The document discusses noise classification, transmission, and reduction. It defines types of environmental noise like transportation, construction, and industrial noise. It also defines indoor/outdoor noise, airborne noise transmitted through air, and structure-borne noise transmitted through building elements. Methods to reduce noise include using heavy, limp materials with an air gap to block sound transmission, as well as soundproofing walls, windows, doors and flanking paths where sound can travel. Higher STC ratings indicate better sound blocking, and doubling the surface weight of materials typically increases STC by 5.
Building acoustics is the science of controlling sound in buildings by minimizing noise transmission between spaces. Characteristics of sound include reverberation time, echo, resonance, intensity, velocity, wavelength, timbre, amplitude, frequency, pitch, and loudness. Sound behaves differently with materials through absorption, diffusion, reflection, and transmission. Factors affecting building acoustics include geometry, volume, surface absorption/transmission/reflection, internal/external sound generation, and airborne transmission. Good building acoustics benefits health, productivity, privacy, intelligibility, and building value. Acoustic design incorporates absorption, diffusion, ceiling treatments, sound masking, and considers needs of different building types like residences, offices, schools,
Building service.ppt of neeru and aprajeetativar rose
This document discusses building acoustics and provides solutions for acoustic defects. It begins with definitions and characteristics of sound, including transmission, absorption, reflection, and reverberation. Common acoustic defects like echoes, reverberation, insufficient loudness, sound foci, and dead spots are described along with solutions. Various acoustic materials are presented with applications and coefficients. A case study of a hotel demonstrates acoustic design considerations for reception, doors, furniture, ceilings, floors, and glazing.
The document discusses the acoustics design of concert halls. It describes common styles of concert halls like shoebox, fan-shaped, and vineyard. Parameters for good acoustics are also outlined such as reverberation time, sound strength, clarity, and lateral energy fraction. The Walt Disney Concert Hall is provided as a case study, highlighting how its unique architecture and materials were designed under the guidance of acoustician Yasuhisa Toyota to achieve excellent acoustics.
An Acoustic Case Study on Calvary Convention Centre Presentation Slidesdouglasloon
Taylor's University Lakeside Campus
School of Architecture, Building & Design
Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture
Building Science II (BLD 61303)
Sound is a disturbance that passes through a medium as longitudinal waves, causing the sensation of hearing. The speed of sound differs depending on the molecular composition of the medium. When sound waves encounter barriers in an enclosed space, they can be reflected, absorbed, refracted, diffused, diffracted, or transmitted. Reflection occurs when the wavelength is smaller than the surface, causing the waves to hit the enclosure continuously until the energy reduces to zero. Absorption occurs when some of the wave's energy is lost through transfer to barrier molecules. Refraction is the bending of sound waves when passing between different media. [END SUMMARY]
This document discusses various topics related to sound and noise, including:
1. It defines key terms like wavelength, transverse and longitudinal waves, simple harmonic motion, velocity of sound waves, wave characteristics and properties.
2. It describes the characteristics of sound including intensity, pitch, quality and scales of measurement.
3. It discusses behavior of sound in enclosures, reflection, echoes, dispersion, and sound shadows.
4. It also covers topics like common indoor and outdoor noise levels, permissible noise exposure, sonometers, absorption coefficients, resonance absorbers, and reverberation time.
Building acoustics is the science of controlling sound in buildings by minimizing noise transmission between spaces. Characteristics of sound include reverberation time, echo, resonance, intensity, velocity, wavelength, timbre, amplitude, frequency, pitch, and loudness. Sound behaves differently with materials through absorption, diffusion, reflection, and transmission. Factors affecting building acoustics include geometry, volume, surface absorption/transmission/reflection, internal/external sound generation, and airborne transmission. Good building acoustics benefits health, productivity, privacy, intelligibility, and building value. Acoustic design incorporates absorption, diffusion, ceiling treatments, sound masking, and considers needs of different building types like residences, offices, schools,
Building service.ppt of neeru and aprajeetativar rose
This document discusses building acoustics and provides solutions for acoustic defects. It begins with definitions and characteristics of sound, including transmission, absorption, reflection, and reverberation. Common acoustic defects like echoes, reverberation, insufficient loudness, sound foci, and dead spots are described along with solutions. Various acoustic materials are presented with applications and coefficients. A case study of a hotel demonstrates acoustic design considerations for reception, doors, furniture, ceilings, floors, and glazing.
The document discusses the acoustics design of concert halls. It describes common styles of concert halls like shoebox, fan-shaped, and vineyard. Parameters for good acoustics are also outlined such as reverberation time, sound strength, clarity, and lateral energy fraction. The Walt Disney Concert Hall is provided as a case study, highlighting how its unique architecture and materials were designed under the guidance of acoustician Yasuhisa Toyota to achieve excellent acoustics.
An Acoustic Case Study on Calvary Convention Centre Presentation Slidesdouglasloon
Taylor's University Lakeside Campus
School of Architecture, Building & Design
Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture
Building Science II (BLD 61303)
Sound is a disturbance that passes through a medium as longitudinal waves, causing the sensation of hearing. The speed of sound differs depending on the molecular composition of the medium. When sound waves encounter barriers in an enclosed space, they can be reflected, absorbed, refracted, diffused, diffracted, or transmitted. Reflection occurs when the wavelength is smaller than the surface, causing the waves to hit the enclosure continuously until the energy reduces to zero. Absorption occurs when some of the wave's energy is lost through transfer to barrier molecules. Refraction is the bending of sound waves when passing between different media. [END SUMMARY]
This document discusses various topics related to sound and noise, including:
1. It defines key terms like wavelength, transverse and longitudinal waves, simple harmonic motion, velocity of sound waves, wave characteristics and properties.
2. It describes the characteristics of sound including intensity, pitch, quality and scales of measurement.
3. It discusses behavior of sound in enclosures, reflection, echoes, dispersion, and sound shadows.
4. It also covers topics like common indoor and outdoor noise levels, permissible noise exposure, sonometers, absorption coefficients, resonance absorbers, and reverberation time.
This document discusses key acoustic factors to consider for effective communication in classrooms. It outlines that the distance between speakers and listeners, signal-to-noise ratio, reverberation, and physical barriers all impact sound transmission. Early reflections contribute positively to the effective speech signal while late reflections and background noise contribute to the effective noise level. The proportion of speech signal that exceeds the effective noise level allows an estimate of speech perception regardless of individual characteristics. Reverberation time determines the equivalent noise level from late reflections.
The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles was designed by Frank Gehry to have a seating capacity of 2,265. Gehry used unconventional shapes inspired by billowing sails to give the building an organic, fragmented exterior composed of over 12,500 steel pieces. The interior features sweeping wooden surfaces and natural lighting to create an intimate space connecting the orchestra and audience.
THE ACOUSTIC DESIGN OF CONNEXION@NEXUSYen Min Khor
The document provides a case study analysis of the acoustic design of the Connexion@Nexus auditorium located in Bangsar South City, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It begins with an introduction that outlines the aims, objectives, and background of the auditorium. The document then discusses acoustic phenomena such as sound intensity levels, reverberation, attenuation, and echoes. It also analyzes the acoustic design considerations for an auditorium. The methodology section describes the equipment used to collect acoustic data. Finally, the acoustic analysis section evaluates the auditorium design and materials based on measurements and observations taken at the site.
The document provides background information on a case study of the Wisma MBSA Auditorium Hall in Shah Alam, Malaysia. The objectives of the case study are to understand how auditorium design can influence sound quality, materials used to enhance acoustics, and to produce an analysis report. The auditorium was built in the 1980s and has a capacity of 1400 people. Floor plans, sections and photos of the auditorium are presented. Acoustic concepts like reverberation, sound absorption, and sound propagation are discussed. Methodology details measuring sound levels and documenting the auditorium. The analysis examines the auditorium's sound reinforcement system, speakers and advantages/disadvantages of the system. Sound propagation readings in the
The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles was built between 1999-2003 at a cost of $130 million. Designed by architect Frank Gehry, it has a capacity of 2265 people. The design features a highly customized steel structure with curved and billowing forms that were developed through Gehry's process of paper models and sketches.
This document discusses architectural acoustics and provides information on sound classification, characteristics of musical sound, intensity, absorption coefficient, sound absorbing materials, reverberation, and factors affecting building acoustics such as reverberation time, loudness, focusing, echo, echelon effect, and resonance. It also covers noise control and discusses remedies for improving acoustics issues in buildings.
Acoustics is the scientific study of sound, including how it behaves and is perceived. It deals with properties of sound waves like reflection, refraction, absorption, and interference. Acoustics is important for learning environments and other spaces where noise can be distracting or carry too much. Good acoustics involve distributing sound well, creating a sense of intimacy, and having proper reverberation times. Factors like reverberation time, loudness, echoes, and sound reflections off surfaces can impact architectural acoustics. A variety of materials like sound absorbers, reflectors, and diffusers are used to control sound.
Acoustical considerations in designing musical auditoriums are complex with many interrelated factors. An ideal reverberation time (RT) must balance fullness of tone with loudness, definition, and diffusion. However, RT alone does not guarantee acoustic excellence - it is one contributing factor. Definition is satisfactory if the initial time delay gap is under 20 milliseconds, direct sound is loud relative to reverberant sound, and there is no echo. Providing adequate bass over large audiences is difficult since many instruments are weak in fundamentals.
An Acoustic Case Study on Calvary Convention Centre Reportdouglasloon
Taylor's University Lakeside Campus
School of Architecture, Building & Design
Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture
Building Science II (BLD 61303)
This document defines and compares structure-borne sound and air-borne sound. Structure-borne sound spreads through solid objects like walls via vibrations, while air-borne sound spreads through the air between 20-20,000 Hz. Common causes of structure-borne noise are vibrating sources that transmit energy through structures, while air-borne sound travels through air and may reverberate in enclosed spaces. The document also discusses sound propagation and methods to reduce structure vibration and noise transmission, such as using dampers, barriers and sound absorbing materials.
The Lotus Temple, located in Delhi, India, is a Baháʼí House of Worship that was dedicated in December 1986. Notable for its flowerlike shape, it has become a prominent attraction in the city.
This document provides a case study on the acoustic design of the Majlis Bandaraya Shah Alam auditorium. It begins with an introduction to acoustic design and the project brief. It then reviews concepts such as sound reflection, absorption, direct and indirect sound paths, and reverberation time. The document describes the site, including drawings and zoning. It analyzes existing sound sources and noise control. It examines the acoustic properties of materials used in the floor, walls, ceiling, seating, stage, openings, and balcony. It also provides an acoustic analysis of the site, covering incident sound, reflection and absorption, diffusion and dispersion, and reverberation time calculation. It concludes by discussing issues and recommendations.
The document discusses the acoustical design considerations for an auditorium. It outlines key factors such as maintaining a low ambient noise level, providing appropriate reverberation time without echoes, and how the shape, dimensions, and seating arrangements of an auditorium impact hearing conditions. Different types of materials are also described that can be used to absorb or diffuse sound such as acoustical panels, diffusers, and noise barriers to improve the auditorium's acoustics. Proper loudspeaker systems and ceiling/wall designs can further enhance the sound quality within the auditorium space.
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, known as Le Corbusier, was a Swiss-French architect and designer known for his contributions to modern furniture design. In the 1920s and 1930s, Le Corbusier began designing sleek modern furniture made of tubular steel and leather for his architectural projects. Some of his most iconic designs from this period include the LC4 Chaise Longue lounge chair from 1928 and the Basculant chair from the same year. Le Corbusier's furniture was characterized by clean lines, minimal ornamentation, and an emphasis on functionality and efficiency of space. His designs came to epitomize the International Style and remained popular due to their timeless and elegant aesthetic.
This document discusses the architectural principle of "form follows function". It begins by quoting Louis Sullivan stating that this principle is a universal law that applies to both organic and inorganic things, as well as physical and metaphysical things. The form or expression of something is recognizable through its function.
It then provides examples of how form depends on function for different types of buildings and structures. The form of a movie theater or farmhouse, for instance, depends on its long-term function and intended use. Product design is also influenced by considering a product's entire lifecycle from conception to use and retirement.
Finally, it discusses how realizing an appropriate form for a building or structure involves a professional design team that considers the
Visit https://alexisbaskind.net/teaching for a full interactive version of this course with sound and video material, as well as more courses and material.
Course series: Fundamentals of acoustics for sound engineers and music producers
Level: undergraduate (Bachelor)
Language: English
Revision: January 2020
To cite this course: Alexis Baskind, Psychoacoustics 1 – The ear, course material, license: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA.
Course content
1.What is psychoacoustics?
Psychophysics and psychoacoustics - Physical and perceptual attributes - Why is psychoacoustics important for music production?
2.The physiology of the ear
Inner ear, middle ear, outer ear - Inner hair cells - Corti organ
3.Hearing damages
Ear fatigue - ear damages
The Kovalam Beach Resort designed by Charles Correa exploited the limitations of the sloping coastal site. He designed three room configurations - kudils by the beach with cooking spaces, 100 hotel rooms layered above and overlooking the sea, and detached units in between. Though simple, each unit is countersunk with the one above, creating privacy while providing all rooms with stunning sea views and natural light. The master plan zones circulation, activities, and spaces effectively without compromising views or the regional vernacular architecture. Building into the slopes, Correa utilized the natural topography and views while blending the structures into the thick coastal vegetation.
The behavior of sound in enclosed spaces is an important matter particularly in homes. It explains how the sound we listen gets colored causing distortion.
This document discusses acoustics and reverberation time in rooms and auditoriums. It defines reverberation time as the time for sound to decay 60 dB from its original level. Ideal reverberation times are discussed for characteristics like liveness and intimacy. Formulas for calculating reverberation time are presented. Examples of reverberation times in famous concert halls like Vienna's Musikvereinsaal and Boston's Symphony Hall are provided to illustrate good ranges. Acoustical ceiling panels are mentioned as a way to produce balanced and blended sounds in performance venues.
Auditorium: A Case Study on Acoustic Design Reportjisunfoo
The document discusses various acoustical phenomena relevant to auditorium design including:
1. Reverberation, which is the collection of reflected sounds in an enclosed space like an auditorium. Reverberation time is used to characterize it.
2. Attenuation, which is the loss of sound energy through scattering and absorption as sound waves interact with surfaces.
3. Echoes and flutter echoes, which are distinct reflected sounds that can degrade audio quality if not properly controlled through design.
4. Sound intensity and sound pressure, which are measures of sound energy levels important for human perception of sound.
The document examines these phenomena to understand how acoustic design of spaces like auditoriums can optimize
Discover the secrets to choosing the perfect acoustic flooring for your space with our comprehensive Acoustic Flooring Guide. Whether you're looking to reduce noise in a busy office, improve sound quality in a recording studio, or enhance comfort in a residential setting, this guide has everything you need to know. With step-by-step instructions and expert advice, you'll learn how to assess your needs, compare different types of flooring materials, and find the right solution for your space. From understanding decibel ratings to exploring the latest innovations in flooring technology, this guide is your ultimate resource for acoustically enhanced flooring. Download your free copy today!
With the help of our in-depth Acoustic Flooring Guide, learn how to select the ideal acoustic flooring for your room. This book provides all the information you need, whether you want to improve comfort in a domestic setting, increase sound quality in a recording studio, or lessen noise in a busy office. You'll learn how to evaluate your requirements, contrast various flooring materials, and choose the best option for your space with the help of step-by-step guidelines and professional assistance. This guide is your complete reference for acoustically enhanced flooring, covering everything from comprehending decibel levels to studying the most recent advancements in flooring technology. Get your free copy right away!
This document discusses key acoustic factors to consider for effective communication in classrooms. It outlines that the distance between speakers and listeners, signal-to-noise ratio, reverberation, and physical barriers all impact sound transmission. Early reflections contribute positively to the effective speech signal while late reflections and background noise contribute to the effective noise level. The proportion of speech signal that exceeds the effective noise level allows an estimate of speech perception regardless of individual characteristics. Reverberation time determines the equivalent noise level from late reflections.
The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles was designed by Frank Gehry to have a seating capacity of 2,265. Gehry used unconventional shapes inspired by billowing sails to give the building an organic, fragmented exterior composed of over 12,500 steel pieces. The interior features sweeping wooden surfaces and natural lighting to create an intimate space connecting the orchestra and audience.
THE ACOUSTIC DESIGN OF CONNEXION@NEXUSYen Min Khor
The document provides a case study analysis of the acoustic design of the Connexion@Nexus auditorium located in Bangsar South City, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It begins with an introduction that outlines the aims, objectives, and background of the auditorium. The document then discusses acoustic phenomena such as sound intensity levels, reverberation, attenuation, and echoes. It also analyzes the acoustic design considerations for an auditorium. The methodology section describes the equipment used to collect acoustic data. Finally, the acoustic analysis section evaluates the auditorium design and materials based on measurements and observations taken at the site.
The document provides background information on a case study of the Wisma MBSA Auditorium Hall in Shah Alam, Malaysia. The objectives of the case study are to understand how auditorium design can influence sound quality, materials used to enhance acoustics, and to produce an analysis report. The auditorium was built in the 1980s and has a capacity of 1400 people. Floor plans, sections and photos of the auditorium are presented. Acoustic concepts like reverberation, sound absorption, and sound propagation are discussed. Methodology details measuring sound levels and documenting the auditorium. The analysis examines the auditorium's sound reinforcement system, speakers and advantages/disadvantages of the system. Sound propagation readings in the
The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles was built between 1999-2003 at a cost of $130 million. Designed by architect Frank Gehry, it has a capacity of 2265 people. The design features a highly customized steel structure with curved and billowing forms that were developed through Gehry's process of paper models and sketches.
This document discusses architectural acoustics and provides information on sound classification, characteristics of musical sound, intensity, absorption coefficient, sound absorbing materials, reverberation, and factors affecting building acoustics such as reverberation time, loudness, focusing, echo, echelon effect, and resonance. It also covers noise control and discusses remedies for improving acoustics issues in buildings.
Acoustics is the scientific study of sound, including how it behaves and is perceived. It deals with properties of sound waves like reflection, refraction, absorption, and interference. Acoustics is important for learning environments and other spaces where noise can be distracting or carry too much. Good acoustics involve distributing sound well, creating a sense of intimacy, and having proper reverberation times. Factors like reverberation time, loudness, echoes, and sound reflections off surfaces can impact architectural acoustics. A variety of materials like sound absorbers, reflectors, and diffusers are used to control sound.
Acoustical considerations in designing musical auditoriums are complex with many interrelated factors. An ideal reverberation time (RT) must balance fullness of tone with loudness, definition, and diffusion. However, RT alone does not guarantee acoustic excellence - it is one contributing factor. Definition is satisfactory if the initial time delay gap is under 20 milliseconds, direct sound is loud relative to reverberant sound, and there is no echo. Providing adequate bass over large audiences is difficult since many instruments are weak in fundamentals.
An Acoustic Case Study on Calvary Convention Centre Reportdouglasloon
Taylor's University Lakeside Campus
School of Architecture, Building & Design
Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture
Building Science II (BLD 61303)
This document defines and compares structure-borne sound and air-borne sound. Structure-borne sound spreads through solid objects like walls via vibrations, while air-borne sound spreads through the air between 20-20,000 Hz. Common causes of structure-borne noise are vibrating sources that transmit energy through structures, while air-borne sound travels through air and may reverberate in enclosed spaces. The document also discusses sound propagation and methods to reduce structure vibration and noise transmission, such as using dampers, barriers and sound absorbing materials.
The Lotus Temple, located in Delhi, India, is a Baháʼí House of Worship that was dedicated in December 1986. Notable for its flowerlike shape, it has become a prominent attraction in the city.
This document provides a case study on the acoustic design of the Majlis Bandaraya Shah Alam auditorium. It begins with an introduction to acoustic design and the project brief. It then reviews concepts such as sound reflection, absorption, direct and indirect sound paths, and reverberation time. The document describes the site, including drawings and zoning. It analyzes existing sound sources and noise control. It examines the acoustic properties of materials used in the floor, walls, ceiling, seating, stage, openings, and balcony. It also provides an acoustic analysis of the site, covering incident sound, reflection and absorption, diffusion and dispersion, and reverberation time calculation. It concludes by discussing issues and recommendations.
The document discusses the acoustical design considerations for an auditorium. It outlines key factors such as maintaining a low ambient noise level, providing appropriate reverberation time without echoes, and how the shape, dimensions, and seating arrangements of an auditorium impact hearing conditions. Different types of materials are also described that can be used to absorb or diffuse sound such as acoustical panels, diffusers, and noise barriers to improve the auditorium's acoustics. Proper loudspeaker systems and ceiling/wall designs can further enhance the sound quality within the auditorium space.
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, known as Le Corbusier, was a Swiss-French architect and designer known for his contributions to modern furniture design. In the 1920s and 1930s, Le Corbusier began designing sleek modern furniture made of tubular steel and leather for his architectural projects. Some of his most iconic designs from this period include the LC4 Chaise Longue lounge chair from 1928 and the Basculant chair from the same year. Le Corbusier's furniture was characterized by clean lines, minimal ornamentation, and an emphasis on functionality and efficiency of space. His designs came to epitomize the International Style and remained popular due to their timeless and elegant aesthetic.
This document discusses the architectural principle of "form follows function". It begins by quoting Louis Sullivan stating that this principle is a universal law that applies to both organic and inorganic things, as well as physical and metaphysical things. The form or expression of something is recognizable through its function.
It then provides examples of how form depends on function for different types of buildings and structures. The form of a movie theater or farmhouse, for instance, depends on its long-term function and intended use. Product design is also influenced by considering a product's entire lifecycle from conception to use and retirement.
Finally, it discusses how realizing an appropriate form for a building or structure involves a professional design team that considers the
Visit https://alexisbaskind.net/teaching for a full interactive version of this course with sound and video material, as well as more courses and material.
Course series: Fundamentals of acoustics for sound engineers and music producers
Level: undergraduate (Bachelor)
Language: English
Revision: January 2020
To cite this course: Alexis Baskind, Psychoacoustics 1 – The ear, course material, license: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA.
Course content
1.What is psychoacoustics?
Psychophysics and psychoacoustics - Physical and perceptual attributes - Why is psychoacoustics important for music production?
2.The physiology of the ear
Inner ear, middle ear, outer ear - Inner hair cells - Corti organ
3.Hearing damages
Ear fatigue - ear damages
The Kovalam Beach Resort designed by Charles Correa exploited the limitations of the sloping coastal site. He designed three room configurations - kudils by the beach with cooking spaces, 100 hotel rooms layered above and overlooking the sea, and detached units in between. Though simple, each unit is countersunk with the one above, creating privacy while providing all rooms with stunning sea views and natural light. The master plan zones circulation, activities, and spaces effectively without compromising views or the regional vernacular architecture. Building into the slopes, Correa utilized the natural topography and views while blending the structures into the thick coastal vegetation.
The behavior of sound in enclosed spaces is an important matter particularly in homes. It explains how the sound we listen gets colored causing distortion.
This document discusses acoustics and reverberation time in rooms and auditoriums. It defines reverberation time as the time for sound to decay 60 dB from its original level. Ideal reverberation times are discussed for characteristics like liveness and intimacy. Formulas for calculating reverberation time are presented. Examples of reverberation times in famous concert halls like Vienna's Musikvereinsaal and Boston's Symphony Hall are provided to illustrate good ranges. Acoustical ceiling panels are mentioned as a way to produce balanced and blended sounds in performance venues.
Auditorium: A Case Study on Acoustic Design Reportjisunfoo
The document discusses various acoustical phenomena relevant to auditorium design including:
1. Reverberation, which is the collection of reflected sounds in an enclosed space like an auditorium. Reverberation time is used to characterize it.
2. Attenuation, which is the loss of sound energy through scattering and absorption as sound waves interact with surfaces.
3. Echoes and flutter echoes, which are distinct reflected sounds that can degrade audio quality if not properly controlled through design.
4. Sound intensity and sound pressure, which are measures of sound energy levels important for human perception of sound.
The document examines these phenomena to understand how acoustic design of spaces like auditoriums can optimize
Discover the secrets to choosing the perfect acoustic flooring for your space with our comprehensive Acoustic Flooring Guide. Whether you're looking to reduce noise in a busy office, improve sound quality in a recording studio, or enhance comfort in a residential setting, this guide has everything you need to know. With step-by-step instructions and expert advice, you'll learn how to assess your needs, compare different types of flooring materials, and find the right solution for your space. From understanding decibel ratings to exploring the latest innovations in flooring technology, this guide is your ultimate resource for acoustically enhanced flooring. Download your free copy today!
With the help of our in-depth Acoustic Flooring Guide, learn how to select the ideal acoustic flooring for your room. This book provides all the information you need, whether you want to improve comfort in a domestic setting, increase sound quality in a recording studio, or lessen noise in a busy office. You'll learn how to evaluate your requirements, contrast various flooring materials, and choose the best option for your space with the help of step-by-step guidelines and professional assistance. This guide is your complete reference for acoustically enhanced flooring, covering everything from comprehending decibel levels to studying the most recent advancements in flooring technology. Get your free copy right away!
The document discusses several acoustical control ratings used to measure sound transmission and absorption properties of building construction assemblies. The key ratings discussed are: Sound Transmission Class (STC) which rates sound blocking of walls/floors; Noise Isolation Class (NIC) which measures noise reduction between rooms; Impact Insulation Class (IIC) which evaluates impact sound transmission through floors; and Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) which indicates a material's ability to absorb rather than reflect sound. Tables with rating values for common construction materials and minimum standards are provided for reference.
The document discusses noise control in architecture. It defines noise as unwanted sound and explains how sound intensity level is measured scientifically using a logarithmic scale. There are two main sources of noise: airborne noise transmitted through air, and structure-borne noise transmitted through building materials. Noise control techniques in architecture aim to reduce transmitted sound levels by selecting appropriate sound insulating materials and redirecting sound paths away from receivers using barriers. Case studies demonstrate how architectural design integrates these approaches.
This document discusses noise control in buildings. It introduces noise and noise control, then covers topics like sound and noise, room acoustics, floor construction, space planning, and noise control for main building equipment. The goal of noise control is to reduce unwanted sound pollution through strategies like addressing noise at its source, using appropriate floor assemblies, and planning spaces to separate noisy and quiet areas. Proper equipment selection and placement can also help control noise from mechanical systems.
1. The document discusses various methods of noise control and sound insulation in buildings, including locating rooms away from noise sources, using insulating barriers, and considering both airborne and structure-borne noise.
2. Key approaches to noise reduction include using massive, rigid partitions to attenuate airborne noise and decoupling lightweight materials to reduce structure-borne noise.
3. Effective sound insulation depends on factors like the transmission loss value, absorption coefficient, and the relationship between the barrier area and room absorption. Heavier, more massive walls provide better insulation against outside airborne sounds.
Noise Control Stratagies in Reinforced Concrete BuildingsIJRES Journal
This study is aimed at bringing out the salient aspects of building noise control. An analysis has been carried out with respect to the noise transmission as well as the characteristics of noise inside buildings. The key issues on building noise control have been included and discussed. A comprehensive study on building noise and on acoustically divisible spaces has been made. It has been observed that a sound insulation of the order of 30 to 35 dB is possible in a given building. Further, the noise propagation parameters in an exhibition hall have been theoretically estimated. The data so obtained has been compared with actual SPL measurements and recorded. Variations in noise levels observed have been explained. Before the partition is made, the SPL drop is faster inside the building but after the partition the drop falls at the rate of 3dB for doubling the distance. The cost of the acoustically divisible partition wall is found to be very high, but the advantage of this partition seems to be creating acoustically divisible spaces where in one can conduct two programs simultaneously, without any disturbance to each other. Prior to the selection and design of control measures, noise sources must be identified and the noise produced must be carefully evaluated.
Sound Control becomes more important every day.Terry Cotton
SF Products provide sound control solutions for floor/ceiling assemblies using a proprietary composite technology. Their SF 300 product features a lightweight, monolithic layer that provides superior sound performance with IIC ratings up to 70 and STC up to 67, exceeding code requirements by over 40%. It allows for direct attachment of floor goods and is suitable for use in UL fire rated assemblies.
Module-1-(Building Acoustics) Noise Control (Unit-3). pdfManish Kumar
ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES – V (ACOUSTICS) (RAR – 806)
MODULE-1 – BUILDING ACOUSTICS
(NOISE CONTROL) Presented by Ar. Manish Kumar, Assistant Professor in Architecture Department at Axis Institute of Architecture
This document discusses noise control in the workplace. It begins by defining noise and classifying it as a physical hazard that can cause permanent hearing damage. It then outlines relevant noise regulations, including permissible exposure limits of 90dB(A) continuously and 115dB(A) at any time according to the Factories and Machinery (Noise Exposure) Regulation 1989.
The document presents the hierarchy of noise control strategies, from controlling noise at the source to reducing exposure of employees. It provides examples of engineering controls like modifying equipment to reduce impact or aerodynamic noise, using absorptive materials, and isolating vibrations. Plant layout considerations and substituting quieter processes, equipment, and materials are also summarized. The focus is
This document discusses noise and hearing protection in the workplace. It begins by defining noise as unwanted sounds that intrude on daily activities and can cause permanent hearing damage. It outlines Malaysian regulations on permissible noise exposure limits. It then discusses the hierarchy of noise control strategies, including controlling noise at the source, path of transmission, and receiver. The document provides examples of engineering controls like equipment substitution and design, as well as administrative controls like limiting exposure time. It concludes by listing decibel levels of common sounds and types of hearing protection.
This document provides an overview of a course module on noise reduction and control. It discusses different types of noise like continuous, intermittent, and impulsive noise. It describes sources of industrial noise such as impact, friction, rotation, and air turbulence. Methods of reducing industrial noise are discussed, including noise control by location, enclosures, barriers, and acoustical absorption. The document also introduces the concept of urban soundscapes and discusses planning strategies to reduce outdoor noise from traffic and construction through buffer zones, screening, and restricting development near airports.
This document provides an introduction and overview of acoustics and noise control for mechanical systems. It defines basic acoustical terms like amplitude, frequency, and quality of sound. It discusses indoor noise criteria curves and recommendations for limiting noise from air handling systems, roof-top units, terminal boxes, chillers, and pumps through strategies like isolation, attenuation, duct lining, and space planning.
Noise control involves identifying acceptable noise levels for different building types and implementing strategies to reduce noise. There are four main approaches: 1) Acoustical site planning uses landscape and building placement to shield buildings from noise; 2) Architectural design considers room arrangement, windows, and balconies; 3) Construction focuses on soundproofing walls, windows, doors, ceilings and floors; and 4) Noise barriers like earth berms or walls are placed between noise sources and receivers. The document provides details on implementing noise control through each of these approaches.
This document discusses noise control measures for HVAC systems. It begins by outlining the effects of noise on humans and some common mistakes in noise control. It then describes basic noise control methods like absorption, damping, decoupling, mass, and flow control. Specific examples of decoupling measures like resilient channels, clips, and hangers are provided. The document also includes a case study of noise control applied to an HVAC system, identifying common noise sources and effective control approaches like equipment location, sealing, isolation, attenuation, and ductwork design. Active noise control is discussed as a supplement to traditional passive methods.
The document summarizes an experiment that tested the effectiveness of different common materials for sound insulation. The materials tested included expanded polystyrene foam, stainless steel, wood, and paper. The experiment measured the sound reduction index and transmitted coefficient of each material at different frequencies. The results showed that stainless steel was the most effective at sound insulation, while expanded polystyrene foam and paper were the least effective. Common soundproofing techniques for homes using different materials were also discussed.
Ultrasonic welding machine report BY saad izharSaadIzhar
Ultrasonic welding machines produce high frequency ultrasonic noise that can cause hearing loss and other health issues for workers. To address this, sound absorbing enclosures can be built around ultrasonic welding machines using sound absorbing materials like ceramic fibers. Enclosures reduce noise levels transmitted outside by up to 25 dB. Automating welding machinery within enclosed chambers protects workers but has high costs and implementation challenges. A feasible option is to have one worker operate an enclosed ultrasonic welding machine to join energy meter parts, while prioritizing the recruitment of deaf workers to prevent additional occupational deafness.
Sound insulation of buildings(10 10-'15)Ankita Sikder
This document discusses sound insulation in buildings. It defines noise and describes how noise is transmitted through air, building structures, and structural members. It differentiates between sound insulation and sound absorption. Acceptable noise levels are outlined for different building types like hospitals, classrooms, and residences. Construction methods for sound insulation are described, including walls, floors, windows, doors, and machine mounting. Walls can be made of rigid, porous, or double materials. Floors can use resilient surfaces or floating constructions. Windows and doors work best when air tight. Proper placement of buildings and isolation of noise sources are also important for sound insulation.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of architectural acoustics. It discusses key topics including:
- Sound waves, frequency, amplitude, decibels, and other fundamentals.
- Acoustic material properties like absorption, reflection, scattering, diffusion, transmission, and metrics like Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC), Sound Transmission Class (STC), and Impact Insulation Class (IIC).
- Types of sound absorbing materials such as porous absorbers, cavity resonators, panel absorbers, and composite absorbers.
- Reverberation time and acoustics concepts for room design like auditoriums, conference halls, recording studios, and classrooms.
The document discusses a backhoe, which is a piece of excavating equipment consisting of a digging bucket on the end of an articulated arm, typically mounted on the back of a tractor or front loader. It describes the basic operations of a backhoe, including how the bucket digs by dragging toward the machine. The document also lists some key applications of backhoes such as trench excavation work and their advantages like versatility in tasks and interchangeable attachments.
site analysis, zoning and master plan.pdfzaindeen6
The proposed site for an elderly community project is located near Nagwara Lake in Hebbal, Bengaluru, covering approximately 19 acres. Of this, 5.1 acres (20,253 sqm) is allocated for the initial project phase, with the remaining area reserved for future expansion. The design proposes G+3 residential buildings with a maximum height of 12 meters, set back 7 meters from all boundaries. Amenities will include green spaces with lake views, separate walking and vehicle access paths, and features to reduce noise, humidity and improve safety for elderly residents. The site has access to infrastructure and is close to amenities while providing an eco-friendly living environment.
The document discusses various types of construction equipment used for excavation and compaction. It describes 9 types of excavators - compact excavator, crawler excavator, wheeled excavator, backhoe loader, dragline excavator, bucket wheel excavator, long reach excavator, power shovel, and suction excavator. It also discusses other equipment like dozers, tipper trucks, vibratory rollers and their uses in construction.
The document discusses several proposed futuristic cities around the world, including:
- The LINE in Saudi Arabia, a 170km linear smart city with no cars or carbon emissions.
- Telosa City in the US, planned as a renewable energy-powered 15-minute city between Nevada, Arizona and Utah.
- BiodiverCity in Malaysia, an eco-friendly development built on islands as an "Urban Mosaic".
- The Maldives Floating City, a 5,000 home development floating within a lagoon to address rising sea levels.
This document discusses different types of mechanical transportation systems within buildings. It describes lifts (elevators) which use electric motors and cables to transport people and goods vertically between floors. There are three main types of lifts - modular, machine-room-less traction, and hydraulic lifts which uses pressurized oil. Escalators are also discussed, which are moving staircases that transport people between floors using a motor-driven chain of interconnected steps on a track. The document outlines the working of lifts and escalators and some common usage areas within buildings.
The document analyzes the Climatron, a greenhouse at the Missouri Botanical Gardens. It summarizes the building's history, including its 1960 construction to house tropical plants, incorporation of Buckminster Fuller's geodesic dome design, and 1990 renovation. The analysis describes the Climatron's layout as a central dome housing 1,200 tropical plant species, with additional sections like the Shoenberg Temperate House. It examines the building's circulation, proportion, ordering principles, and site context within the botanical gardens.
Geothermal heat pump systems exchange heat with the earth instead of the air, making them quieter, longer-lasting, and requiring less maintenance than air-source heat pumps. Geothermal systems work by circulating a fluid through buried pipes to absorb or discharge heat from the ground. This allows the fluid to transfer heat between the building and cooler underground temperatures, providing heating and cooling through a repeated absorption and discharge process. While geothermal systems have environmental and renewable advantages, they also have disadvantages such as high costs, location restrictions, and potential earthquakes or environmental side effects.
Fonts play a crucial role in both User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) design. They affect readability, accessibility, aesthetics, and overall user perception.
Decormart Studio is widely recognized as one of the best interior designers in Bangalore, known for their exceptional design expertise and ability to create stunning, functional spaces. With a strong focus on client preferences and timely project delivery, Decormart Studio has built a solid reputation for their innovative and personalized approach to interior design.
Practical eLearning Makeovers for EveryoneBianca Woods
Welcome to Practical eLearning Makeovers for Everyone. In this presentation, we’ll take a look at a bunch of easy-to-use visual design tips and tricks. And we’ll do this by using them to spruce up some eLearning screens that are in dire need of a new look.
Connect Conference 2022: Passive House - Economic and Environmental Solution...TE Studio
Passive House: The Economic and Environmental Solution for Sustainable Real Estate. Lecture by Tim Eian of TE Studio Passive House Design in November 2022 in Minneapolis.
- The Built Environment
- Let's imagine the perfect building
- The Passive House standard
- Why Passive House targets
- Clean Energy Plans?!
- How does Passive House compare and fit in?
- The business case for Passive House real estate
- Tools to quantify the value of Passive House
- What can I do?
- Resources
Explore the essential graphic design tools and software that can elevate your creative projects. Discover industry favorites and innovative solutions for stunning design results.
Revolutionizing the Digital Landscape: Web Development Companies in Indiaamrsoftec1
Discover unparalleled creativity and technical prowess with India's leading web development companies. From custom solutions to e-commerce platforms, harness the expertise of skilled developers at competitive prices. Transform your digital presence, enhance the user experience, and propel your business to new heights with innovative solutions tailored to your needs, all from the heart of India's tech industry.
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE CAPCUT BY: FEBLESS HERNANEFebless Hernane
CapCut is an easy-to-use video editing app perfect for beginners. To start, download and open CapCut on your phone. Tap "New Project" and select the videos or photos you want to edit. You can trim clips by dragging the edges, add text by tapping "Text," and include music by selecting "Audio." Enhance your video with filters and effects from the "Effects" menu. When you're happy with your video, tap the export button to save and share it. CapCut makes video editing simple and fun for everyone!
Architectural and constructions management experience since 2003 including 18 years located in UAE.
Coordinate and oversee all technical activities relating to architectural and construction projects,
including directing the design team, reviewing drafts and computer models, and approving design
changes.
Organize and typically develop, and review building plans, ensuring that a project meets all safety and
environmental standards.
Prepare feasibility studies, construction contracts, and tender documents with specifications and
tender analyses.
Consulting with clients, work on formulating equipment and labor cost estimates, ensuring a project
meets environmental, safety, structural, zoning, and aesthetic standards.
Monitoring the progress of a project to assess whether or not it is in compliance with building plans
and project deadlines.
Attention to detail, exceptional time management, and strong problem-solving and communication
skills are required for this role.
Storytelling For The Web: Integrate Storytelling in your Design ProcessChiara Aliotta
In this slides I explain how I have used storytelling techniques to elevate websites and brands and create memorable user experiences. You can discover practical tips as I showcase the elements of good storytelling and its applied to some examples of diverse brands/projects..
Maximize Your Content with Beautiful Assets : Content & Asset for Landing Page pmgdscunsri
Figma is a cloud-based design tool widely used by designers for prototyping, UI/UX design, and real-time collaboration. With features such as precision pen tools, grid system, and reusable components, Figma makes it easy for teams to work together on design projects. Its flexibility and accessibility make Figma a top choice in the digital age.
Technoblade The Legacy of a Minecraft Legend.Techno Merch
Technoblade, born Alex on June 1, 1999, was a legendary Minecraft YouTuber known for his sharp wit and exceptional PvP skills. Starting his channel in 2013, he gained nearly 11 million subscribers. His private battle with metastatic sarcoma ended in June 2022, but his enduring legacy continues to inspire millions.
1. BUILDING SERVICES IV ACOUSTICS & NOISE CONTROL - 18 ARC 7.3
MODULE 4 – NOISE REDUCTION AND CONTROL
2. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines environmental noise as noise from all sources with the exception
of workplace noise. Noise is all unwanted sound or set of sounds that causes annoyance or can have a health
impact.
Environmental noise is the noise produced by
● Transport
● Industrial activities
● Construction site activities
● Public works and services
● Cultural, sporting and leisure activities
● Neighbourhood noise - Indoor and Outdoor
3. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
NOISE CLASSIFICATION
● Outdoor and Indoor Noise
Noise from outdoor noise producing equipments like gardening
equipments etc or indoor noise like home appliances, fans, music
systems etc
● Airborne Noise
This type of noise is transmitted by air and atmosphere such as the
radio, the barking of dogs or people carrying on conversations.
When sound waves traveling through the air reach a building
element they hit it and cause it to vibrate. These vibrations travel
through the structure or building and are radiated out the other
side. Any loud music played in an adjacent building will feel like it
is reverberating within your building. This is due to airborne noise
traveling through windows and doors which are a major source of
sound leakage. Examples of Air borne noise are music and
television, conversation, traffic noise
4. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
● Structure Borne Noise
Structure-borne noises are transmitted when sound arises from the
actual impact of an object on a building element such as a wall,
floor or ceiling. Example - footsteps on upper floors or stairs.
Structure-borne sound occurs because the impact causes both
sides of the building element to vibrate, generating sound waves.
This can often be the hardest to isolate.
STEPS TO REDUCE AIR BORNE AND STRUCTURE BORNE SOUND
● The best way to stop sound is having mass, an air gap and mass
again. Sound waves have a difficult time penetrating through
that space and continuing indoors.
● DGU for windows are costly but not very effective for sound
compared to thermal insulation. Double pane windows have an
average STC rating of about 26.
● Sound travels through flanking through doors and windows - air
and sound follow the same travel paths.
● Therefore weather stripping is used as added seal.
5. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
● Impact Noise
Impact Noise is the physical impact on
buildings or solid materials. Examples being
footfall, doorsbanging, walking and furniture
moving.
Impact sound occurs because the impact
causes both sides of the building element to
vibrate, generating sound waves. This can
often be the hardest to isolate as impact
vibrations are stronger and travel further
through dense materials.
IMPACT NOISE Vs AIR BORNE NOISE
6. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
● Noise from Mechanical systems like Ventilation system
and HVAC system
The vibrations from mechanical equipments in buildings -
(< 20 Hz) can be felt and heard by building occupants.
Vibrations along with noise can travel great distances
through building elements (structure borne noise)and may
be reradiated as air borne sound at a great distance from
the source.
Mechanical vibrating equipments should be placed on
resilient mounts to isolate the vibration from the building
structure.
Preferably vibrating equipments should be placed near
structural elements rather than on the md span of a slab.
● Community noise
Community noise is the environmental noise from all
sources except from the Industrial areas.
7. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
● Construction noise
The noise generated at construction sites due to
construction activities like rock breaking,
machinery working, welding , metal cutting etc.
These need to be properly regulated so that it
does not affect the residents around a
construction site.
● Industrial noise
The noise generated by machinery and
equipments in an Industrial setting is classified
as industrial noise.
It can affect the auditory sensibilities of people
working in such a setting. These are
occupational hazards.
8. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
NOISE TRANSMISSION
Transmission loss (TL) is measured in dB. It is a
measure of how much sound energy is reduced in
transmission through materials. The more massive a
material, higher is the TL.
However in addition to the weight, other factors also
affect the TL. For E.g certain natural frequencies for
bending waves can exist depending on the stiffness
of the construction. When such waves are excited by
sound energy impinging on them , the resistance to
sound transmissions are greatly reduced (a
phenomenon called coincidence effect).
Transmission loss of sound is a measurement of the reduction in sound level of a sound source as it passes through an acoustic
barrier. It is the number of decibels that are stopped by the acoustical barrier or the wall and is measured at different
frequencies. TRANSMISSION LOSS is a measurement of the dB (volume) difference on either side of a wall.
9. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
Transmission Loss can be expressed as
TL = L1 - L2
Where
TL= Transmission Loss (dB)
L1 = Sound level in Lab Source room (dB)
L2= Sound level in Lab Receiving room (dB)
And TL = 10log 1/τ
Where
TL = Transmission Loss (dB)
τ= sound transmission coefficient (no units)
τ (tau) is the ratio of the sound energy transmitted by a material to the incident sound energy.
10. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
What is STC (Sound Transmission Class) rating in Acoustics ?
Sound Transmission Class (STC ) is an integer rating of how well a building partition (partition assembly)
attenuates airborne sound.
It is widely used to rate interior
partitions, ceilings and floors, doors,
windows and exterior wall configurations
(see ASTM International Classification
E413 and E90).
STC is considered for an assembly and
not for a particular material.
STC is calculated by taking the
Transmission Loss (TL) values tested at
16 standard frequencies over the range
of 125 Hz to 4000 Hz and plotted on a
graph.
Note: STC only considers frequencies down to 125Hz and can be misleading since sound isolation complaints are mostly from
sources below 125Hz
11. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
● STC rating - how much sound is blocked from going through a product
● NRC Rating - how much sound is absorbed by a product.
● The STC rating is important when trying to reduce the amount of sound entering or leaving a room.
● The NRC rating is important when trying to reduce echo and improve the sound quality in a room.
● STC rating for walls may be
different from the acceptable
STC rating for floors. The higher
the rating, the more sound is
blocked from going through the
material.
With a Sound transmission class rating of 50, speech cannot be heard through the walls, and loud sounds are only
faintly audible.
12. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
STC What can be heard at this level
25 Soft speech can be heard and understood
30 Normal speech can be heard and understood
35 Loud speech can be heard and understood
40 Loud speech can be heard, but not understood
45 The threshold at which privacy begins
50 Loud sounds can be heard, but are very faint
60+ At this level, good soundproofing begins.
Neighbors generally are not disturbed by very
loud speech from inside.
STC RATING CHART
13. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
An STC rating of 45 - get into the world of soundproofing and privacy. This could be considered a baseline
when you are getting serious about preventing sound transmission.
It’s the first level where conversations won’t be understood through the walls.
The International Building Code requires an STC of 50 for multi family construction, which is the point at
which noise is reduced to a point that people generally feel like their homes are adequately insulated
from noise.
The STC rating of walls has to do with multiple variables. Things like the thickness and air space within
the wall can improve the rating greatly.
Soundproofing - usually defined by weakest point.
A high STC rating wall can be rendered ineffective by a hollow core door, or a single pane window.
The STC rating works well for things like speech and the daily incidental sounds associated with living or working in
a space, but isn’t incredibly accurate when evaluating music or heavy machinery, since those sounds live in lower
frequencies, and will vibrate structures differently.
14. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
STC does not measure how many decibels a material can block
STC ratings cannot be added together.
STC ratings are calculated by measuring the transmission loss values of 16 - 18 different frequencies between
125 Hz and 4000 Hz and plotting those values as a curve on a graph. That curve is then compared to standard STC
rating curves to determine a score.
NOTE:
15. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
MASS LAW AND TRANSMISSION LOSS
According to the Mass Law for homogeneous building materials like glass, wood , concrete, TL and sound
transmission class rating (STC rating) increase by about 5 for each doubling of surface weight (in pounds per
sqft).
Sound Transmission Class (STC) system rates the entire TL curve at speech frequencies from 125Hz to 4000
Hz(frequency for speech range) using a standard contour as a reference.
STC is a single number rating of TL performance for a construction element tested over standard frequencies
as mentioned above.
The higher the STC, the more efficient the construction is for reducing sound transmission.
Heavier Materials provide better sound isolation - this is the fundamental principle of sound isolation for
architectural acoustics.
16. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
Mass law follows the law of diminishing returns.
As seen in the adjacent figure , the STC of a
homogeneous construction increases by approx 5
for each doubling of weight.
Initial doubling provides the most practical
improvement. Each successive doubling produces
less STC improvement per unit weight and a
greater increase in cost per unit STC increase.
Therefore complex constructions are required
when it is necessary to achieve high STC and TL
improvements.
Sound isolation also depends on the stiffness and mass of the materials
17. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
The sound isolation depends on the stiffness as well
as mass
The adjacent graph shows 2 plywoods of equivalent
total weight.
One has grooves the other is stiff.
As per Mass Law the TL should be same.
However the graph shows that the less stiff plywood
(with grooves)has higher TL performance at the mid
and high frequencies compared to the stiff one.
Stiff panels are needed if high performance is required at low frequencies.
The best barriers are heavy, high mass, limp, highly damped materials with a high weight to stiffness ratio such as our
soundproofing mats.
18. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
The ideal sound isolating construction would be heavy, limp
and airtight.
Graph showing TL performance based on equal
surface weight for several materials
The graph has 3 basic parts
● The low frequency mass-controlled region at about 6dB
per octave slope
● The plateau region of relatively constant TL which
depends on bending stiffness and internal damping of
the material
● And the Critical frequency and mass controlled region
above the plateau usually at 10 dB octave slope.
● The stiffer the wall, lower the plateau height (poor sound isolating performance)
● Limper the material higher the plateau height ( better sound isolating performance)
● The more damping a wall has(energy loss from internal friction) the narrower the plateau width (better sound isolating
performance)
19. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
A noise problem starts with a noise source such as a stream of
traffic on a highway. The noise is transmitted through a path and
then arrives at the receiver. The noise will be perceived as a
problem when the noise is so high as to be a nuisance to the
receiver.
The severity of the problem depends on the strength of the noise
source (such as heavy or light traffic) or the length of the path,
that is, how large is the separation between the noise source and
the receiver.
DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR NOISE MITIGATION
To reduce environmental noise the following methods can be considered
1. Control at noise sources
2. Noise reduction at transmission path
3. Protection at receiver end.
20. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
Control at source
● Primary consideration is to reduce noise at source.
● The sound producing machinery or equipment may be enclosed in an acoustical enclosure to reduce the
noise at source.A noise enclosure for reducing machine noise is commonly made of an exterior metal
skin, an interior perforated sheet, with some absorptive materials such as fiberglass filled in between.
● Certain new and quieter technologies have enabled some construction works to be done much quieter
as compared with conventional noisy equipment. For instance, some building demolition projects have
adopted the more environmentally-friendly hydraulic crusher instead of the conventional mounted
breaker.
Noise reduction at transmission path
● Noise sources can be distanced from the receiver to mitigate noise.
● Obstruction through landscaping features like earth bund or screening with natural landscape or
structures of noise tolerant uses (like carpark , commercial spaces, )
Protection at the receiver end
● Orientation of building and noise sensitive spaces
● Specification of materials to help mitigate noise effects like glazing and insulation for acoustic purpose.
21. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
POOR
BETTER
OUTDOOR BARRIERS FOR NOISE CONTROL
23. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
● A self protecting building configuration -
act as screens by interrupting the acoustic
line of sight.
● Windows and doors are the weak point
as it allows sound to travel.
● Self protecting building features are
atriums, recessed floors and podium
bases.
● Balconies and overhangs can be used to
isolate surface traffic noise.
● Underside of the overhang can be treated
with sound absorbing materials
● Solid balconies and overheads- reduce
noise transmission by 5-10 dB.
25. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
Sound leaks like water and travels through any small openings.
So when sound isolation is required
● Seal cracks and open joints in partitions
● Avoid back to back electrical sockets
● Eliminate all potential sound leaks
Sound Control - Enclosures and Barriers
PARTITION LEAKS
2 layers of gypsum boards on steel studs
26. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
ELECTRICAL OUTLET LEAKS DOOR LEAKS
An opening of 0.01% of wall surface
area can reduce the TL from 50dB
to 39dB.
27. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
When a weaker element like a door or window is used in a construction the composite TL for the combination
is usually closer to the TL of the weaker element than to the stronger .
Composite TL = 10 Log ΣS/ΣτS
Where
TL = Transmission Loss (dB)
S = Surface Area (sqft)
τ = Sound transmission coefficient (No units)
28. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
Combination of glass and brick walls and its effect
on TL
29. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
NOISE REDUCTION NR BETWEEN ROOMS
NR = L1 - L2
NR = Noise reduction (dB)
L1= Sound level in source room (dB)
L2= Sound level in receiving room (dB)
NR at a given frequency is independent of the
noise level in the source room.
NR is dependent on 3 different factors
● Area of wall transmitting sound (S in sqft)
● Absorption in receiving room (a2 in Sabins)
● Transmission loss of common wall (TL in dB)
NR = TL + 10Log a2/S
Where TL= Sound transmission loss of common
barrier
a2= absorption in receiving room (Sabins)
S = Surface area of common barrier (sqft)
Note : 10Log a2/S may range between 6dB to - 6dB
30. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
Sound travels through indirect paths as
shown in the adjacent pictures - that is
called FLANKING. Poor workmanship can
diminish the sound isolation and cause
sound leaks
32. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
● The TL of a wall can be
increased by separating
the wall layers with
airspace- to form double
wall construction.
● TL increases with cavity
air space.
● TL further increases with
sound absorbing
material added in the
cavity air space.
● Double stud
construction breaks
direct sound
transmission through
studs.
● Further improvement
with doubling the weight
of gypsum on either
side.
DRY WALL CONSTRUCTION WITH WOODEN STUDS
33. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
● Heavy Gypsum board construction on each side of studs, raises the STC
level.Doubling the layer on either side of the studs can increase the STC
by more than 5.
● Direct sound transmission path to be broken by staggering the wooden
studs.
● Lightweight metal channel studs (25 gauge or lighter) provide higher
STC values since they are less stiff than the wooden studs or heavy
metal studs.
● Sound absorbing blankets to be placed in the cavity between the 2 studs
which friction fit between studs with adequate fasteners so that they do
not sag.
● Seal all cracks, joints and penetrations. Seal perimeters of bottom
runners and sole plates with continuous beads of non hardening
caulking at edges on each side.
● Isolate perimeters of common walls from ceilings, intersecting walls and
structural members. Seal with caulking.
● Stagger electrical outlets by at least 2’-3’. Seal all the edges.
● Isolate plumbing from framing elements which act as sounding boards
for noise of flowing water.
DRY WALL CONSTRUCTION WITH METAL STUDS
34. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
COMPLEX MASONRY WALLS FOR SOUND INSULATION
35. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
Floated Floor
concrete slab
Wood Joist Floor
FLOOR CEILING CONSTRUCTION
● To prevent squeaking floors in wood joist constructions - nails
must be of proper size and spacing
● Install building paper or felt layer between sub floor and
finished floor.
● Use seasoned wood.
● To prevent flanking - install joists parallel to the party walls.
● Cut sub flooring at walls(>¼ “ gap)to interrupt flanking path
for airborne sound and vibrations.
● Ceiling should be an effective barrier to sound transmission
from room to room as the common wall.
● The ceiling materials should be of increasing mass and
decreasing porosity.
37. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
PLENUM BARRIERS
Gypsum board, lead sheet and mineral
fiber can be used as vertical barriers to
prevent flanking through ceiling
plenums.
38. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
SOUND LOCK
● Stagger doors on opposite sides
of double loaded corridors to
prevent noise from travelling
directly.
● Stub corridors or vestibules as
sound locks.
39. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
SOUND INSULATION AND VIBRATION ISOLATION FROM MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT
Poor isolation Better isolation
40. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
Vibration isolation - install vibrating equipment on resilient materials like ribbed or waffle shaped neoprene
pads, pre compressed glass fibre pads and steel springs.
41. 18 ARC 7.3 BS IV
Both supply and return air duct should contain
flexible canvas, rubber or loaded vinyl connections
to break the vibration path.