This document discusses acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that release H+ ions in solution, donate protons, or accept electron pairs. Bases are defined as substances that release OH- ions in solution, accept protons, or donate electron pairs. A neutralization reaction occurs when an acid and base combine to form water. The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is on a scale from 0-14. Acids have a sour taste, turn litmus paper red, and react with bases. Bases have a slippery feeling, turn litmus paper blue, and react with acids. Common indicators, like litmus paper, change color in acids and bases.

1. ACIDS AND BASES
Muhammad Fahad Ansari
12IEEM14

2. What is an acid?
 Defined three ways:
 Arrhenius Acids: release H+ ions (protons) in
aqueous solution.
 Bronsted-Lowry Acids: are proton donors.
 Lewis Acids: are electron pair acceptors

3. What is a base?
• Defined three ways:
– Arrhenius Bases: release OH- ions in aqueous
solution
– Bronsted-Lowry Bases: are proton acceptors
– Lewis Bases: are electron pair donors.

4. Neutralization Reactions
 A neutralization reaction is an acid and base
combining to form water
H + OH
+ -
→ H 2O
acid base neutral

5. Acids properties
1. Conduct electricity (strong
acids)
2. Change blue litmus to red
3. Have a sour taste
4. React with bases to
neutralize their properties
5. React with active metals to
liberate hydrogen
6. pH values 6-0

6. Bases properties
 Base properties
2. Conduct electricity (strong
bases)
3. Change red litmus to blue
4. Have a slippery feeling (like
soap)
5. React with acids to neutralize
their properties
6. pH values 8-14

7. pH Scale
pH 0 Acidic  The pH scale is used to
1 measure how acidic or
lemon juice 2
3
basic is a liquid.
vinegar
4  pH measures the
5
6
concentration of
d water 7 Neutral hydrogen ions (H+) and
8 hydroxide ions (OH-).
baking soda
9
detergent 10  The scale goes from 0
11 through 14. Distilled
ammonia 12 water is 7, so is called
13 neutral.
14 Basic

8. Indicators
An indicator is a large organic molecule that works
somewhat like a "color dye."
Indicator Acid Base
Red litmus paper Stays same Turns blue
Blue litmus paper Turns red Stays same
Bromophenol blue Yellow Stays blue
Phenolphtalein Colorless Pink

9. Natural indicators
 There are natural
indicators for acids and
bases, and we may
find them in our kitchen
or garden!
 Red rose flowers
 Bougainvillea flowers
 Red cabbage
 Blue berries

10. Acids and bases reactions
 The acids react with bases, forming salts
ACID + BASE → SALT + WATER
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
H-OH