Please I need this answered with refrences - Thanks In a database- to.docx

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Please I need this answered with refrences . Thanks In a database, to control security, lock controls are implemented and tested using the ACID test. Explain the following terms for each letter within the ACID method: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability. Solution ACID properties are an important concept for databases. The acronym stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. The ACID properties of a DBMS allow safe sharing of data. A transaction in a database system must maintain A tomicity, C onsistency, I solation, and D urability commonly known as ACID properties in order to ensure accuracy, completeness, and data integrity. Atomicity his property states that a transaction must be treated as an atomic unit, that is, either all of its operations are executed or none. There must be no state in a database where a transaction is left partially completed. States should be defined either before the execution of the transaction or after the execution/abortion/failure of the transaction. Features to consider for atomicity: Consistency Consistency is the ACID property that ensures that any changes to values in an instance are consistent with changes to other values in the same instance. A consistency constraint is a predicate on data which serves as a precondition, post-condition, and transformation condition on any transaction. Isolation In a database system where more than one transaction are being executed simultaneously and in parallel, the property of isolation states that all the transactions will be carried out and executed as if it is the only transaction in the system. No transaction will affect the existence of any other transaction. As an example, if two people are updating the same catalog item, it\'s not acceptable for one person\'s changes to be \"clobbered\" when the second person saves a different set of changes. Both users should be able to work in isolation, working as though he or she is the only user. Each set of changes must be isolated from those of the other users. Durability The database should be durable enough to hold all its latest updates even if the system fails or restarts. If a transaction updates a chunk of data in a database and commits, then the database will hold the modified data. If a transaction commits but the system fails before the data could be written on to the disk, then that data will be updated once the system springs back into action. Features to consider for durability: .

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as if it is the only transaction in the system. No transaction will affect the existence of any other
transaction.
As an example, if two people are updating the same catalog item, it's not acceptable for one
person's changes to be "clobbered" when the second person saves a different set of changes.
Both users should be able to work in isolation, working as though he or she is the only user. Each
set of changes must be isolated from those of the other users.
Durability
The database should be durable enough to hold all its latest updates even if the system fails or
restarts. If a transaction updates a chunk of data in a database and commits, then the database
will hold the modified data. If a transaction commits but the system fails before the data could be
written on to the disk, then that data will be updated once the system springs back into action.
Features to consider for durability:

Intro to database systems homework questions: 1. List the ACID properties. Explain the usefulness of each. 2. During its execution, a transaction passes through several states, until it finally commits or aborts. List all possible sequences of states through which a transaction may pass. Explain why each state transition may occur? 3. Is it wise to allow a user process to access the shared memory area of a database system? Explain your answer. Solution 1. ACID properties Atomicity Everything or nothing ie a transaction is indivisible and most importantly either every thing occurs or nothing occurs. Usefulness To check weather a transcation is commited or not Consistency This property of a transaction states that the transaction is bring from one valid state to another valid state, the data written is valid according to the schema and all users of the database Usefulness Consistency ensures the concurrency in dbms Isolation Transactions are isolated means that the transactions doesnt intterupt each other implicitly, it also determines the visibility of transaction\'s integrity to all users USefulness It let each transaction thinks that the transcation has the exclusive use of the system Durability The commited transaction in the database will last long permanently. Usefulness The data updated by each transction remains as a record in tables 2. The transaction passes through the following states 2.1 Active State : In state the transaction executes and is the initial state 2.2 Partially commited : The transcation in this state is completes its all operation and waits to get commit 2.3 Commeted: In this state the transaction is sucessfully writtten its data to database at permanent storage like hard disk Now from Active state a transaction can go into following sequence of states 2.4 Fail: Due to some reasons like starvation and deadlock the transaction sometimes goes to filed state 2.5 Aborted State: In thi state the recovery system can take any one decision: to restart or to kill the transaction Sequence of states 2.1-> 2.2 -> 2.3 -> Completed 2.1 - > 2.4 - > 2.5 -> end 2.1 -> 2.2 -> 2.4-> 2.5 -> end 3. No it ios not adviced to allow a user to do so because the shared memory area of a database system may contain secured information like transaction lock files, the data structure of deadlock detection algorithms and many more like this. Allowing user processes to use shared memeory data area can lead to corruption of such important data .

1 ) a transaction is a logical unit of work each transaction is sequ.pdf

kareemangels

1 ) a transaction is a logical unit of work each transaction is sequence of logical related commands that acomplish one task and transforms the database from one consistent state into another .transactions are atomic in other words sysbase iq executes all the statements within the transaction as unit at the end of each transaction changes can be commited to make them permanent for any reason if transactions do not process properly then some or all other intermediate changes can be undone or rolled back and the user application controls under which the changes are commited or rolled back . 4) transaction has four properties ie atomicity ,consistency , isolation and durability ie atomicity - requires that all parts of transaction must be completed or transactions is aborted and this property ensures that the database remains in a consistent state consistency- indicates the permenance of database in the consistency state . isolation - means that the data required by an executing transaction cannot be accessed by any other transactions until the first transaction finishes this propert ensures the data consistency for concurrently executing transactions. durability - indicates that the database will be in permanent consistent state after the execution of transaction 5) serialiazability- means that the series of concurrent transactions will yield the same result as if they were executed one after another . 2) consistent databse state is one in which all data integrity constraints are satisfied to achieve a consistence database state a transaction must take the database from one consistent state to another . 3) the databse is designed to verify the syntactic accuracy of the database commands given by the user to be executed by the dbms the dbms will check the database exists that the referenced attributes exists in the selected tables , that the attribute data type are correct and so on unfortunately the dbms is not designed to guarantee that the syntacticaly correct transaction actually represent the real world events . 6) transaction log is a special dbms table that contains description of all the database transactions executed by the dbms . the database transaction log plays a crucial role in maintaining database concurrency control and integrity .the information stored in the log is used by the dbms to recover the database after the transaction is aborted or after system failure the transaction log is stored in different hard disks or in different media tape to prevent the failure caused by a media error . 7) the scheduler is the dbms concept that establish the order in which concurrent database operations are executed . the schedular interleaves the execution of the database operations to ensure the serialiazability of transactions in other woords the schedular guarantees that the execution of concurrent transactions will yield the same results as though the transactions were executed one after the another .the scheduler is important because it.

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Please identify hardware device(s) (peripherals) and describe how a NO.docx

rtodd19

Please identify hardware device(s) (peripherals) and describe how a NOS configure and manage the device(s) in a distributed environment. What are the device management techniques out there that are adopted by NOSs in such a networked environment? How do NOSs resolve device conflict when it occurs? (For example, when a system resource has been allocated to two or more network devices). Solution The term network operating system is used to refer to two rather different concepts: A specialised operating system for a network device such as a router, switch or firewall. An operating system oriented to computer networking, to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network, to enable the sharing of data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions.[1] Typically over a local area network (LAN), or private network. This sense is now largely historical, as common operating systems generally now have such features included. There are two types of NOS : Peer to Peer In a peer-to-peer network operating system users are allowed to share resources and files located on their computers and access shared resources from others. This system is not based with having a file server or centralized management source. A peer-to-peer network sets all connected computers equal; they all share the same abilities to use resources available on the network The advantages include: Ease of setup Less hardware needed, no server need be acquired The disadvantages include: No central location for storage Less security than the clientâ€“server model Client Server Network operating systems can be based on a clientâ€“server model (architecture) in which a server enables multiple clients to share resources. Client-server network operating systems allow networks to centralize functions and applications in one or more dedicated file servers. The server is the center of the system, allowing access to resources and instituting security. The network operating system provides the mechanism to integrate all the components on a network to allow multiple users to simultaneously share the same resources regardless of physical location The advantages include: Centralized servers are more stable. Security is provided through the server. New technology and hardware can be easily integrated into the system. Hardware and the operating system can be specialized, with a focus on performance. Servers are able to be accessed remotely from different locations and types of systems. The disadvantages include: Buying and running a server raises costs. Dependence on a central location for operation. Requires regular maintenance and updates. .

please list two of the devices provided by the text (or other devices-.docx

rtodd19

please list two of the devices provided by the text (or other devices, if you prefer), state what types of evidence you would look for on those devices, and explain what limitations you might have or what hurdles you would have to clear before searching those devices (BOTH as a company IT professional and a law enforcement officer). Identify what, if any, policies would need to be in place for you to search as a private employee, as well as what limits can be placed on the search by police. Please discuss thoroughly, and respond in a substantive, intelligent way to at least one of your fellow classmates Solution The law of evidence also known as the rules of evidence , encompasses the rules and legal principles that govern the proof of facts in a legal proceeding. These rules determine what evidence must or must not be considered by the trier of fact (which might be a judge or a jury) in reaching its decision and, sometimes, the weight that may be given to that evidence. The law of evidence is also concerned with the quantum (amount), quality, and type of proof needed to prevail in litigation. The rules vary depending upon whether the venue is a criminal court, civil court, or family court, and they vary by jurisdiction. The quantum of evidence is the amount of evidence needed; the quality of proof is how reliable such evidence should be considered. Important rules that govern admissibility concern hearsay, authentication, relevance, privilege, witnesses, opinions, expert testimony,identification and rules of physical evidence. There are various standards of evidence or standards showing how strong the evidence must be to meet the legal burden of proof in a given situation, ranging from reasonable suspicion to preponderance of the evidence, clear and convincing evidence, or beyond a reasonable doubt. There are several types of evidence, depending on the form or source. Evidence governs the use of testimony (e.g., oral or written statements, such as an affidavit), exhibits (e.g., physical objects), documentary material, or demonstrative evidence, which are admissible (i.e., allowed to be considered by the trier of fact, such as jury) in a judicial or administrative proceeding (e.g., a court of law). When a dispute, whether relating to a civil or criminal matter, reaches the court there will always be a number of issues which one party will have to prove in order to persuade the court to find in his or her favour. The law must ensure certain guidelines are set out in order to ensure that evidence presented to the court can be regarded as trustworthy. .

Why do some converging technologies raise special ethical and social i.docx

rtodd19

Why do some converging technologies raise special ethical and social issues? Solution Because 1. Human costs and de-valuing work: Consider the levels of automation undergoing will increase the performance but at the cost of diminishing the workâ€™s intellectual and emotional value.For e.g The levels of automation found in fast-food restaurants , assembly line or warehouse fulfillment centers, where work is de-humanized, worker growth is diminished, and the value of rewarding work is stripped away. 2. De-Skilling : Development of powerful support systems that augment human intelligence in demanding environments provides the positive benefits by reduction in errors and improve safety but the gains from technology will outweigh the loss of skills.Automation can create a situation where skilled operators can be replaced be less-skilled operators. For example, some aircraft systems, such as the Boeing Dreamliner and theÂ Â F-35 Lighting II, have become so complicated that they challenge the human capacity to fly them without assistance from an â€œintelligentâ€ assistant. 3.The erosion of privacy : Technologies have been developed to remotely monitor the activities of the elderly allow parents to monitor every movement of their children â€“ what theyâ€™re doing at home but continous monitoring has opposite effect, instead leaving one feeling the loss of highly valued privacy and dignity because of non-stop monitoring. 4. The dangers of distraction: The convergence of technologies can tax our attention spans in a way that threatens the limits of human capabilities.With the availability of GPS screens, entertainment monitors, handsfree cellphone and advanced stereo systems having multiple mechanisms to control them, delivers high value and pleasure to the driver along with passengers,but they divide the operatorâ€™s attention and distracting him or her from the stated purpose of driving, leading to life- threatening situations .

Why do the outer stars in our galaxy not slow down- as Keplers laws of.docx

rtodd19

Why do the outer stars in our galaxy not slow down, as Keplerâ€™s laws of motion would predict? Solution Kepler\'s Laws were derived for the planets orbiting the Sun in our solar system. And they work for any situation in which you have one discrete object with a mass far greater than any of the the objects that orbit it. But with galaxies you have a very different situation. The mass of a galaxy is not all concentrated at the center. It\'s spread out among all the constituents of the galaxy, across hundreds of thousands of light years. As explained here, even the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way isn\'t massive enough to greatly affect the orbits of the stars in our galaxy (except for those very close to the center). In practice, and this is especially true for galaxies\' stars, the paths are not perfect ellipses. There is often some precession (a slow change in position) of the orbiting object\'s path, causing it to never repeat the exact same orbit about the central mass. .

Why are concentrated interests and diffuse costs important in predicti.docx

rtodd19

Why are concentrated interests and diffuse costs important in predicting legislative outcomes Solution But personal interest is no longer a safe criterion if individual interests are not left to counteract and control each other. If one individual, or one class, can call in the aid of authority to ward off the effects of competition, it acquires a privilege and at the cost of the whole community; it can then make sure of profits not altogether due to the productive services rendered, but composed in part of an actual tax upon consumers for its private profit; which tax it commonly shares with the authority that thus unjustly lends its support. The legislative body has great difficulty in resisting the importunate demands for this kind of privileges; the applicants are the producers that are to benefit thereby, who can represent, with much plausibility, that their own gains are a gain to the industrious classes, and to the nation at large, their workmen and themselves being members of the industrious classes, and of the nation. - Jean-Baptiste Say The taxes would be paid by the people over the whole country, but the benefits would go to the few people in those particular locations. This type of spending is a rather gross waste of resources that worsened over the years as the government has been allowed to do more particularized things. - James M. Buchanan So, in one country, the fruit of labor is taken from the workman by taxes, under pretence of the welfare of the state; in another, by privileges, declaring labor a royal concession, and making one pay dearly for the right to devote himself to it. The same abuse is reproduced under forms more indirect, but not less oppressive, when, by means of custom-duties, the state shares with the privileged industries the benefits of the taxes imposed on non-privileged classes. - J .

Who are organizational stakeholders and what types of responsibilities.docx

rtodd19

Who are organizational stakeholders and what types of responsibilities does an organization have to them? Solution Organizational Stakeholders: Organizational stakeholder is a person or group having interest or relations with an organization. The est exaples of organizational stakeholders are board of directors , employees, government, shareholders, community and other interested parties. Type of responsiblity depends upon the type of stakeholder for example organization\'s responsibility towards its employees is to compansate them resonably, to hear their grievences and to motivate them for achieving goals of an organization. Resposibility towards creditors is to meet and respect credit terms committed with the creditor. Responsibility towords government is to follow its laws and rules governing oganizational operations. Responsibility towards directors is to provide them the complete details regarding the operations and functons of the organization. .

Who are the principle stake holders of the company- Did Dole treat the.docx

rtodd19

Who are the principle stake holders of the company? Did Dole treat them differently, and if so, why? what were the key challenges for the company in managing the relationships with those different stakeholders groups?(case study-Dole\'s DBCP Legacy) Solution We will establish and maintain an effective system which governs our corporate entities to ensure that management is both transparent and accountable to our internal and external stakeholders. We will implement systems of compliance to ensure that we properly observe and respect the laws and regulations of each country in which we operate. We will respect and adhere to the principles of the United Nations Global Compact.(*1) We will not tolerate any form of bribery, corruption, dishonest marketing, or insider trading. We will conduct all transactions in accordance with these principles, promoting fair and open competition in the marketplace. We will employ best practices in risk management in financial, environmental and social arena to continuously earn the trust of our stakeholders. We will maintain a good, mutually cooperative relationship with governments and their administrative bodies. We will not involve ourselves in nor have contact with any anti-social movement or group that promotes activities which are illegal or threatening to public order and safety .

Which type of network covers a contiguous geographic area- such as an.docx

rtodd19

Which type of network covers a contiguous geographic area, such as an office building, or a group of buildings in close probability to each other? LAN MAN WAN All of the above what is an obstacle to IT integration? People Process Technology All the above E-mail messages may be stored on which of the following computers? Sender\'s computer Sender\'s server Recipient\'s server All of the above Which of the following PROVIDEs the use of software application over the internet for a fee? Application service Provider Software Application Suppler Software Resources Provider Software Application Provider Solution Please find the answers below: 11) MAN : MAN occupies coverage in between LANs and WANs. MAN has distance coverage and data rate higher than LAN, but less than WAN. This is the major difference between LAN and MAN. MAN overlaps to some extent to geographical coverage requirement of WAN. 12) All of the above 13) Recipient\'s server 14) Application software provider .

Which space is the most abundant in 1-0 M of wak acid HCN solution- As.docx

rtodd19

Which space is the most abundant in 1.0 M of wak acid HCN solution? Assume that Ka for HCN IS 10^-10. A) HCN B) H+ C) CN- D) OH- Solution HCN(aq) ----------> H^+ (aq) + CN^- (aq) I 1 0 0 C -x +x +x E 1-x +x +x Ka = [H^+][CN^-]/[HCN] 10^-10 = x*x/1-x 10^-10 *(1-x) = x^2 x = 1*10^-6 [H^+] = x = 1*10^-6M [CN^-] = x = 1*10^-6M [HCN] = 1-x = 1-0.000001 = 0.99M [OH^-] = Kw/[H^+] = 1*10^-14/10^-6 = 10^-8 M HCN is the most abundant A) HCN >>>>answer .

which sectors might constitute the critical infrastructures of turkey.docx

rtodd19

which sectors might constitute the critical infrastructures of turkey concering copmuter and information ethics ?justify your answer Solution In Turkey, the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has been spreading like a wildfire and ICTs are playing important roles in all aspects of our lives. In addition to public sector organizations, the organization agencies which provide services in critical infrastructure sectors like energy, water resources, health, transportation, communication and financial services have also been heavily using information and communication systems. These systems improve quality and speed of the services being provided, thus helping public organizations work more productively, contributing to the improvement of living standards. As our public sector organizations use ICTs - to provide services - at an increased rate every single day, it has become an important aspect of our national security and competitiveness to ensure the security of information and communication technologies. The vulnerabilities inherent in ICTs may cause denial of service or abuse of service attacks, resulting in potential loss of lives, high scale economic losses, disturbance of public order and/or threats to of national security. It is a fact that cyber space offers opportunities of anonymity and deniability for attacks on information systems and data. The tools and knowledge required for attacks are often cheap and easy to get, and it has been observed that anyone or any systems across the world can participate in cyber-attacks, either knowingly or completely unknowingly. And it is deemed almost impossible to determine who finances and organizes these enduring and advanced cyber-attacks that target at the information systems and data of critical infrastructures. These facts and conditions reveal the asymmetrical nature of the risks and threats in cyber space, making them even more difficult to tackle. .

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