Parasitism has evolved over time as parasites adapt to their hosts. Parasites like malaria originated in primates in Africa and later transferred to humans. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites and Plasmodium falciparum is thought to have evolved from gorillas to infect humans around 50,000 years ago. Parasites continue evolving in response to hosts and their environments.
the mechanisms of parasite evolution,
the factors that influence the rate and direction of evolution,
the implications of evolution for the control and management of parasitic diseases, and finally
the dynamic of Host-Parasite Coevolution.
Organism living in or on another living organism, obtaining its nutrition from that host organism and causing some degree of measurable damage to the host.
Plays a role in ecology and evolution.
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
the mechanisms of parasite evolution,
the factors that influence the rate and direction of evolution,
the implications of evolution for the control and management of parasitic diseases, and finally
the dynamic of Host-Parasite Coevolution.
Organism living in or on another living organism, obtaining its nutrition from that host organism and causing some degree of measurable damage to the host.
Plays a role in ecology and evolution.
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
When a perfectly harmless animal resembles in its colour and shape, with a well protected species, the phenomenon is called mimicry.
The concept of mimicry was first given by H. W. Bates in 1862.
Mimicry is an important feature of organism which protect the animals against enemies. Mimicry often used as self defense which increases the survival value of organisms.
The ppt covers Introduction
Feeding habits in –, Phytophagous insects, Mycetophagous insects, Predaceous insects, Parasitic mode of nutrition ,Sensory organs associated with feeding, Sensilla on the mouthparts, Food selection by phytophagous insects, Prey specificity and selection by predators
Host- finding by blood- sucking and parasitic insects
Significance of food preferences
Ingestion by phytophagous, blood-sucking, predaceous and, venomous insects, Regulation of feeding, timing associated and food- storage in insects.
Communication in Insects.
Classification of Semiochemicals.
Introduction to Insect Pheromones.
Uses of Insect Pheromones.
Synthesis of Insect Pheromones.
Use of pheromones in insect pest management.
the presentation will help you learn more about how the insect eyes really work in field conditions and more over for the better understanding you can take help from from book: THE INSECTS:STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION byR.F.CHAPMAN.....as the contents of my presentation are from that book only.....
Nematode .......parasites of human and further phylogenetic considerationAnzaDar3
Phylum Nematoda
Some important Nematode Parasites of Human
The giant intestinal roundworm of humans
The Human Pinworm
The new World Hookworm
The Porkworm
The Filarial Worm
Further Phylogenetic Considerations
References
When a perfectly harmless animal resembles in its colour and shape, with a well protected species, the phenomenon is called mimicry.
The concept of mimicry was first given by H. W. Bates in 1862.
Mimicry is an important feature of organism which protect the animals against enemies. Mimicry often used as self defense which increases the survival value of organisms.
The ppt covers Introduction
Feeding habits in –, Phytophagous insects, Mycetophagous insects, Predaceous insects, Parasitic mode of nutrition ,Sensory organs associated with feeding, Sensilla on the mouthparts, Food selection by phytophagous insects, Prey specificity and selection by predators
Host- finding by blood- sucking and parasitic insects
Significance of food preferences
Ingestion by phytophagous, blood-sucking, predaceous and, venomous insects, Regulation of feeding, timing associated and food- storage in insects.
Communication in Insects.
Classification of Semiochemicals.
Introduction to Insect Pheromones.
Uses of Insect Pheromones.
Synthesis of Insect Pheromones.
Use of pheromones in insect pest management.
the presentation will help you learn more about how the insect eyes really work in field conditions and more over for the better understanding you can take help from from book: THE INSECTS:STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION byR.F.CHAPMAN.....as the contents of my presentation are from that book only.....
Nematode .......parasites of human and further phylogenetic considerationAnzaDar3
Phylum Nematoda
Some important Nematode Parasites of Human
The giant intestinal roundworm of humans
The Human Pinworm
The new World Hookworm
The Porkworm
The Filarial Worm
Further Phylogenetic Considerations
References
An introduction to Medical Parasitologyrinki singh
Medical parasitology: “the study and medical implications of parasites that infect humans”. A parasite: “a living organism that acquires some of its basic ...
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
3. Evolution of Parasitism
A parasite is an organism that lives on or in a
host organism and gets its food from or at the
expense of its host
The parasite lives on or in the body of the host. A
few examples of parasites are tapeworms,
Ectoparasites
These live on, rather than in their hosts.eg ticks
fleas mosquitos
endoparasites
These are internal parasites live inside the host
body eg bacteria protist tapeworm
4. Parasitism
is a type of symbiotic relationship, or
long-term relationship between two
species, where one member, the
parasite, gains benefits that come at the
expense of the host member without
killing the host organisms
5. All organisms have their own parasites
parasites are host restricted
May have copmplex life cycle with
different stages in different
Lice that infect human have different
type of hook as compared to infect
another animals.
it prefer human hair as compared to
another animal hairs
6. Parasitism is composed by three
subsystems: the parasite, the host, and
the environment
Some parasite species that infect
humans were inherited from pre-
hominids, and were shared with other
phylogenetically close host species, but
other parasite species were acquired
from the environment as humans
evolved. Human migration spread
inherited parasites throughout the
globe.
7. Evolutionary ecology
Parasitism is a major aspect of
evolutionary ecology; for example,
almost all free-living animals are host to
at least one species of parasite.
Vertebrates, the best-studied group, are
hosts to between 75,000 and 300,000
species of helminths and an uncounted
number of parasitic microorganisms.
8. Mesophthirus engeli, a louse-like ectoparasite on
damaged mid-Cretaceous dinosaur feathers[
9. Trichomonas
Parasitism is hard to demonstrate from
the fossil record, but holes in the
mandibles of several specimens of
Tyrannosaurus may have been caused
by Trichomonas-like parasites.
10. louse-like ectoparasite
A louse-like ectoparasite, Mesophthirus
engeli, preserved in mid-Cretaceous
amber from Myanmar, has been found
with dinosaur feathers, apparently
damaged by the insect's "strong
chewing mouthparts
11. Parasites evolution
Parasite evolution refers to the heritable
genetic changes that a parasite
accumulates during its life time, which can
arise from adaptations in response to
environmental changes or the immune
response of the host. Because of their
short generation times and large
population sizes, parasites can evolve
rapidly.
12. Host and parasites evolve 50 million
years ago before the evolution of man
Virulence described as the capacity of
parasite to harm a host
Evolutionry determined virulence in term
of host fitness
The capacity for a parasites to reduce a
fitness host and directly killing capacity
varying from
13. Adaptation of parasitism
Parasites are adapted to get
maximum benefits ftom their host
do not kill them.
Tapworm has strong sucker and
hook for attachment to the lining of
small intestine and large area for
absorption of water.
14. Co evolution
Any change take place in human
parasites take place in parasites to well
adapt in enviornment
Anareobic respiration in internal
parasites.
Loss of digestive organ and loss of
wings
Devolpment of adhesive organs
17. parasites are extraordinarily diverse. Even
closely related parasites may behave very
differently, infecting different host species,
causing different pathologies, or infecting
different tissues.
Example
Escherichia coli bacteria, a typically harmless
inhabitant of the human gut, can, in different
forms, cause diarrhea, intestinal bleeding,
urinary tract infections, kidney bleeding,
meningitis, and other diseases .Underlying this
diversity is evolution.
19. Define
a human disease that is caused by
sporozoan parasites (genus
Plasmodium) in the red blood cells, is
transmitted by the bite of anopheline
mosquitoes, and is characterized by
periodic attacks of chills and fever.
any of various diseases of birds and
mammals caused by blood protozoan
20. Malaria situation in pakistan
Pakistan has a population of 180 million
inhabitants of which 177 million are at
risk of malaria. With 3.5 million
presumed and confirmed malaria cases
annually. ... Vivax malaria still
dominates the transmission though
significant rise in the more lethal form
falciparum is observed in Balochistan
and Sindh.
21. Situation in pakistan
Karachi saw about 1873 malaria cases
in 2019
In Pakistan, malarial incidence reaches
its peak in September. 1000 million
people have died from Malaria since
Pakistan came into being till December
2012.
22. Mostly infected country
n 2019, the region was home to 94% of
all malaria cases and deaths.
In 2019, 6 countries accounted for
approximately half of all malaria deaths
worldwide
Nigeria (23%), the Democratic Republic
of the Congo (11%), United Republic of
Tanzania (5%), Burkina Faso (4%),
Mozambique (4%) and Niger (4% each).
23. Origion of plasmodium
Plasmodium falciparum arose in humans after the
acquisition of the parasite from a gorilla.
Plasmodium vivax is a bottlenecked parasite lineage
that originated in African apes.
Recent molecular studies have found evidence that
human malaria parasites probably jumped onto
humans from the great apes, probably through the
bites of vector mosquitoes.
Malaria seems to have been known in China for
almost 5,000 years.
24. Human malaria likely originated in Africa
and coevolved with its hosts,
mosquitoes and non-human primates.
Malaria protozoa are diversified into
primate, rodent, bird, and reptile host
lineages. Humans may have originally
caught Plasmodium falciparum from
gorillas.
25. Plasmodium parasites enter the body
through the saliva of female mosquitoes
from the genus Anopheles. These
mosquitoes primarily inhabit the tropical
and subtropical parts of the world.
28. Evolution of malaria
Plasmodium falciparum is the only
parasite from this group that has
successfully adapted to transfer from
gorillas to infect humans, and
subsequently spread all over the world.
Scientists discovered that the
evolutionary lineage leading to
Plasmodium falciparum emerged
50,000 years ago
