This document discusses the ACID properties that ensure transactions in a database are processed reliably. It defines each property: Atomicity ensures transactions are fully completed or not completed at all. Consistency ensures transactions transform the database from one consistent state to another. Isolation ensures transactions are isolated and do not interfere with concurrent transactions. Durability ensures completed transactions persist in the database even if there is a system failure. The document provides examples for each property using a bank account funds transfer transaction.

1. ACID PROPERTIES
A-Atomicity
C-Consistency
I-Isolation
D-Durability

2. About Transaction
 A transaction is a very small unit of a
program and it may contain several
low level tasks.
 A transaction in a database system
must maintain Atomicity, Consistency,
Isolation, and Durability.
 It is commonly known as ACID
properties in order to ensure accuracy,
completeness, and data integrity.

3. Atomicity
 Atomicity: A transaction is an atomic
unit of processing; it should either be
performed in its entirety or not
performed at all.
 There must be no state in a database
where a transaction is left partially
completed.
 For example, in an application that
transfers funds from one account to
another, the atomicity property ensures
that, if a debit is made successfully from
one account, the corresponding credit is
made to the other account
execution/abortion/failure of the

4. Consistency
 Consistency preservation: A transaction should be
consistency preserving, meaning that if it is completely
executed from beginning to end without interference
from other transactions, it should take the database
from one consistent state to another.
 A consistent state of the database satisfies the
constraints specified in the schema as well as any other
constraints on the database that should hold.
 A database program should be written in a way that
guarantees that, if the database is in a consistent state
before executing the transaction, it will be in a
consistent state after the complete execution of the
transaction.
 For example, in an application that transfers funds from
one account to another, the consistency property
ensures that the total value of funds in both the
accounts is the same at the start and end of each
transaction.

5. Isolation
 In a database system where more than one transaction
are being executed simultaneously and in parallel, the
property of isolation states that all the transactions will
be carried out and executed as if it is the only
transaction in the system.
 No transaction will affect the existence of any other
transaction.
 That is, the execution of a transaction should not be
interfered with by any other transactions executing
concurrently.
 For example, in an application that transfers funds from
one account to another, the isolation property ensures
that another transaction sees the transferred funds in
one account or the other, but not in both, nor in neither.

6. Durability
 The database should be durable enough
to hold all its latest updates even if the
system fails or restarts
 The changes applied to the database by
a committed transaction must persist in
the database. These changes must not
be lost because of any failure.
 For example, in an application that
transfers funds from one account to
another, the durability property ensures
that the changes made to each account
will not be reversed. THANK YOU