,38 *
15 MES20M 3,54 0,36 10,16 3,15 5,66 3,92 19,84 *
16 MESFMNR 8,85 1,06 11,97 6,62 12,01 0,27 0,58
17 MESFMNN 3,89 0,70 17,99 2,80 5,57 0,41 -0,70
18 MESPVNY 4,41 0,68 15,41 3,16 6,08 0,40 -0,36
19 MESPVNP 4,76 0,85 17,85 3,17 7,80 1,17 2,41
20 MESPVNR 4,62 0,79 17.09 2,78 6,91 0,17 0,49

ward). The body is upright in vertical position and
in some versions with higher amplitude can be
bent backwards. This is followed with the swing
of the legs, which allows rapid movement of the
legs forward and up.
When your, student’s feets (legs) will go faster
and get vertical, somewhere around 45 degrees in
front, the person must block i with legs. This is the
moment when the test for the coordination of
whole body MKOPPP (moving throw parallel
stiks or beams) confirms its influence. The rapid
movement of the legs is transmitted to the reactive
part of the lower body, while his hands are pressed
down towards the stic (or beam).
Blocking with the legs (or feets) and hands
pressure of the loom are two forces acting in the
132
Table 2. Results of analysis of the criterion regressive analysis RUPVP - persistent
in the front with predictional system for coordination.
Variables r Part-r BETA t-test Q
MKOPOD -0.45 -0.03 -0.04 -0.22 0.83
MKOVOZ -0.35 -0.08 -0.08 -0.58 0.56
MKOPPP -0.44 -0.36 -0.47 -2.87 0.01
MKNPHJ 0.14 -0.04 -0.04 -0.27 0.79
MKNKSS -0.28 0.02 0.02 0.12 0.91
MKNCVS -0.26 -0.15 -0.15 -1.13 0.26
MKBPIP -0.37 -0.11 -0.13 -0.84 0.41
MKBKSKR -0.35 -0.26 -0.25 -2.02 0.05
MKBOSN -0.16 0.16 0.16 1.23 0.22
MRSDNA 0.25 0.12 0.12 0.90 0.37
MRPONA -0.10 0.28 0.34 2.19 0.03
MRKSSN -0.32 -0.03 -0.04 -0.26 0.80
Delta RO DF 1 DF 2 F Q
0.40 0.63 12.00 55.00 3.06 0.00
Table 3. Results of regressive analysis of the criterion RUPVP – persistent
in front with predictional system for explosive power.
Variables r Part-r BETA t-test Q
MESSDM -0.06 -0.23 -0.25 -1.78 0.08
MESGDD 0.31 0.32 0.32 2.62 0.01
MES20M -0.15 -0.17 -0.16 -1.31 0.19
MESFMNR 0.09 0.02 0.02 0.16 0.87
MESFMNN 0.23 0.21 0.21 1.69 0.10
MESPVNY 0.32 0.19 0.24 1.50 0.14
MESPVNP 0.15 0.02 0.03 0.15 0.88
MESPVNR 0.15 -0.02 -0.03 -0.17 0.87
Delta RO DF 1 DF 2 F Q
0.26 0.51 8.00 59.00 2.66 0.01

opposite direction and that allows the body as a
system to move forward and up.
When the body and feet will reach the highest
position, arms are fully extended and the body is
stretched and continues to move forward, that is
persistent in front wobble.
Analyzing the performance of the element of
leverage (starting position) to persistent (final
position), or from below to above, clearly indicates
the positive impact of the explosive power test -
MESGDD - type jumps - jumps up - down - away.
Rapid block feet and launching (uploading) the
body from lower to higher position, clearly is con-
firming the rapid test for complex movements
MKBKSKR (climbing and getting down on desk
and jumpming chair).
Given that small simply no time to be per-
formed more movements with the hands, feet and
body in difficult conditions requires a person to
dispose all motor abilities of coordination and exp-
losive power that showed its influence in regres-
sion analysis. Because of these motorical skills
that has been explained, first they should be devel-
oped at the required level and then begin the proce-
ss of learning and mastering the art.
CONCLUSIONS
According to all results that has been reached,
we can conclude that the system of variables that
has been applied to assess motor coordination and
explosive power have a significant impact on the
success of criterion persistent variable in front of
the loom.
To successfully perform these movements, it
requires the respondents to have as I mentioned in
coordination - the ability to perform complex
motor tasks, performed as a complex element. To
counter the negative influence of gravity and
motion to direct in the required direction, it is nec-
essary the person to dispose with explosive power
of the type of jumps and throwing their hands and
feet.
The degree of independence from the technical
performance can be expected to demonstrate sig-
nificant impact and some of the tests of coordina-
tion, but not just the system that is obtained in our
research, which indicates that it is necessary to
master the technique in general.
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134
POVRZANOSTA NA MOTORITE SPOSOBNOSTI ZA
PROCENKA NA KOORDINACIJATA I EKSPLOZIVNATA
SNAGA SO USPE[NATANA GIMNASTI^KIOT
ELEMENT - UPOR VO PREDNO-NI[AWE NA RAZBOJ
UDK: 796.414.4.012.11
Katerina Spasovska
Univerzitet „Sv. Kiril i Metodij” vo Skopje,
Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura, Skopje, Makedonija
Apstrakt
Celta na istraùvaweto be{e da se utvrdi povrzanosta na motor-
nite testovi nameneti za procenka na koordinacija i eksplozivna snaga
so uspe{nata izvedba na gimnasti~kiot elementi - upor vo predno ni{a-
we na razboj. Na primerok od 68 ispitanici, studenti od ma{ki pol od
prva godina od Fakultetot za fizi~ka kultura vo Skopje bea primene-
ti vkupno 20 manifesni motorni varijabli od koi dvanaeset (12) bea
nameneti za procenka na koordinacijata (koordinacija na celoto telo,
koordinacija na nozete, koordinacija na brzi kompleksni dvièwa i
reorganizacija na dinami~kiot stereotip) kako i osum (8) motorni
testovi za procenka na eksplozivnata snaga (tip na skokovi i tip na
isfrlawe). Procenuvaweto na uspe{nata izvedba na gimnasti~kiot ele-
ment be{e izvr{eno so ocenuvawe od 4 kvalifikuvani sudii so primena
na standardiziran kriterium. Dobienite rezultati so primenata na
regresivna analiza pokaàa statisti~ki zna~ajno vlijanie vrz krite-
riumot.
Klu~ni zborovi: koordinacija, eksplozivna snaga, ocenuvawe,
regresivni analizi, studenti, testirawe
Correspondence:
Katerina Spasovska
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje
Faculty of Physical Culture,
Železnička b.b. 1000, Skopje, Macedonia

INTRODUCTION
Volleyball is considered to be one of the
youngest sports that include ball, but despite that,
the level of technical- tactical knowledge has been
brought to perfection. Current accomplishments in
the modern sport and in volleyball as well, face the
trainers with high demands in selection and during
the trainings and competition activities; demands
are even higher when the physical condition of the
sportsmen is concerned. The development of a
sport branch depends on the process of talent seek-
ing and also on the scientifically based selection;
therefore, selection of the players by their height is
very important. The problem in selection corre-
lates with the prediction of sportsmen accomplish-
ments. Different sports disciplines have some spe-
cific demands concerning body posture, the level
of development of motorics and functional abili-
ties of the sportsmen.“Selection”, according to
Vujaklia (1980), is by dictionary definition: a
choice, in our case a choice of future volleyball
players who could satisfy the basic requirements of
volleyball, as far as anthropometric features are
concerned. The criteria of selection in specific
sport branches are different; one of the most imp-
ortant is physical posture, especially the process of
determining the final height and body proportions.
At the initial level of sport practice (in branches
such as basketball, volleyball, high jump, etc),
selection plays a crucial role. These sports demand
APES 1(2011) 2:135-144 Nejić, D. and Marković, S.: ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES...
135
ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES – THE IMPORTANT FACTOR
OF VOLLEYBALL SELECTION
UDC: 796.325.015.83
Dragan Nejić and Saša Marković
University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia,
Abstract
Previous achievements in contemporary sport and in volleyball as well pose huge
demands on the coaches concerning selection and execution of training and competi-
tion activites. A sport selection problem is inherently tied to the question of anticipa-
ting sports achievements. Selection criteria are different and one very important crite-
rium in some sports is somatic composition and especially definition of final body
height and proportion of body composition. Already in the beginning of the sports care-
er in some sports (basketball, volleyball, high jump, gymnastics) selection plays a vital
role. The aim of this research was to determine anthropometric characteristics of the
selected male volleyball players aged 15 who had already undergone some level of
selection on the representation and club level, and to define the existance of some
possible differences between them and also to determine differences between selected
volleyball players and the pupils of the same age. The research was conducted on the
sample of 18 male volleyball players aged 15 ±6 months being selected on the club
level, 210 pupils of the same age and 114 male volleyball players of the representation
selections. Measuruments have comprised 13 anthropometric variables. Basic para-
meters of the descriptive statistics were calculated and for the definition of the diffe-
rences a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) on a multivariate level was
used. On a univariate level univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. The
research results have shown that there is a statistically significant difference on a mul-
tivariate level between the groups (p< .05).
Keywords: coaches, pupils, representation selections, MANOVA

sportsmen with accelerating height, while other
sports (gymnastics) demand sportsmen with
impeded height.
As far as practice is concerned, there are differ-
ent types of selection. Types can differ in criteria.
According to Volkov (1980) there are three types
of selection:
orientation that implies determining the spot
discipline in which a sportsman could accomplish
the highest achievements;
selection which implies choosing sportsmen
who could progress in various sport branches;
completing the teams in collective sports, for
the purposes of entering a competition.
Stages in selection of young sportsmen, accord-
ing to Sozanski (1981) could be graduated differ-
ently. The first stage starts with introductory selec-
tion, which is usually conducted for boys age 10-
11 and it orients future sportsmen towards miscel-
laneous development of their abilities. The second
stage implies a proper selection which is conduct-
ed 2-3 years after the introductory selection; final-
ly, a special selection is conducted after 4-5 years
of training. There are other criteria of selection,
such as club, municipal, regional, state and all of
these selections are conducted till the end of the
sportsmen career.
Volleyball is a sport branch which demands a
certain values of longitudinal skeleton dimension,
as far as anthropometric criteria are concerned.
Prediction of height, as one of the factors for selec-
tion, is very important at young volleyball players
(Tomic, 1982). Due to this reason the predicted
final body height is very important for the selec-
tion of young volleyball players.
There are a great number of published papers
that elaborate the theme of selection, point out the
importance of heritage, biological age and optimal
height necessary for a particular sport. Heritage as
a factor (along with the partial influence of the
social environment) plays a very important role in
selection. It is well known that the body height, leg
length, arm length, shoulder latitude, i.e. longitudi-
nal and transversal skeleton dimensions, are genet-
ically preconditioned (Malacko & Popovic, 2001),
therefore the selection of the best players is the
first condition for achieving top results in sport.
Strahonja (1974) did a research on the influence
of manifested and latent antropometric dimensions
on the jump height and mahimum catching heinght
at junior volleyball players, the ones who were
members of the republic teams. The author came to
the conclusion that longitudinal and circular
dimensions contribute to the assessment of the
jump results and the mahimum jump-catching
height.
Hose (1978) did a research with the aim of
determining the correlation between the chosen
antropometric and motoric variables, both of
which being important for women volleyball as a
sport. He conducted a research on a sample of 12
volleyball teams (total of 144 players) of women
players whowere contestants of the European
Junior Championship held 1977. in Belgrade.The
author concluded that all of the players were
selected properly, that there is a high correlation
between the antropometric variables. He
confirmed that the process of selection is of
primary importance in volleyball.
Vukovic (1980) conducted a research with the
aim of comparing the antropometric and motoric
variables at women volleyball players of the junior
representation of Europe and the representation of
the cities of Yugoslavia. The research included 11
antropometric and 7 motoric variables. The author
concluded taht junior representatives of European
team showed better results. Experience in playing
and the level of competitiveness were higher at the
representatives of the European team. Therefore,
the author emphasizes that the selececion of young
women volleyball players is very important
(especially cosidering their height).
Tomic (1982) studied the differences in antro-
pometric and motoric features of the volleyball
players, on different levels of contests. He used the
sample of 90 players of different levels, and
studied the relations of the chosen antropometric
and motoric variables on the three levels of come-
ptition. The results showed a significant cor-
relation between the antropometric variables and
the levels of contest, i.e. the influence that the
proper selection has on the volleyball achieve-
ments.
Nemec (1988) explored the level of difference
of motoric abilities and antropometric features , on
the sample of volleyball players on three compe-
tition level. Based on these results, the author
points out the importance of young volleyball
players selection. He also states that the base of
accomplishing high results are antropometric
136

features and motoric abilities, but that trainers do
not pay enough attention to these factors.
Nemec (1994) used a comparative analysis to
compare the research results conducted on the
Yugoslav volleyball players during the period
1976/77 (group A) and during 1986/87 (group B).
The author explored 18 variables , out of which 11
refferered to the bodily features, and 7 to motoric
variables relevant for volleyball players. The
resullts showed that vollyball players from the
group B have larger dimensions in relations to
players from the group A, as far as the body height,
body mass, feet length and upper arm circumfe-
rence are concerned. The variables concerning leg
length and arm legth were higher at volleyball
players from the group A. Based on these results,
the author concluded that, within the period of the
past 10 years, body features have significantly
changed. The parameters of body features should
have an important role in further improvement of
volleyball, i.e. that they should be the base for the
selection of the players.
Further research confirm the claim that a
sportsman can reach his maximum due to contstant
training; however, if a sportsman has weak genetic
predispositions for the sport, then even the best
trainer cannot help him in reaching top results.
One cannot precisely determine which psycho-
physical feature has a dominant role for volleyball.
However, the experience and practice showed that
antropometric features have a significant influence
in the realisation of the volleyball elements. The
modern volleyball has few players of medium
height, even the players on technical positions do
not differ in height from the other players. The-
refore, it is necessary to control and predict the
proper develompent of antropometric features dur-
ing the process of selection.
The aim of the research is to study the anthro-
pometric features of the selected volleyball players
age 15 that underwent a certain level of selection
on the club and representation level and to com-
pare the differences between them. Also, it is imp-
ortant to see the difference between the selected
players and the pupils of the same age.
METHODS
For the purposes of obtaining the relevant sci-
entific information, we determined the adequate
procedures that would be in correlation with the
aim of this research. This enables the demonstra-
tion of the basic principles of this particular field
of research.
The research was conducted on the sample of
18 volleyball players age15 with ±6 months, who
were selected on the club level (Volleyball Club
”Naisus” from Nis), 210 pupils of the same age
(Grammar Schools Svetozar Markovic and Stevan
Sremac from Nis) and 144 volleyball players of the
representative selections. We calculated 13 anthro-
pometric variables which are shown in the tables
with the following abbreviations AMAST - body
mass in kg, AVIST - body height in cm, ADUNO-
leg length in cm, ADURU - arm length in cm,
AŠIRA-shoulder latitude in cm, AŠIKA - pelvis
latitude in cm, AŠIKU - hips latitude in cm,
AOGKS-average circumference of the chest in cm,
AONAD - upper arm circumference in cm, AOBU
- thigh circumference in cm, AKNNA - skin crease
at upper arm triceps in mm, AKNLE - skin crease
at the back region in mm, AKNTRB-abdomen skin
crease in. GSTAR-the age, and APKOVI-predicted
final height calculated by Walker formula (Walker,
1974).
Anthropometric measurements were done by
the standard instruments by the method the Inter-
national Biological Programme (Weiner & Lourie,
1969).
All the analysis were done with the help of the
statistic package for data processing - STATISTCA
6.0.
We calculated the basic parameters of the
descriptive statistics. Mean – average value, St.
Dev – standard deviation, Min – minimum value,
Max – maximum value. In order to detrmine the
difference in antropometric faetures between the
players selected on the club level (age 15) who are
selectional base for the chosen sport, the plauyers
of the representative selections and the pupils of
the same age, we applied the multi- possibility
variable analysis (MANOVA) on the multi- possi-
bility level. On the one - possibility level, we
applied the variable analysis (ANOVA).We calcu-
lated the following parameters: Wilk’s Lambda –
test, Rao’s R – Rao’s F aproximation, df – inde-
pendence degree, p-level – level of difference sig-
nificance.
137

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tables 1 to 5 illustrate the results of the rese-
arch.
Table 1 shows the basic descriptive parameters
of antropometric variables of the volleyball play-
ers of the club selection, of the pupils aged 15 and
the volleyball players of representation selection.
The results indicate that the average height of the
club selected players age 15 was 183,50±6,144
cm, pupils’height was 177,04±7,578 cm, while the
representation selected players were 189,40±6,703
cm in average. The numeric values of body height
of the club selected players, as well as the ones on
the representation level were above the average of
the population their age. The height of the pupils
were within the limits of the average for their age
(Gerver & De Bruin, 1996). The other anthropo-
metric features that were analysed (except for the
skin crease) are within the limits of their age for
pupils; and above the average values at club select-
ed volleyball players. The measured skin crease is
less below the average at players of representation
selections if compared to pupils who do not play
volleyball and to club selected players.
Table 2. indicates the results of the multi possi-
ble analysis of variable between the groups. Diffe-
rences, important in the static level, were deter-
mined between all the groups. Statically important
difference in measured antropometric features on
multi possible level between the club selected
players and pupils age 15 shows significance on
the level 05 (p-level=.039). The determined diffe-
rence on multi possible level between the club
selected players and representation players shows
significance on the level .01 (p-level = .000). The
results of multi possible analysis of the variable
shows significant difference of antropometric area
between the representation selection and pupils
age 15, on the level of significance .01 (p-level =
.000).
Tables 3, 4 and 5 show the results of one
possibility analysis of variables of the measured
anthropometric variables between the groups.
If one inspects the results on the Table 3. which
shows the results of one possibility analysis of
variable between the club selected players and
pupils age 15, it can be concluded that selected pla-
yers have higher numerical values of variables:
AMAST – body mass, AVIST – body height,
APKOVI – predicted final height, ADUNO – leg
length, ADURU – arm length, AŠIRA – shoulder
latitude, AŠIKA – pelvis latitude, AŠIKU – hips
latitude, AOGKS – average circumference of the
chest, AONAD – upper arm circumference,
AOBUT – thigh circumference, AKNNA – upper
arm skin crease, AKNLE – back skin crease and
AKNTRB – abdomen skin crease. Significant
difference was noted at the following variables:
138
Table 1.Basic descriptive parameters of the groups included in the research
Variables
Volleyball players selected
within the club
Pupils Representative selection
Mean SD Min Max Mean SD Min Max Mean SD Min Max
GSTAR 15,2 0,62 14,0 16,1 14,9 0,44 14,0 16,0 15,0 0,22 14,6 15,5
AMAST 73,5 7,41 62,0 85,0 66,4 11,28 40,0 97,0 77,3 4,94 58,1 91,4
AVIST 183,0 6,14 173,2 193,5 177,0 7,57 156,4 193,5 189,4 6,70 163,3 208,5
APKOVI 188,6 3,04 183,0 193,0 181,3 4,85 168,1 191,8 197,1 6,97 170,0 217,0
ADUNO 105,4 4,17 99,1 113,8 100,6 5,12 78,8 113,3 107,6 3,80 92,8 118,4
ADURU 79,6 3,29 75,2 85,6 76,7 3,96 56,1 85,2 82,2 2,73 71,6 90,0
AŠIRA 40,8 2,05 37,0 43,8 39,1 2,09 33,0 44,3 43,7 1,54 37,7 48,1
AŠIKA 28,1 1,37 26,0 30,5 27,7 1,80 23,5 32,8 31,3 1,10 27,0 34,5
AŠIKU 32,4 1,62 30,0 35,2 31,9 2,09 22,8 37,4 33,5 1,18 28,9 36,8
AOGKS 89,2 3,48 82,0 95,1 85,4 7,20 69,0 106,0 100,3 3,55 86,5 110,4
AONAD 26,5 1,61 24,0 29,0 25,1 3,13 18,0 38,6 31,3 1,10 27,0 34,50
AOBUT 55,0 3,58 50,6 64,0 52,1 5,95 38,5 73,0 59,1 2,09 51,0 65,1
AKNNA 9,97 2,65 6,40 16,0 9,8 5,01 3,6 31,0 7,8 ,27 6,8 8,6
AKNLE 9,5 2,81 6,2 15,0 8,5 4,45 3,6 30,0 8,2 ,29 7,1 9,1
AKNTRB 13,0 5,84 6,0 24,0 11,6 7,26 4,0 33,6 9,6 ,34 8,3 10,6

139
Table 2. Multi possible analysis of variable (MANOVA) between the groups
Group
WILKS'
Lambda Rao's R (F) df 1 df 2 p-level
SEL I UÈEN .889 1.781 15 213 .039
SEL I REP .010 987.73 15 146 .000
REP I UÈEN .110 181.79 15 338 .000
Table 3. One- possibility analysis of the variable, between the clubs selected
players and pupils of the same age
Volleyball
Players
Pupils F(df1,2) p-level
GSTAR 15,20 14,99 3,79 ,053
AMAST 73,52 66,35 6,84 ,010
AVIST 183,50 176,89 12,03 ,001
APKOVI 188,67 186,28 ,02 ,891
ADUNO 105,41 100,59 14,53 ,000
ADURU 79,66 76,69 8,94 ,003
ASIRA 40,82 39,13 10,32 ,002
ASIKA 28,16 27,76 ,80 ,372
ASIKU 32,43 31,74 1,00 ,317
AOGKS 89,29 85,32 5,25 ,023
AONAD 26,50 25,15 3,24 ,073
AOBUT 55,05 52,11 4,17 ,042
AKNNA 9,97 9,85 ,01 ,924
AKNLE 9,52 8,55 ,83 ,364
AKNTRB 13,06 11,63 ,66 ,418
Table 4. One- possibility analysis of the variable, between the clubs players
and representative volleyball selections
Athens 15
Volleyball
Players
F(df1,2) p-level
GSTAR 15,05 15,20 0,018 ,966
AMAST 77,38 73,52 8,604 ,004
AVIST 189,40 183,50 12,941 ,000
APKOVI 197,16 188,67 25,992 ,000
ADUNO 107,65 105,41 5,427 ,021
ADURU 82,28 79,66 17,447 ,000
ASIRA 43,77 40,82 53,666 ,000
ASIKA 31,34 28,16 125,113 ,000
ASIKU 33,51 32,43 12,258 ,001
AOGKS 100,35 89,29 155,966 ,000
AONAD 31,34 26,50 273,728 ,000
AOBUT 59,15 55,05 50,944 ,000
AKNNA 7,88 9,97 84,654 ,000
AKNLE 8,28 8,55 26,902 ,000
AKNTRB 9,66 11,63 49,446 ,000

AMAST – body mass (p-level= .010), AVIST –
body height (p-level=.001), ADUNO – leg length
(p-level=.000), ADURU – arm length (p-level=
.003), AŠIRA – shoulder latitude (p-level=.002),
on the level of significance .01 and at variables
AOGKS – average chest circumference (p-level=
.023), AOBUT – thigh circumference (p-level=
.042) on the level of significance .05.
Table 4. shows the results of one possibility
analysis of the variable between the representation
selections and club selected players age 15. It
could be concluded that the volleyball players of
the representation selections have higher
numerical values at the following variables:
AMAST – body mass, AVIST – body height,
APKOVI – predicted final height, ADUNO – leg
length, ADURU – arm length, AŠIRA – shoulder
latitude, AŠIKA – pelvis latitude, AŠIKU – hips
circumference, AOGKS – average chest
circumference, AONAD – upper arm circum-
ference and AOBUT – thigh circumference. The
representation selection had lower values
compared to the club selected players’ at the
following skin crease variables: AKNNA – skin
crease at the region of upper arm triceps, AKNLE-
skin crease in the back region and AKNTRB –
abdomen skin crease.
Statically significant differences were deter-
mined at all measured variables, on the level of
significance .01 at variables AMAST – body mass
(p-level=.004), AVIST – body height (p-level=
.000), APKOVI – predicted final height (p-level=
.000), ADURU – arm length (p-level= .000),
AŠIRA – shoulder latitude (p-level=.000), AŠIKA
– pelvis latitude (p-level= .000), AŠIKU – hips lat-
itude (p-level=.001), AOGKS – average chest cir-
cumference (p-level=.000), AONAD – upper arm
circumference (p-level=.000), AOBUT – thigh cir-
cumference (p-level=.000), AKNNA – upper arm
skin cearse (p-level=.000), AKNLE – back skin
crease (p-level=.000) AKNTRB – abdomen skin
crease (p-level=.000). At variable ADUNO – leg
140
Table 5. One- possibility analysis of the variable between the representative
players and pupils
Athens15 Pupils F(df1,2) p-level
GSTAR 15,05 14,99 2.23 0.137
AMAST 77,38 66,35 8.60 0.004
AVIST 189,40 176,89 25.99 0.000
APKOVI 197,16 186,28 12.94 0.000
ADUNO 107,65 100,59 5.43 0.021
ADURU 82,28 76,69 17.45 0.000
ASIRA 43,77 39,13 53.67 0.000
ASIKA 31,34 27,76 125.11 0.000
ASIKU 33,51 31,74 12.26 0.001
AOGKS 100,35 85,32 155.97 0.000
AONAD 31,34 25,15 273.73 0.000
AOBUT 59,15 52,11 50.94 0.000
AKNNA 7,88 9,85 84.65 0.000
AKNLE 8,28 8,55 26.90 0.000
AKNTRB 9,66 11,63 49.45 0.000
Table 6. Number and percentage of volleyball players of the final and envisaged body
height of the representative and club selections
Frequeny of body height Representative selection Club selection
Number Percentage Number Percentage
Body height 200 cm and higher 54 33,33 0,00 0,00
Body height 190-199,9 cm 80 49,38 8,00 44,44
Body height 180-189,9 cm 27 16,66 10,00 55,55
Body height 170-179,9 cm 1 0,62 0,00 0,00

length, we determined the significance on the level
.05 (p-level=.021)
The one possibility analysis of variables bet-
ween the representation players and pupils age 15
(Tabela 5) brings us to conclusion that representa-
tion players have higher numerical values at the
following variables: AMAST – body mass, AVIST
– body height , APKOVI – predicted final height,
ADUNO – leg length, ADURU – arm length,
AŠIRA – shoulder latitude, AŠIKA – pelvis lati-
tude, AŠIKU – hips latitude, AOGKS – average
chest circumference, AONAD – upper arm cir-
cumference and AOBUT – thigh circumference.
The lower values were determined at AKNNA –
upper arm triceps skin crease, AKNLE- back skin
crease and AKNTRB – abdomen skin crease.
Atvariable ADUNO – leg length, we
determined significance on the level .05 (p-level=
.021), while the other measured variables showed
statical significance at the level.01, AMAST –
body mass (p-level= .004), AVIST – body height
(p-level= .000), APKOVI – predicted final height
(p-level= .000), ADURU – arm length (p-level=
.000), AŠIRA – shoulder latitude (p-level= .000),
AŠIKA – pelvis latitude (p-level= .000), AŠIKU –
hips latitude (p-level= .001), AOGKS – average
chest circumference (p-level= .000), AONAD –
upper arm circumference (p-level= .000), AOBUT
– thigh circumference (p-level= .000), AKNNA –
upper arm skin crease (p-level= .000), AKNLE –
skin crease at the back region (p-level= .000)
AKNTRB – abdomen skin crease (p-level= .000).
Enlisted values shown in Table 6 point to the
fact that large number and high percentage of vol-
leyball players of the representative selections
whose height is larger than 200,0 cm, that is 54
basketball players or 33,33%. In a club selection
according to the estimated final height there will
not be volleyball players whose height is above
200,00 cm. Large number and percentage of vol-
leyball players has body height above 190,0 cm
that is 8 or 49,38%. In a club selection 8 volleyball
players will have final height above 190,00 cm or
44,44%. In representative selections there is small
number of such volleyball players 27 and the per-
centage is 16,66%. In a club selection largest num-
ber of 10 volleyball players of 55,55% belong to
this group. So obtained results confirm a rule that
in an elite volleyball tall volleyball players domi-
nate the game (body height above 190 cm) taking
the positions of smashing and blocking. Body
height of 180-189,9 cm belong to a libero (rece-
iver) numbering 1-2 in each team.
The research results indicate that players of the
club selection age 15 statically differ in
antropometric features, in relation to pupils of the
same age who do not play this sport. The body
height at club selected players is above the average
for that particular population. Body heights at
pupils do not significantly differ from the average
for that age (Gerver & De Bruin, 1996). As far as
the skin crease is concerned, there is no significant
difference because the training process does not
have the intensity that would reduce the
subcutaneous fat tissue which has a negative
influence on the players’ accomplishment during
the game (Apostolidis, Nassis, Bolatoglou,
Geladas, 2001). The other analysed anthrop-
ometric variables (except for the skin crease) are
within the limits for the pupils’ population; and
high above the average at club selected players.
These results could be ascribed to choice
(selection) of body height accelerants within that
particular population. However, although these
values are much higher at club selected players,
the predicted final body height is above the
average values of the top volleyball players
(Jankovic, Jankovic, Djurkovic, 2003). The results
indicate that club selection does not satisfy the
morphological criteria for reaching top results in
volleyball.
Table 4. shows the differences in antropometric
features between the club selected players and the
representation selected ones.We noted numerically
and statically significant values at all variables.
Representation selected players had lower values
of predicted subcutaneous fat tissue. Longitudinal
and transfersal skeleton dimensions are of higher
values at the players of representation level; thus
the result is purposeful selection with higher
criteria, on the representation level (Hose, 1978;
Vukovic, 1980; Nemec, 1994). These results
completely correlate with the results received in
the research of the women volleyball players of the
same age (Matkovic, Huljak, Matkovic, 1999).
The results of the predicted subcutaneous fat tissue
level are as expected, and lower values can be
ascribed to influence of the physical activities
during the training process in volleyball. Physical
activities are of greater intensity and extensity
141

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