Achalasia is a rare disorder of the esophagus that results from damaged nerves that control food movement. It causes difficulty swallowing and food getting stuck. The document discusses the causes, symptoms, tests used to diagnose (endoscopy, manometry), and treatments of achalasia. Treatments include medications to relax muscles, botox injections, balloon dilation procedures, and surgeries like Heller myotomy to cut the lower esophageal sphincter muscle.
achalasia-oesophagus stomach body lining.pdfiwlucy9
Achalasia is a rare disorder of the esophagus that results from damaged nerves that control food movement. It causes difficulty swallowing food and liquid. The main symptoms are trouble swallowing, food getting stuck in the chest, and weight loss. While the cause is unknown, the immune system may destroy nerves in the esophagus wall. This prevents normal swallowing and relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. Treatment options include medications, botox injections, balloon dilation, and surgery to cut the lower sphincter muscle. The goal is to improve swallowing function, but full normal function is never regained.
Achalasia is a motility disorder of the esophagus characterized by absence of peristalsis and failure of relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. This causes obstruction at the esophagogastric junction. The cause is unknown but may involve the degeneration of inhibitory neurons in the esophageal wall. Patients experience dysphagia, regurgitation, chest pain, weight loss, and coughing when lying down. Diagnosis involves barium swallow, endoscopy, and manometry. Treatment aims to reduce lower esophageal sphincter pressure and may include botulinum toxin injections, medications, surgery, or dilation. Complications can include weight loss, pneumonia, esophagitis, and es
1. GERD is a common cause of regurgitation where the lower esophageal sphincter does not close properly, allowing stomach acid to back up into the esophagus.
2. Ingestion of caustic substances like strong acids or alkalis can burn the tissues of the upper GI tract and sometimes cause perforations, leading to symptoms like regurgitation.
3. Cancers of the esophagus such as adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma can cause regurgitation by blocking the esophagus. Barrett's esophagus is a precancerous condition caused by acid reflux.
Lecture 16 esophagus and stomach disorders - PathologyAreej Abu Hanieh
The document provides information on the esophagus and stomach disorders. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the esophagus and stomach. Key points include that the esophagus transports food to the stomach through peristaltic movements. The lower esophageal sphincter separates the esophagus and stomach. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is caused by disruption of protective mechanisms in the esophagus. Common esophagus and stomach disorders mentioned include achalasia, hiatal hernia, Barrett's esophagus, dyspepsia, gastritis, and esophagitis. Treatment options focused on lifestyle changes and pharmacologic interventions like proton pump inhibitors.
This document discusses dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing. It begins by defining dysphagia and describing the normal physiology of swallowing in three stages. It then discusses the various types, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, complications and management approaches for dysphagia. Management may include dietary changes, swallowing exercises and techniques, botulinum toxin injections, dilation procedures, or surgeries like myotomy. Nurses play an important role in educating patients and monitoring for signs of aspiration during meals.
This document discusses achalasia, a rare disorder where the lower esophagus fails to relax and allow food to pass into the stomach. It defines achalasia, lists its causes as damage to nerves in the esophagus, and discusses its clinical manifestations such as difficulty swallowing and food returning to the mouth. The document outlines the diagnosis, medical management including balloon dilation and Botox injections, and nursing care for patients with achalasia which focuses on positioning during eating and monitoring for complications.
This document provides information on peptic ulcer disease, including its prevalence, risk factors, types, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, medical and surgical management, complications, nursing care, and follow up. Some key points:
- Peptic ulcers affect 4-10 per 1000 people in India and are more common in males aged 30-60. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, alcohol, NSAIDs.
- Types include acute, chronic, gastric, and duodenal ulcers. Chronic ulcers erode through the stomach/duodenal wall.
- Symptoms include abdominal pain relieved by food. Tests include endoscopy, biopsy to detect H. pylori.
- Treatment
Achalasia is a rare disorder of the esophagus that results from damaged nerves that control food movement. It causes difficulty swallowing and food getting stuck. The document discusses the causes, symptoms, tests used to diagnose (endoscopy, manometry), and treatments of achalasia. Treatments include medications to relax muscles, botox injections, balloon dilation procedures, and surgeries like Heller myotomy to cut the lower esophageal sphincter muscle.
achalasia-oesophagus stomach body lining.pdfiwlucy9
Achalasia is a rare disorder of the esophagus that results from damaged nerves that control food movement. It causes difficulty swallowing food and liquid. The main symptoms are trouble swallowing, food getting stuck in the chest, and weight loss. While the cause is unknown, the immune system may destroy nerves in the esophagus wall. This prevents normal swallowing and relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. Treatment options include medications, botox injections, balloon dilation, and surgery to cut the lower sphincter muscle. The goal is to improve swallowing function, but full normal function is never regained.
Achalasia is a motility disorder of the esophagus characterized by absence of peristalsis and failure of relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. This causes obstruction at the esophagogastric junction. The cause is unknown but may involve the degeneration of inhibitory neurons in the esophageal wall. Patients experience dysphagia, regurgitation, chest pain, weight loss, and coughing when lying down. Diagnosis involves barium swallow, endoscopy, and manometry. Treatment aims to reduce lower esophageal sphincter pressure and may include botulinum toxin injections, medications, surgery, or dilation. Complications can include weight loss, pneumonia, esophagitis, and es
1. GERD is a common cause of regurgitation where the lower esophageal sphincter does not close properly, allowing stomach acid to back up into the esophagus.
2. Ingestion of caustic substances like strong acids or alkalis can burn the tissues of the upper GI tract and sometimes cause perforations, leading to symptoms like regurgitation.
3. Cancers of the esophagus such as adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma can cause regurgitation by blocking the esophagus. Barrett's esophagus is a precancerous condition caused by acid reflux.
Lecture 16 esophagus and stomach disorders - PathologyAreej Abu Hanieh
The document provides information on the esophagus and stomach disorders. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the esophagus and stomach. Key points include that the esophagus transports food to the stomach through peristaltic movements. The lower esophageal sphincter separates the esophagus and stomach. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is caused by disruption of protective mechanisms in the esophagus. Common esophagus and stomach disorders mentioned include achalasia, hiatal hernia, Barrett's esophagus, dyspepsia, gastritis, and esophagitis. Treatment options focused on lifestyle changes and pharmacologic interventions like proton pump inhibitors.
This document discusses dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing. It begins by defining dysphagia and describing the normal physiology of swallowing in three stages. It then discusses the various types, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, complications and management approaches for dysphagia. Management may include dietary changes, swallowing exercises and techniques, botulinum toxin injections, dilation procedures, or surgeries like myotomy. Nurses play an important role in educating patients and monitoring for signs of aspiration during meals.
This document discusses achalasia, a rare disorder where the lower esophagus fails to relax and allow food to pass into the stomach. It defines achalasia, lists its causes as damage to nerves in the esophagus, and discusses its clinical manifestations such as difficulty swallowing and food returning to the mouth. The document outlines the diagnosis, medical management including balloon dilation and Botox injections, and nursing care for patients with achalasia which focuses on positioning during eating and monitoring for complications.
This document provides information on peptic ulcer disease, including its prevalence, risk factors, types, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, medical and surgical management, complications, nursing care, and follow up. Some key points:
- Peptic ulcers affect 4-10 per 1000 people in India and are more common in males aged 30-60. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, alcohol, NSAIDs.
- Types include acute, chronic, gastric, and duodenal ulcers. Chronic ulcers erode through the stomach/duodenal wall.
- Symptoms include abdominal pain relieved by food. Tests include endoscopy, biopsy to detect H. pylori.
- Treatment
Achalasia is a motility disorder of the esophagus characterized by lack of peristalsis and failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax. This causes food to become obstructed at the esophagogastric junction. The cause is unknown but may involve the degeneration of inhibitory neurons in the esophageal wall. Symptoms include dysphagia, regurgitation, chest pain, weight loss and coughing when lying down. Diagnosis involves barium swallow, endoscopy and manometry. Treatment aims to reduce lower esophageal sphincter pressure and may include botulinum toxin injections, medications, surgery or dilation. Complications can include weight loss, pneumonia, esophagitis and
The first case describes a 40-year-old man with progressive difficulty swallowing over 3 years. Tests show a dilated esophagus that fails to empty and a non-relaxing lower esophageal sphincter. The second case involves a 34-year-old with 9 months of swallowing issues and weight loss. The most likely diagnosis for both is achalasia, a disorder characterized by lack of esophageal peristalsis and failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax, causing food to get stuck in the esophagus.
This document discusses disorders of the esophagus, including achalasia and esophageal spasm. It provides objectives, an introduction to the anatomy and function of the esophagus, and defines achalasia as the absence of peristalsis and failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax. Symptoms of achalasia include dysphagia and regurgitation. Diagnosis involves x-rays, endoscopy, and manometry. Treatments include dilation, botox injections, and surgery. Esophageal spasm is also covered, defining diffuse and hypertensive types, with dysphagia and chest pain as symptoms. Calcium channel blockers are a conservative treatment option.
Achalasia is a rare disorder where the esophagus becomes dilated and loses the ability to squeeze food into the stomach. This is caused by damage to nerves in the esophagus. Symptoms include difficulty swallowing, regurgitation of food, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests like esophageal manometry and endoscopy. Treatment focuses on relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter through nonsurgical methods like balloon dilation or Botox injections, or through surgery. Nursing care involves addressing risks of malnutrition, aspiration, and social isolation due to eating difficulties.
Achalasia is a rare disorder where the esophagus becomes dilated and loses the ability to squeeze food into the stomach, making swallowing difficult. It occurs when nerves in the esophagus become damaged and the cause is poorly understood, though viral infection or autoimmune responses have been suspected. Treatment focuses on relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter through nonsurgical methods like balloon dilation or Botox injections, or through surgery to cut the sphincter muscles.
This document discusses two main types of dysphagia: oropharyngeal dysphagia and esophageal dysphagia. Oropharyngeal dysphagia involves difficulty moving food from the mouth to the esophagus, often due to neuromuscular conditions. Esophageal dysphagia involves difficulty moving food through the esophagus and can be caused by mechanical obstruction or motility disorders like achalasia. Achalasia is characterized by failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax along with lack of peristalsis in the esophagus. It discusses evaluation and treatment of achalasia, including pneumatic dilation and surgery.
Bowel obstruction occurs when the intestines become blocked, preventing normal movement of digestive contents. There are several types, including small and large bowel obstruction. Causes include adhesions from prior surgery, hernias, tumors, inflammatory bowel disease, and foreign bodies. Symptoms depend on the location but commonly include abdominal pain, distension, vomiting, and constipation. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, imaging tests like CT scans, and sometimes endoscopy or surgery to determine the specific cause. Treatment aims to resolve the blockage through conservative management with NG tubes and IV fluids or potentially surgery. Complications can include dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, infection, and bowel perforation if not properly treated
The document discusses the gastrointestinal system and acid secretion process. It summarizes the anatomy and functions of the stomach, including the three parts (fundus, body, antrum) and cell types. It describes the three phases of acid secretion and factors involved like gastrin and histamine. Common acid-related disorders are explained like GERD, reflux esophagitis, peptic ulcers, and their symptoms. Causes of increased acid levels are outlined as well as complications. Treatment options for acid suppression include antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors, though antacids have limitations.
The document discusses peptic ulcers, including definitions, types, causes, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and nursing considerations. Peptic ulcers are erosions in the GI tract caused by gastric acid and pepsin. There are three main types based on location: gastric, duodenal, and esophageal. Key risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, NSAIDs, and stress. Treatment involves reducing acid production, eradicating H. pylori if present, and surgery for severe cases. Nursing focuses on pain management, nutrition, risk reduction, and ensuring proper treatment adherence.
1) The document discusses motility disorders of the esophagus, including achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus, and ineffective esophageal motility.
2) It provides details on the anatomy, physiology and functions of the esophagus, as well as the classification, symptoms, investigations and treatments of various esophageal motility disorders.
3) Achalasia is characterized by failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax during swallowing, leading to symptoms like dysphagia and regurgitation. It is diagnosed using barium swallow, chest X-ray and manometry. Treatment involves botox injections or surgical myotomy.
This document discusses intestinal obstruction, including its causes, signs and symptoms, assessments, nursing diagnoses, and treatment. Intestinal obstruction can be mechanical or functional and causes a blockage in the small or large intestine. Common signs are abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Assessments include physical exams, imaging, and labs. Nursing focuses on relieving pain, maintaining fluid and electrolytes, and preparing for possible surgery. Treatment involves correcting the underlying cause through medical or surgical management.
Gastro Oesophagal Reflux Disease GERD.pptxSudipta Roy
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid leaks back up into the esophagus. Risk factors include smoking, large or late meals, certain foods or drinks, and medications. Symptoms include heartburn, chest pain, regurgitation, nausea, and coughing. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, pH testing, or esophageal manometry. Treatment includes lifestyle changes, antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors. Peptic ulcers develop due to an imbalance between protective and harmful factors in the stomach lining, allowing acid and pepsin to damage the lining. Common causes are H. pylori infection and NSAID use. Symptoms include abdominal pain and bleeding
1) Acute intestinal obstruction occurs when intestinal contents cannot move through the bowel lumen. It is most commonly caused by adhesions in the small intestine.
2) Symptoms include abdominal pain, distention, vomiting, and absence of bowel sounds or gas/stool. This leads to fluid and electrolyte imbalances if not treated.
3) Treatment involves NG decompression, IV fluids, and sometimes surgery to remove the obstruction or resect nonviable bowel segments. Nursing care focuses on pain management, prevention of dehydration and complications.
This document summarizes Achalasia Cardia, a rare disorder where the esophagus has difficulty emptying into the stomach. It discusses that achalasia occurs when nerves in the esophagus become damaged, preventing the lower esophageal sphincter from relaxing properly. Common symptoms include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests like barium swallow and manometry. Treatment options range from medications to relax muscles, balloon dilation of the sphincter, or as a last resort, surgical removal of the esophagus.
Cholecystitis And Cholelithiasis slidesharePatelVedanti
Cholecystitis: It is defined as the inflammation of the Gall Bladder.
Cholelithiasis: Stones in the Gall Bladder specially seen in the neck of the Gall Bladder or the cystic duct.
Most important for in GI system.
symptoms, causes and risk factors pacreatitisLankeSuneetha
The pancreas is an organ located in the upper abdomen that has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine function involves secreting enzymes like amylase and lipase to help digest food. The endocrine function involves secreting hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose. Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute or chronic. Acute pancreatitis is sudden inflammation that usually resolves within days, while chronic pancreatitis causes permanent damage over many years. Both types are often caused by gallstones blocking the pancreatic duct or heavy alcohol use damaging the pancreas over time. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, and digestive issues. Diagnosis involves blood tests of pancreatic enzymes and imaging tests
This case study describes a 69-year old Filipino woman diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and ischemic heart disease. She experienced symptoms like heartburn, acid indigestion, hiccups, and difficulty walking. Her medical history and examinations led doctors to diagnose her conditions. She was prescribed various medications to manage her diseases. Dietary interventions included a low salt, low fat, high fiber diet to help control her conditions and prevent further complications. Her nutritional status was assessed as mild underweight.
Intestinal obstruction occurs when the intestine is blocked, preventing normal movement of its contents. It can be caused by mechanical blockages such as tumors or hernias, or functional issues like neuromuscular problems. Symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, distension and constipation. Treatment involves fluid resuscitation, antibiotics, pain management, and sometimes surgery to remove the obstruction. Proper diagnosis and timely treatment are important to prevent complications like perforation and sepsis.
Achalasia is a motility disorder of the esophagus characterized by lack of peristalsis and failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax. This causes food to become obstructed at the esophagogastric junction. The cause is unknown but may involve the degeneration of inhibitory neurons in the esophageal wall. Symptoms include dysphagia, regurgitation, chest pain, weight loss and coughing when lying down. Diagnosis involves barium swallow, endoscopy and manometry. Treatment aims to reduce lower esophageal sphincter pressure and may include botulinum toxin injections, medications, surgery or dilation. Complications can include weight loss, pneumonia, esophagitis and
The first case describes a 40-year-old man with progressive difficulty swallowing over 3 years. Tests show a dilated esophagus that fails to empty and a non-relaxing lower esophageal sphincter. The second case involves a 34-year-old with 9 months of swallowing issues and weight loss. The most likely diagnosis for both is achalasia, a disorder characterized by lack of esophageal peristalsis and failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax, causing food to get stuck in the esophagus.
This document discusses disorders of the esophagus, including achalasia and esophageal spasm. It provides objectives, an introduction to the anatomy and function of the esophagus, and defines achalasia as the absence of peristalsis and failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax. Symptoms of achalasia include dysphagia and regurgitation. Diagnosis involves x-rays, endoscopy, and manometry. Treatments include dilation, botox injections, and surgery. Esophageal spasm is also covered, defining diffuse and hypertensive types, with dysphagia and chest pain as symptoms. Calcium channel blockers are a conservative treatment option.
Achalasia is a rare disorder where the esophagus becomes dilated and loses the ability to squeeze food into the stomach. This is caused by damage to nerves in the esophagus. Symptoms include difficulty swallowing, regurgitation of food, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests like esophageal manometry and endoscopy. Treatment focuses on relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter through nonsurgical methods like balloon dilation or Botox injections, or through surgery. Nursing care involves addressing risks of malnutrition, aspiration, and social isolation due to eating difficulties.
Achalasia is a rare disorder where the esophagus becomes dilated and loses the ability to squeeze food into the stomach, making swallowing difficult. It occurs when nerves in the esophagus become damaged and the cause is poorly understood, though viral infection or autoimmune responses have been suspected. Treatment focuses on relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter through nonsurgical methods like balloon dilation or Botox injections, or through surgery to cut the sphincter muscles.
This document discusses two main types of dysphagia: oropharyngeal dysphagia and esophageal dysphagia. Oropharyngeal dysphagia involves difficulty moving food from the mouth to the esophagus, often due to neuromuscular conditions. Esophageal dysphagia involves difficulty moving food through the esophagus and can be caused by mechanical obstruction or motility disorders like achalasia. Achalasia is characterized by failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax along with lack of peristalsis in the esophagus. It discusses evaluation and treatment of achalasia, including pneumatic dilation and surgery.
Bowel obstruction occurs when the intestines become blocked, preventing normal movement of digestive contents. There are several types, including small and large bowel obstruction. Causes include adhesions from prior surgery, hernias, tumors, inflammatory bowel disease, and foreign bodies. Symptoms depend on the location but commonly include abdominal pain, distension, vomiting, and constipation. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, imaging tests like CT scans, and sometimes endoscopy or surgery to determine the specific cause. Treatment aims to resolve the blockage through conservative management with NG tubes and IV fluids or potentially surgery. Complications can include dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, infection, and bowel perforation if not properly treated
The document discusses the gastrointestinal system and acid secretion process. It summarizes the anatomy and functions of the stomach, including the three parts (fundus, body, antrum) and cell types. It describes the three phases of acid secretion and factors involved like gastrin and histamine. Common acid-related disorders are explained like GERD, reflux esophagitis, peptic ulcers, and their symptoms. Causes of increased acid levels are outlined as well as complications. Treatment options for acid suppression include antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors, though antacids have limitations.
The document discusses peptic ulcers, including definitions, types, causes, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and nursing considerations. Peptic ulcers are erosions in the GI tract caused by gastric acid and pepsin. There are three main types based on location: gastric, duodenal, and esophageal. Key risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, NSAIDs, and stress. Treatment involves reducing acid production, eradicating H. pylori if present, and surgery for severe cases. Nursing focuses on pain management, nutrition, risk reduction, and ensuring proper treatment adherence.
1) The document discusses motility disorders of the esophagus, including achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus, and ineffective esophageal motility.
2) It provides details on the anatomy, physiology and functions of the esophagus, as well as the classification, symptoms, investigations and treatments of various esophageal motility disorders.
3) Achalasia is characterized by failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax during swallowing, leading to symptoms like dysphagia and regurgitation. It is diagnosed using barium swallow, chest X-ray and manometry. Treatment involves botox injections or surgical myotomy.
This document discusses intestinal obstruction, including its causes, signs and symptoms, assessments, nursing diagnoses, and treatment. Intestinal obstruction can be mechanical or functional and causes a blockage in the small or large intestine. Common signs are abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Assessments include physical exams, imaging, and labs. Nursing focuses on relieving pain, maintaining fluid and electrolytes, and preparing for possible surgery. Treatment involves correcting the underlying cause through medical or surgical management.
Gastro Oesophagal Reflux Disease GERD.pptxSudipta Roy
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid leaks back up into the esophagus. Risk factors include smoking, large or late meals, certain foods or drinks, and medications. Symptoms include heartburn, chest pain, regurgitation, nausea, and coughing. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, pH testing, or esophageal manometry. Treatment includes lifestyle changes, antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors. Peptic ulcers develop due to an imbalance between protective and harmful factors in the stomach lining, allowing acid and pepsin to damage the lining. Common causes are H. pylori infection and NSAID use. Symptoms include abdominal pain and bleeding
1) Acute intestinal obstruction occurs when intestinal contents cannot move through the bowel lumen. It is most commonly caused by adhesions in the small intestine.
2) Symptoms include abdominal pain, distention, vomiting, and absence of bowel sounds or gas/stool. This leads to fluid and electrolyte imbalances if not treated.
3) Treatment involves NG decompression, IV fluids, and sometimes surgery to remove the obstruction or resect nonviable bowel segments. Nursing care focuses on pain management, prevention of dehydration and complications.
This document summarizes Achalasia Cardia, a rare disorder where the esophagus has difficulty emptying into the stomach. It discusses that achalasia occurs when nerves in the esophagus become damaged, preventing the lower esophageal sphincter from relaxing properly. Common symptoms include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests like barium swallow and manometry. Treatment options range from medications to relax muscles, balloon dilation of the sphincter, or as a last resort, surgical removal of the esophagus.
Cholecystitis And Cholelithiasis slidesharePatelVedanti
Cholecystitis: It is defined as the inflammation of the Gall Bladder.
Cholelithiasis: Stones in the Gall Bladder specially seen in the neck of the Gall Bladder or the cystic duct.
Most important for in GI system.
symptoms, causes and risk factors pacreatitisLankeSuneetha
The pancreas is an organ located in the upper abdomen that has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine function involves secreting enzymes like amylase and lipase to help digest food. The endocrine function involves secreting hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose. Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute or chronic. Acute pancreatitis is sudden inflammation that usually resolves within days, while chronic pancreatitis causes permanent damage over many years. Both types are often caused by gallstones blocking the pancreatic duct or heavy alcohol use damaging the pancreas over time. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, and digestive issues. Diagnosis involves blood tests of pancreatic enzymes and imaging tests
This case study describes a 69-year old Filipino woman diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and ischemic heart disease. She experienced symptoms like heartburn, acid indigestion, hiccups, and difficulty walking. Her medical history and examinations led doctors to diagnose her conditions. She was prescribed various medications to manage her diseases. Dietary interventions included a low salt, low fat, high fiber diet to help control her conditions and prevent further complications. Her nutritional status was assessed as mild underweight.
Intestinal obstruction occurs when the intestine is blocked, preventing normal movement of its contents. It can be caused by mechanical blockages such as tumors or hernias, or functional issues like neuromuscular problems. Symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, distension and constipation. Treatment involves fluid resuscitation, antibiotics, pain management, and sometimes surgery to remove the obstruction. Proper diagnosis and timely treatment are important to prevent complications like perforation and sepsis.
Similar to achalasia of cardia.pptxmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm (20)
This document contains questions pertaining to the diagnosis and management of various clinical cases. It includes 10 slides with questions about cysts, lipomas, hernias, thyroid disorders, leg ulcers, abdominal masses, and breast examinations. The key topics covered are the pathognomonic features, common complications, differential diagnoses, and clinical findings and techniques for various clinical presentations.
A hiatus hernia occurs when part of the stomach protrudes through an enlarged opening in the diaphragm. There are two main types: sliding, where the esophagus-stomach junction slides up, and paraesophageal, where part of the stomach pushes through beside the esophagus. Risk factors include older age, obesity, and weak muscles. Symptoms are heartburn, regurgitation, difficulty swallowing, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves medical history, imaging like barium swallow, and endoscopy. Treatment options are lifestyle changes, medications like antacids or PPIs, and surgery to repair severe cases.
The document outlines the agenda for an oncosurgical unit meeting at Minia University discussing inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) from surgical and oncological perspectives. The meeting will cover an introduction to IBDs, the epidemiology and pathophysiology of these conditions, the differences between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, management and surgical considerations for IBDs, and the oncological risks factors and surveillance recommendations for patients with IBDs. The document provides a structured outline of the topics to be discussed at the meeting.
This document discusses gastric cancer (GAC). It notes that GAC is the 1st most common primary malignant tumor of the stomach, 2nd most common gastrointestinal tumor, and 3rd leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Risk factors for GAC include smoking, H. pylori infection, atrophic gastritis, and hereditary syndromes. Histologically, GAC is classified as intestinal type, diffuse type, or otherwise based on the Lauren classification system. Staging is done using the TNM system. Investigation involves endoscopy, biopsy, and imaging. Management depends on stage - early cancers receive gastrectomy and chemotherapy while advanced or metastatic cancers receive chemotherapy or palliative care.
This document provides an overview of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Egypt, including treatment options and their selection criteria. The main treatment modalities discussed are resection, transplantation, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), transarterial radio therapy (TART), yttrium-90 (Y-90) therapy, and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Each treatment has specific criteria for patient eligibility and tumor characteristics, such as lesion size and location. The document compares advantages and disadvantages of the different treatments.
GIST are rare mesenchymal tumors that arise from interstitial cells of Cajal in the gastrointestinal tract. They commonly express the receptor tyrosine kinases KIT or PDGFRA, which are often mutated. Complete surgical resection is the main treatment for localized primary GIST, while targeted therapy with imatinib or sunitinib is used for advanced or metastatic disease. Factors like tumor size, mitotic rate, and site of origin determine prognosis and risk of recurrence to guide adjuvant targeted therapy or surveillance after surgery.
1. The liver and biliary ducts arise from a foregut diverticulum, with the cranial part forming the liver, caudal part forming the ventral pancreas, and intermediate bud forming the gallbladder.
2. The liver has 4 lobes and 8 segments, each supplied by its own branches of the hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct, allowing surgical resection of individual segments.
3. Liver injuries are most often caused by blunt trauma or penetrating injuries, and may involve lacerations, hematomas or ruptures requiring laparotomy, suturing, and sometimes lobectomy or segmentectomy.
Dr. Abdelrahman Salah is a lecturer in general surgery at an unnamed department. His area of expertise is cancer of the esophagus. The document provides his name, title, area of specialization within general surgery, and medical condition he treats.
Three patient cases were presented for discussion at an oncosurgical unit meeting:
1. A 25-year-old male with a history of laparoscopic total colectomy for FAP, presenting with recurrent bleeding per rectum and anemia. Colonoscopy and labs were unremarkable except for internal piles.
2. A 39-year-old male with a history of repeated vomiting. Endoscopy found an inflammatory ulcer with H. pylori and gastritis. CT scan showed GB stones, reduced aortomesenteric distance and angle, and scanty fat.
3. A 17-year-old female with abdominal pain. Imaging found a large pelviabdominal cyst
This document contains details of 4 oncology cases presented for discussion at a meeting of the Oncosurgical Unit at Minya University.
Case 1 involves a 50-year-old man with a rectosigmoid mass found on colonoscopy and CT scan. Case 2 is a 20-year-old virgin woman who presented with recurrent right iliac pain and was found to have a cecal mass that was removed via right hemicolectomy.
Case 3 is a 45-year-old woman with right breast cancer who underwent a right mastectomy. Her biopsy showed ER+/PR+/Her2- invasive ductal carcinoma. Case 4 involves a 31-year-old woman with a left breast
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
2. Definition
Achalasia of the Cardia is a rare esophageal motility disorder
characterized by the inability of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to
relax during swallowing, as well as impaired peristalsis of the
esophageal body.
- The LES fails to open properly, causing food and liquids to
accumulate in the esophagus, leading to dysphagia (difficulty
swallowing), regurgitation, chest pain, and other discomforting
symptoms.
3. Symptoms
Achalasia typically affects adults between 30 and 50 years of age, with a
peak in the 40s.
The disorder is about twice as common in men than women (or equal).
- Patients with Achalasia may experience a variety of symptoms, including:
- Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), especially with solids and liquids.
- Regurgitation of undigested food or liquid, often accompanied by a sour taste.
- Chest pain or discomfort, which may worsen after eating.
- Weight loss due to difficulty in consuming adequate nutrients.
- Heartburn, despite the presence of a LES malfunction.
4. Diagnosis
- Diagnosis of Achalasia typically involves a combination of clinical assessment
and diagnostic tests, including:
- Barium swallow study: A fluoroscopic examination where the patient
swallows a barium solution, allowing visualization of esophageal abnormalities.
- Esophageal manometry: Measures pressure and motility of the
esophagus, helping to identify abnormalities in LES relaxation and peristalsis.
- Endoscopy: Used to rule out other esophageal disorders and evaluate the
condition of the esophageal mucosa.
8. Treatment Options
- Although Achalasia is a chronic condition with no cure, several treatment
options can help alleviate symptoms and improve the quality of life for patients:
- Medications : GTN, Calcium channel blockers
- Pneumatic dilation: A procedure where a balloon is inserted into the LES and
inflated to stretch the muscles and improve swallowing function.
- Surgical myotomy: Laparoscopic Heller myotomy involves cutting the muscles
of the LES to allow easier passage of food into the stomach (laparoscopic, POEM).
- Botulinum toxin injection: Temporary relief can be achieved by injecting
botulinum toxin into the LES, which paralyzes the muscles and facilitates relaxation.
9. Complications
- If left untreated, Achalasia can lead to various complications, including:
- Esophageal dilation and megaesophagus: Chronic obstruction can cause the esophagus
to dilate and lose its ability to contract effectively.
- Esophageal tears or perforations: Increased pressure within the esophagus may
result in tears or perforations, leading to serious infections and other life-threatening
complications.
- Increased risk of aspiration pneumonia: Food and liquid regurgitation can lead to
aspiration, increasing the risk of pneumonia.
Malignancy (0.4% to 9.2%) : eosphageal adenocarcinoima and squamous
cell carcinoma
10. Conclusion
- In conclusion, Achalasia of the Cardia is a complex esophageal disorder
characterized by impaired LES relaxation and esophageal motility.
- Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial in preventing
complications and improving the quality of life for patients living with
Achalasia.
- Thank you for your attention. Now, I'm open to any questions or
discussions you may have.
