Spinning reserve is reserve generation capacity that can produce power within a short period of time to maintain grid frequency. It is one part of a three-level framework for frequency control that also includes primary and secondary control. Primary control automatically responds to frequency deviations while secondary control works to return frequency and interchanges to target values. Spinning reserve is defined as generation capacity that is synchronized to the grid and able to increase production within 10 minutes. The required amount of spinning reserve varies between systems.
Electricity cannot be stored economically in large quantities, so electricity production must equal consumption at all times. Transmission system operators balance the grid by scheduling power from generators and estimating consumer demand. They use spinning reserves - unused generation capacity that can be activated quickly - to counteract any imbalance between scheduled and actual production or consumption, which would cause the frequency to deviate from its target. Spinning reserves include secondary frequency control reserves that automatically respond to frequency changes, and synchronized tertiary reserves that are manually activated if needed for a persistent imbalance.
This chapter deals with the power system operation of different power system parts which includes the generation, transmission and distribution systems. This slide is specifically prepared for ASTU 5th year power and control engineering students.
1. The document discusses various concepts related to power system operation and control including load forecasting, load curves, frequency regulation, and load frequency control.
2. Key terms defined include load factor, plant capacity factor, maximum demand, plant use factor, diversity factor, demand factor, spinning reserve, and area control error.
3. Factors affecting load forecasting are discussed including the need for long term, medium term, and short term forecasting for various power system planning and operation purposes.
Optimized coordinated economic dispatch and automatic generation control for ...SANJAY SHARMA
This document provides an introduction and overview of load frequency control and automatic generation control for interconnected power systems. It discusses the objectives of controlling frequency and power flow between interconnected areas to maintain stability and optimize generation costs. The key components of load frequency control loops and economic dispatch are described for both single and multi-area power systems. Optimization techniques like genetic algorithms and ant colony optimization are introduced for tuning controller parameters to improve system performance. Case studies are presented to analyze the impact of participation factors for distributed load changes between two interconnected thermal power systems.
This slide is an introductory part of the course Computer Application in Power system. it will describe the basic tasks of a computer and different computer application areas.
this chapter deals with fault analysis of a power system. under this topic, only symmetrical fault analysis is given. it will describe the methods used to determine fault current and voltage values.
This chapter will focus on the optimization and security of a power system. basically it will focus on economic dispatch analysis without considering transmission line losses.
Electricity cannot be stored economically in large quantities, so electricity production must equal consumption at all times. Transmission system operators balance the grid by scheduling power from generators and estimating consumer demand. They use spinning reserves - unused generation capacity that can be activated quickly - to counteract any imbalance between scheduled and actual production or consumption, which would cause the frequency to deviate from its target. Spinning reserves include secondary frequency control reserves that automatically respond to frequency changes, and synchronized tertiary reserves that are manually activated if needed for a persistent imbalance.
This chapter deals with the power system operation of different power system parts which includes the generation, transmission and distribution systems. This slide is specifically prepared for ASTU 5th year power and control engineering students.
1. The document discusses various concepts related to power system operation and control including load forecasting, load curves, frequency regulation, and load frequency control.
2. Key terms defined include load factor, plant capacity factor, maximum demand, plant use factor, diversity factor, demand factor, spinning reserve, and area control error.
3. Factors affecting load forecasting are discussed including the need for long term, medium term, and short term forecasting for various power system planning and operation purposes.
Optimized coordinated economic dispatch and automatic generation control for ...SANJAY SHARMA
This document provides an introduction and overview of load frequency control and automatic generation control for interconnected power systems. It discusses the objectives of controlling frequency and power flow between interconnected areas to maintain stability and optimize generation costs. The key components of load frequency control loops and economic dispatch are described for both single and multi-area power systems. Optimization techniques like genetic algorithms and ant colony optimization are introduced for tuning controller parameters to improve system performance. Case studies are presented to analyze the impact of participation factors for distributed load changes between two interconnected thermal power systems.
This slide is an introductory part of the course Computer Application in Power system. it will describe the basic tasks of a computer and different computer application areas.
this chapter deals with fault analysis of a power system. under this topic, only symmetrical fault analysis is given. it will describe the methods used to determine fault current and voltage values.
This chapter will focus on the optimization and security of a power system. basically it will focus on economic dispatch analysis without considering transmission line losses.
The document provides information about the structure, operation, and control of power systems. It discusses:
1) The typical structure of power systems including generation, transmission, and distribution systems organized into interconnected regional grids and pools.
2) SCADA and EMS systems which monitor power system parameters, send real-time data to control centers, and support functions like generation control, scheduling, forecasting, and contingency analysis to guide optimal system operation.
3) Key aspects of power system operation and control including load frequency control, automatic voltage control, state estimation, and flexible AC transmission systems which maintain system stability and security through monitoring and automated response.
Generation shift factor and line outage factorViren Pandya
This is animated presentation to let students have an idea about use of generation shift factor and line outage distribution factor to assess power system security by contingency analysis. Entire presentation is prepared from a very nice book authored by Wood.
Transient Stability Assessment and Enhancement in Power SystemIJMER
This document discusses transient stability assessment and enhancement in power systems. It first introduces transient stability and its importance. It then describes using PSAT software to analyze the IEEE 39-bus test system and calculate critical clearing times (CCTs) for different faults to assess stability. An artificial neural network is trained to predict CCTs at different operating points. Finally, particle swarm optimization is used to find the optimal placement of a thyristor controlled series capacitor to enhance stability by minimizing real power losses, increasing several CCTs above 0.1 seconds.
Security analysis black and white 2007Viren Pandya
The document discusses power system security, which includes maintaining reliability and preventing contingencies from causing violations. It is broken into three main functions: system monitoring, contingency analysis, and security constrained optimal power flow. Contingency analysis models different outages to operate the system defensively. Security constrained optimal power flow seeks optimal dispatches to prevent violations from any contingencies. The document defines different system states like normal, alert, emergency and explains control actions taken to transition between states or restore the system.
Comparison of Different Design Methods for Power System Stabilizer Design - A...ijsrd.com
In the past two decades, the utilization of supplementary excitation control signals for improving the dynamic stability of power systems has received much attention. In recent years, several approaches based on intelligent control and optimization techniques have been applied to PSS design problem. This paper introduces a review on the techniques applied on the conventional PSS design only. Power System Stabilizer (PSS) is the most cost effective approach of increase the system positive damping, improve the steady-state stability margin, and suppress the low-frequency oscillation of the power system. A PSS has to perform well under operating point variations. This paper introduces a review on the techniques applied on the conventional PSS design only. The techniques could be mainly classified into linear and nonlinear.
The document discusses various methods for improving power system stability, including automatic voltage regulators (AVR), load frequency control (LFC), and power system stabilizers (PSS). AVR works to maintain generator terminal voltage at a preset value by adjusting excitation current. LFC maintains system frequency and power exchange between areas at scheduled values. PSS adds damping to generator oscillations to stabilize the grid by modulating voltage regulator setpoint based on speed.
The document discusses factors that affect load shedding, which is the process of automatically disconnecting electrical load to match generation when there is a frequency drop in the power system. It notes that the key factors include the anticipated maximum overload, load reduction factor, number of load shedding steps, size of load shed at each step, frequency and time settings of relays, and location of relays. The document also mentions considerations for load shedding of industrial systems and provides an introduction and conclusion.
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
IRJET- Automatic Load Sharing of TransformerIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for automatic load sharing of transformers using a microcontroller. The system would share the load of one transformer, called the main transformer, to another secondary transformer, called a slave transformer, during times of peak load or faulty conditions to prevent overloading of the main transformer. It discusses transformers, LCD displays, power supplies, and other components that could be used to build such a load sharing system and monitors conditions at consumer sites. The system aims to improve reliability, efficiency and flexibility of the power distribution system while reducing costs and risks of equipment damage from overloading.
Methods for Voltage Stability EnhancementRavi Anand
This document discusses various methods for enhancing voltage stability in power systems, including using lower power factor generators, capacitor banks, controlling transformer tap changers, undervoltage load shedding, coordination of protections and controls, control of network voltage and generator reactive output, use of FACTS devices, artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, excitation control, booster transformers, phase shifting transformers, secondary voltage regulation, series capacitors, and must-run generation. It provides details on how each method can be implemented and their effectiveness.
Design of power system stabilizer for damping power system oscillationsIOSRJEEE
The problem of the poorly damped low-frequency (electro-mechanical) oscillations of power systems has been a matter of concern to power engineers for a long time, because they limit power transfers in transmission lines and induce stress in the mechanical shaft of machines. Due to small disturbances, power systems experience these poorly damped low-frequency oscillations. The dynamic stability of power systems are also affected by these low frequency oscillations. With proper design of Power System Stabilizer (PSS), these oscillations can be well damped and hence the system stability is enhanced. The basic functions of the PSS is to add a stabilizing signal that compensates the oscillations of the voltage error of the excitation system during the dynamic/transient state, and to provide a damping component when it’s on phase with rotor speed deviation of machine. Studies have shown that PSS are designed to provide additional damping torque, for different operation point normal load, heavy load and leading to improve power system dynamic stability.
There are three main types of frequency regulation in power grids: flat frequency regulation where individual generators respond to local load changes, parallel frequency regulation where load changes are distributed among multiple generators, and flat-tie line loading where local generators supply local loads while maintaining constant power flow between regions. Frequency in power systems is controlled through generator governors and automatic generation control (AGC) loops. Governor response acts as primary control to instantly adjust generator output to frequency deviations. AGC acts as secondary control to coordinate multiple generators and maintain scheduled interchange power between control areas.
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROLPreet_patel
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROL
Load frequency control
Automatic Generation Control
Voltage Control
Primary regulation.
Secondary regulation
real power
Why voltage control is important?
An Under frequency Load Shedding Scheme forAjay Singh
This document presents an under frequency load shedding scheme for hybrid and multi-area power systems. It discusses the need for such a scheme to maintain frequency stability during faults or imbalances. The proposed scheme uses frequency first derivative to estimate power deficit independently of system parameters. It was tested through simulations of different scenarios involving islanding, variable generation, and inertia changes in hybrid systems as well as multi-area systems. The results demonstrated the scheme's ability to determine appropriate load shedding to regulate frequency.
Small-Signal (or Small Disturbance) Stability is the ability of a power system to maintain synchronism when subjected to small disturbances
such disturbances occur continually on the system due to small variations in loads and generation
disturbance considered sufficiently small if linearization of system equations is permissible for analysis
Corresponds to Liapunov's first method of stability analysis
Small-signal analysis using powerful linear analysis techniques provides valuable information about the inherent dynamic characteristics of the power system and assists in its robust design
These energy transits constitute a flow going from the substations where the
power plants are connected to the substations where customers are connected;
it is conveyed through the transmission lines and cables and divided up
proportionally to the admittance, i.e. the impedance reciprocal (which is in
some way a marked preference for the "shortest route"). This energy flow is
materialised by the current conveyed through the facilities. The higher the
energy flow is, the greater the current intensities will be. These intensities may
increase, in particular when a facility has tripped following a fault occurrence.
The flow initially borne by this facility will be transferred to the neighbouring
facilities: this is the load transfer phenomenon.
This document presents a bacterial foraging optimization technique applied to automatic generation control in a deregulated four-area power system with both thermal and hydro plants. The bacterial foraging algorithm is used to optimize the proportional controller gain to improve system performance. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show the frequency response and tie-line power flows for the four areas are improved when using the bacterial foraging technique compared to the conventional controller.
This document presents a fuzzy logic controller for load frequency control of a two-area interconnected power system. It begins with background on load frequency control and conventional controllers. It then describes modeling a two-area system and developing a fuzzy logic controller with membership functions and rules. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show that the fuzzy controller provides better performance than a PID controller in terms of settling time, overshoot, undershoot and steady state error. The fuzzy controller reduces deviations in frequency and tie-line power for different load disturbances with fast response and minimal error.
The document provides POSOCO's suggestions on CERC's draft Deviation Settlement Mechanism regulations. Some of the key points made include:
1. Delinking imbalance pricing from frequency could deteriorate primary frequency response and lead to insecure grid operations before full implementation of resource adequacy and ancillary service frameworks.
2. Frequency-delinked DSM may delay intra-state ABT implementation across India and remove incentives for conventional generators to provide primary response.
3. Schedule changes between time blocks often lead to inevitable imbalances known as "schedule leaps" that are reflected in grid frequency. The draft regulations do not adequately account for this.
4. Ancillary service dispatch is uncertain
Electricity cannot be economically stored in large quantities, so electricity production must constantly equal consumption. Power companies estimate customer usage and purchase that scheduled power. The transmission system operator must balance the grid if actual usage differs from schedules. This is done using "spinning reserve" - unused generation capacity that can be activated to address imbalances and maintain the target power frequency. Spinning reserve includes secondary and tertiary frequency control reserves that are controlled by the transmission system operator.
The document provides information about the structure, operation, and control of power systems. It discusses:
1) The typical structure of power systems including generation, transmission, and distribution systems organized into interconnected regional grids and pools.
2) SCADA and EMS systems which monitor power system parameters, send real-time data to control centers, and support functions like generation control, scheduling, forecasting, and contingency analysis to guide optimal system operation.
3) Key aspects of power system operation and control including load frequency control, automatic voltage control, state estimation, and flexible AC transmission systems which maintain system stability and security through monitoring and automated response.
Generation shift factor and line outage factorViren Pandya
This is animated presentation to let students have an idea about use of generation shift factor and line outage distribution factor to assess power system security by contingency analysis. Entire presentation is prepared from a very nice book authored by Wood.
Transient Stability Assessment and Enhancement in Power SystemIJMER
This document discusses transient stability assessment and enhancement in power systems. It first introduces transient stability and its importance. It then describes using PSAT software to analyze the IEEE 39-bus test system and calculate critical clearing times (CCTs) for different faults to assess stability. An artificial neural network is trained to predict CCTs at different operating points. Finally, particle swarm optimization is used to find the optimal placement of a thyristor controlled series capacitor to enhance stability by minimizing real power losses, increasing several CCTs above 0.1 seconds.
Security analysis black and white 2007Viren Pandya
The document discusses power system security, which includes maintaining reliability and preventing contingencies from causing violations. It is broken into three main functions: system monitoring, contingency analysis, and security constrained optimal power flow. Contingency analysis models different outages to operate the system defensively. Security constrained optimal power flow seeks optimal dispatches to prevent violations from any contingencies. The document defines different system states like normal, alert, emergency and explains control actions taken to transition between states or restore the system.
Comparison of Different Design Methods for Power System Stabilizer Design - A...ijsrd.com
In the past two decades, the utilization of supplementary excitation control signals for improving the dynamic stability of power systems has received much attention. In recent years, several approaches based on intelligent control and optimization techniques have been applied to PSS design problem. This paper introduces a review on the techniques applied on the conventional PSS design only. Power System Stabilizer (PSS) is the most cost effective approach of increase the system positive damping, improve the steady-state stability margin, and suppress the low-frequency oscillation of the power system. A PSS has to perform well under operating point variations. This paper introduces a review on the techniques applied on the conventional PSS design only. The techniques could be mainly classified into linear and nonlinear.
The document discusses various methods for improving power system stability, including automatic voltage regulators (AVR), load frequency control (LFC), and power system stabilizers (PSS). AVR works to maintain generator terminal voltage at a preset value by adjusting excitation current. LFC maintains system frequency and power exchange between areas at scheduled values. PSS adds damping to generator oscillations to stabilize the grid by modulating voltage regulator setpoint based on speed.
The document discusses factors that affect load shedding, which is the process of automatically disconnecting electrical load to match generation when there is a frequency drop in the power system. It notes that the key factors include the anticipated maximum overload, load reduction factor, number of load shedding steps, size of load shed at each step, frequency and time settings of relays, and location of relays. The document also mentions considerations for load shedding of industrial systems and provides an introduction and conclusion.
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
IRJET- Automatic Load Sharing of TransformerIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for automatic load sharing of transformers using a microcontroller. The system would share the load of one transformer, called the main transformer, to another secondary transformer, called a slave transformer, during times of peak load or faulty conditions to prevent overloading of the main transformer. It discusses transformers, LCD displays, power supplies, and other components that could be used to build such a load sharing system and monitors conditions at consumer sites. The system aims to improve reliability, efficiency and flexibility of the power distribution system while reducing costs and risks of equipment damage from overloading.
Methods for Voltage Stability EnhancementRavi Anand
This document discusses various methods for enhancing voltage stability in power systems, including using lower power factor generators, capacitor banks, controlling transformer tap changers, undervoltage load shedding, coordination of protections and controls, control of network voltage and generator reactive output, use of FACTS devices, artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, excitation control, booster transformers, phase shifting transformers, secondary voltage regulation, series capacitors, and must-run generation. It provides details on how each method can be implemented and their effectiveness.
Design of power system stabilizer for damping power system oscillationsIOSRJEEE
The problem of the poorly damped low-frequency (electro-mechanical) oscillations of power systems has been a matter of concern to power engineers for a long time, because they limit power transfers in transmission lines and induce stress in the mechanical shaft of machines. Due to small disturbances, power systems experience these poorly damped low-frequency oscillations. The dynamic stability of power systems are also affected by these low frequency oscillations. With proper design of Power System Stabilizer (PSS), these oscillations can be well damped and hence the system stability is enhanced. The basic functions of the PSS is to add a stabilizing signal that compensates the oscillations of the voltage error of the excitation system during the dynamic/transient state, and to provide a damping component when it’s on phase with rotor speed deviation of machine. Studies have shown that PSS are designed to provide additional damping torque, for different operation point normal load, heavy load and leading to improve power system dynamic stability.
There are three main types of frequency regulation in power grids: flat frequency regulation where individual generators respond to local load changes, parallel frequency regulation where load changes are distributed among multiple generators, and flat-tie line loading where local generators supply local loads while maintaining constant power flow between regions. Frequency in power systems is controlled through generator governors and automatic generation control (AGC) loops. Governor response acts as primary control to instantly adjust generator output to frequency deviations. AGC acts as secondary control to coordinate multiple generators and maintain scheduled interchange power between control areas.
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROLPreet_patel
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROL
Load frequency control
Automatic Generation Control
Voltage Control
Primary regulation.
Secondary regulation
real power
Why voltage control is important?
An Under frequency Load Shedding Scheme forAjay Singh
This document presents an under frequency load shedding scheme for hybrid and multi-area power systems. It discusses the need for such a scheme to maintain frequency stability during faults or imbalances. The proposed scheme uses frequency first derivative to estimate power deficit independently of system parameters. It was tested through simulations of different scenarios involving islanding, variable generation, and inertia changes in hybrid systems as well as multi-area systems. The results demonstrated the scheme's ability to determine appropriate load shedding to regulate frequency.
Small-Signal (or Small Disturbance) Stability is the ability of a power system to maintain synchronism when subjected to small disturbances
such disturbances occur continually on the system due to small variations in loads and generation
disturbance considered sufficiently small if linearization of system equations is permissible for analysis
Corresponds to Liapunov's first method of stability analysis
Small-signal analysis using powerful linear analysis techniques provides valuable information about the inherent dynamic characteristics of the power system and assists in its robust design
These energy transits constitute a flow going from the substations where the
power plants are connected to the substations where customers are connected;
it is conveyed through the transmission lines and cables and divided up
proportionally to the admittance, i.e. the impedance reciprocal (which is in
some way a marked preference for the "shortest route"). This energy flow is
materialised by the current conveyed through the facilities. The higher the
energy flow is, the greater the current intensities will be. These intensities may
increase, in particular when a facility has tripped following a fault occurrence.
The flow initially borne by this facility will be transferred to the neighbouring
facilities: this is the load transfer phenomenon.
This document presents a bacterial foraging optimization technique applied to automatic generation control in a deregulated four-area power system with both thermal and hydro plants. The bacterial foraging algorithm is used to optimize the proportional controller gain to improve system performance. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show the frequency response and tie-line power flows for the four areas are improved when using the bacterial foraging technique compared to the conventional controller.
This document presents a fuzzy logic controller for load frequency control of a two-area interconnected power system. It begins with background on load frequency control and conventional controllers. It then describes modeling a two-area system and developing a fuzzy logic controller with membership functions and rules. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show that the fuzzy controller provides better performance than a PID controller in terms of settling time, overshoot, undershoot and steady state error. The fuzzy controller reduces deviations in frequency and tie-line power for different load disturbances with fast response and minimal error.
The document provides POSOCO's suggestions on CERC's draft Deviation Settlement Mechanism regulations. Some of the key points made include:
1. Delinking imbalance pricing from frequency could deteriorate primary frequency response and lead to insecure grid operations before full implementation of resource adequacy and ancillary service frameworks.
2. Frequency-delinked DSM may delay intra-state ABT implementation across India and remove incentives for conventional generators to provide primary response.
3. Schedule changes between time blocks often lead to inevitable imbalances known as "schedule leaps" that are reflected in grid frequency. The draft regulations do not adequately account for this.
4. Ancillary service dispatch is uncertain
Electricity cannot be economically stored in large quantities, so electricity production must constantly equal consumption. Power companies estimate customer usage and purchase that scheduled power. The transmission system operator must balance the grid if actual usage differs from schedules. This is done using "spinning reserve" - unused generation capacity that can be activated to address imbalances and maintain the target power frequency. Spinning reserve includes secondary and tertiary frequency control reserves that are controlled by the transmission system operator.
Power-Grid Load Balancing by Using Smart Home AppliancesValerio Aisa
Climate change is one of the greatest environmental, social and economic threats facing the planet, and can be mitigated by increasing the efficiency of the electric power generation and distribution system. Dynamic demand control is a low-cost technology that fosters better load balancing of the electricity grid, and thus enable savings on CO2 emissions at power plants. This paper discusses a practical and inexpensive solution for the implementation of dynamic demand control, based on a dedicated peripheral for a general-purpose microcontroller. Pre-production test of the peripheral has been carried out by emulating the actual microprocessor. Simulations have been carried out, to investigate actual efficacy of the proposed approach.
Comparative Analysis of Different Controllers in Two–Area Hydrothermal Power ...IRJET Journal
This document compares the performance of different controllers for regulating frequency and power interchange in a two-area hydrothermal power system under step load disturbances. It summarizes the system model, describes several conventional controllers (PI, PID) and their tuning using Ziegler-Nichols methods. It also outlines an intelligent fuzzy logic controller with Mamdani fuzzy inference and describes its design and rule base. Simulation results show that the fuzzy logic controller achieves better dynamic response and steady-state error than the conventional controllers.
Numerical relays provide several advantages over traditional electromechanical relays including improved dependability, self-checking capabilities, programmable flexibility, and ability to store historical fault data. Power Grid is extensively using numerical relays for new transmission lines and retrofitting old relays. Numerical relays consolidate several protection functions into a single device and provide fault reports and data that system engineers can use to analyze power system faults and relay operations for maintenance and restoration purposes.
CONTROL OF THREE AREA INTERCONNECTED POWER SYSTEM USING SLIDING MODE CONTROLLERIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a paper that proposes a sliding mode controller (SMC) for load frequency control (LFC) in a three-area interconnected power system. The paper models the dynamic behavior of each area and designs an SMC to keep frequency deviations and tie-line power deviations near zero despite load variations. Simulation results show the SMC stabilizes frequencies and tie-line powers in each area following a load change. The paper concludes the SMC ensures system stability and robustness to disturbances through effective LFC.
At any instant, the amount of energy being consumed by users on the electricity grid is exactly matched by the amount of energy being produced. Because of the very large number of consumers, the pattern of demand tends to be quite predictable according to season, day of the week and time of day so that generation needs can be planned many hours ahead. In practice, the forecast is never exact, but it is normally accurate enough that an appropriate combination of generating plants, with some capacity margin, are available to cope with the actual demand.
1) The document presents a framework for automatic generation control (AGC) in a two-area restructured power system with non-linear governor characteristics, including hydro-hydro systems.
2) It models the addition of a frequency stabilizer equipped with an energy storage system to stabilize frequency and tie-line power oscillations under disturbances.
3) The gains of controllers and parameters of the stabilizer are optimized using genetic algorithms. Simulations show the response of the optimized load frequency controller under different transactions in the restructured electricity market.
"The Future is out there somewhere; we just have to make sure we get the best one"
"There are an infinite number of ways of running an Electricity Supply system badly"
When the GB System Demand Peaks at 60GW, we are pushing 85 million Brakehorsepower through a quite fragile set of wires.
The way in which electricity is to be supplied is subject to radical change. Distributed and Renewable Generation, together with Demand Management, is being promoted to reduce the use of central fossil fired plant, increase efficiency in delivery of energy and reduce emissions.
The document describes power control configuration and mechanisms in UMTS networks. It discusses power control models and parameters. Open-loop power control sets initial uplink and downlink transmit power levels. For uplink on PRACH, the UE calculates initial preamble power based on measured CPICH_RSCP and parameters in system information blocks including CPICH transmit power, UL interference level, and a constant value. Power is then ramped for preamble retransmissions and set for the message part.
IRJET- A New Load Frequency Control Method of Multi-Area Power System Via the...IRJET Journal
This document presents a new load frequency control method for multi-area power systems based on port-Hamiltonian and cascade system viewpoints. It proposes designing PID control laws for multi-area load frequency control systems to improve on existing PID methods. The proposed method provides advantages of decoupling total tie-line power flow and robust disturbance rejection. Simulation results in MATLAB Simulink validate the advantages and robustness of the proposed method for systems with and without reheated turbines.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses active power and frequency control in electric power systems. It begins by explaining that electric power systems must continuously balance generation and load to maintain a stable frequency. Large mismatches can cause significant frequency deviations while small fluctuations typically only cause minor changes. The document then discusses frequency control standards and policies used in large interconnected systems like the UCTE system in Europe and various North American interconnections. It provides details on primary, secondary, tertiary and emergency controls that are used to regulate frequency over different timescales.
mechine vibration diagnotics for beginerAngga896790
The document discusses machine vibration diagnosis through frequency analysis. It begins with an example of diagnosing excessive vibration in a belt-driven exhaust fan. Vibration measurements and FFT analysis revealed that the source of high vibration was unbalance in the fan's drive belt wheel, not a problem with the motor as initially suspected. It then discusses using trend analysis of characteristic vibration parameters over time to monitor machine condition, and the benefits of a two-level monitoring strategy using overall measurements and more in-depth spectral analysis when alarm thresholds are exceeded.
The stability of the power system when subjected to small disturbances is called small signal
stability in power system. Due to small changes in the system, the operating point is always
changing. However, there are some operating conditions, which cause the system to go in
oscillatory instability mode due to these small changes. The stability of the system during
such oscillatory period can be quantified in terms of the damping ratio of the system. If the
damping ratio is negative, the system becomes oscillatory unstable. While if the damping
ratio is positive, the system becomes stable after few oscillations.
Fuzzy controlled mine drainage system based on embedded systemIRJET Journal
This document proposes a fuzzy logic controlled mine drainage system based on an embedded system. Mines require proper drainage to improve stability, safety, and prevent equipment corrosion, but the variables involved like water levels and flow rates are unpredictable and non-linear, making an accurate empirical model difficult to design. The proposed system combines fuzzy logic control with an embedded system. Fuzzy logic handles the uncertainties while the embedded system provides better control, flexibility, compactness and user-friendliness. Sensors monitor water levels, flow rates, temperature, humidity and pressure, sending data to an operator. A fuzzy logic controller uses the sensor data and fuzzy rules to determine the number of pumps to operate, providing improved drainage control over traditional methods.
Utilization of DVR with FLC to Inject Voltage in a Transmission LineIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Utilization of DVR with FLC to Inject Voltage in a Transmission Line
About spinning reserve
1. What is spinning reserve?
Yann REBOURS
Daniel KIRSCHEN
Abstract
This document proposes a definition of spinning reserve. It also compares the amount
asked by TSOs in several systems according to this definition.
Release 1
19/09/2005
2. What is spinning reserve?
Contents
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................................... 1
CONTENTS........................................................................................................................................................... 2
FIGURES............................................................................................................................................................... 3
TABLES................................................................................................................................................................. 3
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................. 3
1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 4
2 FRAMEWORK FOR DEFINING RESERVES ....................................................................................... 5
2.1 ORGANISATION OF FREQUENCY CONTROL ............................................................................................ 5
2.2 RESERVES AND GENERATOR CAPACITY................................................................................................. 6
3 DISCUSSION ON SPINNING RESERVE ............................................................................................... 7
3.1 CURRENT DIFFICULTIES ........................................................................................................................ 7
3.2 A GENERAL DEFINITION ........................................................................................................................ 7
3.3 CONSEQUENCES OF THE SPINNING RESERVE DEFINITION ....................................................................... 7
3.4 RESERVES AND GENERATOR CAPACITY................................................................................................. 8
3.5 AMOUNT OF SPINNING RESERVE IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES ................................................................... 9
4 SUMMARY................................................................................................................................................ 10
CONTACT DETAILS ........................................................................................................................................ 11
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................................... 11
The University of Manchester 2/11 Release 1
Yann Rebours, Daniel Kirschen 19/09/2005
3. What is spinning reserve?
Figures
Figure 2.1: Framework for frequency regulation within the UCTE .......................................... 5
Figure 2.2: Allocation of the capacity of a generating unit that participates in all three levels
of frequency control.......................................................................................................... 6
Figure 3.1: Representation of the spinning reserve of a generating unit that participates in all
three levels of frequency control ...................................................................................... 8
Tables
Table 3.1: Calculation of spinning reserve requirements in different systems .......................... 9
Abbreviations and acronyms
AGC: Automation Generation Control
ISO: Independent System Operator
LFC: Load-Frequency Control
NERC: North American Electric Reliability Council
PJM: Pennsylvania New Jersey-Maryland interconnection
TSO: Transmission System Operator
UCTE: Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity
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4. What is spinning reserve?
1 Introduction
The liberalisation of the electricity supply industry and the introduction of competitive
markets for electrical energy have required the definition of ancillary services. The purpose of
these ancillary services is to help maintain the security and the quality of the supply of
electricity. In particular, control of the frequency requires that a certain amount of active
power be kept in reserve to be able to re-establish the balance between load and generation at
all times. In general, reserve can thus be defined as the amount of generation capacity that can
be used to produce active power over a given period of time and which has not yet been
committed to the production of energy during this period. In practice, different types of
reserve services are required to respond to different types of events over different time frames.
In particular, while the term “spinning reserve” is widely used in literature, this service can be
defined in different ways. This may lead to some confusion.
To help reduce this confusion, this document proposes a definition of spinning
reserve. It then provides the amount of spinning reserve required in several jurisdictions
according to this definition.
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5. What is spinning reserve?
2 Framework for defining reserves
This section outlines a framework that will help define spinning reserve.
2.1 Organisation of frequency control
The simplified scheme represented in Figure 2.1 illustrates the framework that is
typically used for frequency regulation. This regulation usually involves three levels of
controls. Using UCTE terminology [5], these levels are called Primary, Secondary and
Tertiary. In large interconnected systems, all three forms of control are usually present. In
smaller isolated systems secondary control may not exist as such. For the sake of simplicity,
frequency regulation using demand-side action is not included in this diagram but could be
considered without conceptual changes.
Primary control fnominal
(automatic)
-
Pprimary control f
Governor
+
+
Pscheduled Pdispatched Pwanted Pproduced Interconnected
Generator
+ + network
+ +
f
f
Ptertiary control
Ptie lines
LFC
(called AGC ftarget
Tertiary control Psecondary control Common
(managed by TSO & genco) in USA)
Pscheduled tie lines frequency
These two
controls form Secondary control
the AGC (managed directly by TSO)
Figure 2.1: Framework for frequency regulation within the UCTE
Each control can be defined as follow [4]:
Primary control: local automatic control which delivers reserve power in opposition to
any frequency change;
Secondary control: centralised automatic control which delivers reserve power in order to
bring back the frequency and the interchange programs to their target values;
Tertiary control: manual change in the dispatching and unit commitment in order to
restore the secondary control reserve, to manage eventual congestions, and to bring back
the frequency and the interchange programs to their target if the secondary control reserve
is not sufficient.
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6. What is spinning reserve?
2.2 Reserves and generator capacity
In theory, a generating unit could participate in all three levels of control. Figure 2.2
illustrates how its capacity would then be divided. In practice, a generating unit might provide
only one, two or none of these reserve services.
Maximum
Unused capacity
Primary control uses this capacity Primary control reserve
Secondary control uses this capacity Secondary control reserve
Tertiary control uses this capacity Synchronized tertiary
control reserve
Scheduled power
Energy
Minimum
0 MW
Figure 2.2: Allocation of the capacity of a generating unit that participates in all three levels of frequency
control
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7. What is spinning reserve?
3 Discussion on spinning reserve
This section tries to define the concept of spinning reserve.
3.1 Current difficulties
Many authors use the term “spinning reserve” without defining it because they assume
that its meaning is obvious and unambiguous. However, a partial survey of the literature
produces very different definitions:
Hirst and Kirby [2]: “generators online, synchronized to the grid, that can increase output
immediately in response to a major outage and can reach full capacity within 10 minutes”;
Wood and Wollenberg [7]: the total synchronised capacity, minus the losses and the load;
Zhu, Jordan and Ihara [8]: “the unloaded section of synchronized that is able to respond
immediately to serve load, and is fully available within ten minutes”;
British Electricity International [1]: “the additional output which is part-loaded generating
plant is able to supply and sustain within 5 minutes. This category also includes pumped-
storage plant […] operating in the pumping mode, whose demand can be disconnected
within 5 minutes”;
UCTE [6]: tertiary reserve available within 15 minutes “that is provided chiefly by storage
stations, pumped-storage stations, gas turbines and by thermal power stations operating at
less than full output (responsibility of the TSO)”;
NERC [3]: “Unloaded generation that is synchronized and ready to serve additional
demand”.
These definitions disagree (or remain silent) on some important issues:
Who provides spinning reserve? Is it limited to generators or can the demand-side
participate?
What is the time frame for responding to a request? When should it start and end?
How is this reserve activated? Does it happen automatically or is it only done at the
request of the Transmission System Operator (TSO)?
Therefore, it seems to be interesting to propose a definition which could fit any
system.
3.2 A general definition
In order to get a general definition of spinning reserve, it seems to be essential to
remove the idea of time. In fact, each system has its particularities. However, in any system,
there is a system operator. Therefore, this concept can be used within the proposed definition.
Lastly, it seems to be interesting to get detached from the terms such as “generator” or
“demand-side”, which can introduce more ambiguities.
We therefore propose the following definition: the spinning reserve is the unused
capacity which can be activated on decision of the system operator and which is provided by
devices which are synchronized to the network and able to affect the active power.
3.3 Consequences of the spinning reserve definition
Some important comments should be made on this definition:
The beginning of the reserve deployment or the reserve deployment duration does not
appear in the definition, as they are not relevant for a general definition of the spinning
reserve. In fact, each country has its own definition (e.g. secondary control reserve has to
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8. What is spinning reserve?
be fully available in 8 minutes in France and in 5 minutes in the USA [4]), depending on
parameters such as the size of the synchronous network or the market structure;
The primary control reserve, which is not controlled by the TSO, has to be excluded from
the spinning reserve. Moreover, the self-regulating effect of the loads, which has an effect
similar to the primary reserve, is also excluded from the spinning reserve. In fact, these
two items are more important for network stability than for balancing consumption and
production;
Secondary control reserve should be considered as spinning reserve. In fact, the power
deployed by the TSO through this reserve equilibrates the consumption and the production
and has to be kept as long as required;
Spinning reserve includes also synchronized tertiary control reserve, as this reserve is
deployed on the instruction of the TSO;
If a generator decides not to provide reserve, its spare synchronized capacity is not
spinning reserve, as it cannot be activated by the system operator. However, in many
systems, generators have to bid all their spare synchronized capacity in the balancing
mechanism. Therefore, in this case, the system operator has the possibility to call all the
synchronized capacity;
A consumer can provide spinning reserve, if it agrees to be disconnected or to reduce its
load upon request by the TSO. Pump loads are prime candidates for the provision of
spinning reserve from the demand side.
3.4 Reserves and generator capacity
Based on the previous discussion, the spinning reserve for a generating unit is
represented in Figure 3.1.
Maximum
Unused capacity
Primary control uses this capacity Primary control reserve
Secondary control uses this capacity Secondary control reserve
Tertiary control uses this capacity Synchronized tertiary
control reserve
Scheduled power
Spinning reserve
Energy
Minimum
0 MW
Figure 3.1: Representation of the spinning reserve of a generating unit that participates in all three levels of
frequency control
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9. What is spinning reserve?
3.5 Amount of spinning reserve in different countries
According to the definition given in Section 3.2 and [4], Table 3.1 lists how (positive)
spinning reserve requirements are calculated in different systems.
Table 3.1: Calculation of spinning reserve requirements in different systems
Country Calculation of the amount of spinning reserve
No specific recommendation. The recommended maximum is
UCTE
10 Lmax zone + 150 2 − 150
Belgium UCTE rules. Currently at least 460 MW by generators.
France UCTE rules. Currently at least 500 MW.
The
UCTE rules. Currently at least 300 MW.
Netherlands
Spain Between 3 Lmax and 6 Lmax
California 50% × max(5% × Phydro + 7% × Pother generation ; Plargest contingency ) + Pnon − firm import
PJM 1.1% of the peak + probabilistic calculation on typical days and hours
Where:
Lmax: the maximum load of the system during a given period;
Lmax zone: the maximum load of the UCTE control area during a given period;
Phydro: scheduled generation from hydroelectric resources;
Pother generation: scheduled generation from resources other than hydroelectric;
Plargest contingency: value of the power imbalance due to the most severe contingency;
Pnon-firm import: total of all the interruptible imports.
Lastly, negative spinning reserve was not taken in account in Table 3.1. However, it is
essential for the stability of the network to be able to reduce the active power production in
case of a high frequency. However, since most of the time reducing power production is
easier than increasing it, this problem is not considered further.
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10. What is spinning reserve?
4 Summary
This document proposes a definition of spinning reserve. The spinning reserve is the
unused capacity which can be activated on decision of the system operator and which is
provided by devices that are synchronized to the network and able to affect the active power.
Therefore, spinning reserve corresponds to the UCTE secondary (automatic and central) and
synchronized tertiary control reserves (manual and central).
This definition can be applied in most power systems. Therefore, it may be used to
compare the spinning reserve requirements in different jurisdictions.
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11. What is spinning reserve?
Contact details
If you have any suggestions, comments or questions regarding this document, please contact:
Yann REBOURS
The University of Manchester
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
PO Box 88
Manchester M60 1QD
United Kingdom
Tél. : +44 79 81 08 55 87
yann.rebours@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk
References
[1] British Electricity International, “Modern power station practice: incorporating
modern power system practice”, Pergamon, 1991.
[2] Eric Hirst and Brendan Kirby, Unbundling Generation and Transmission Services for
Competitive Electricity Markets: Ancillary Services, NRRI-98-05, National
Regulatory Research Institute, Columbus, OH, Jan. 1998;
[3] NERC, "Operating manual", 15th of June 2004.
[4] Y. Rebours and D. Kirschen, "A Survey of Definitions and Specifications of Reserve
Services", Release 1, the University of Manchester, the 19th of September 2005.
[5] UCTE, "UCTE Operation Handbook", v 2.5E, the 20th of July 2004.
[6] UCTE,
http://www.ucte.org/statistics/terms_power_balance/e_default_explanation.asp.
[7] Allen J Wood and Bruce F Wollenberg, “Power Generation, Operation and Control,”
2nd edition, Wiley Interscience, 1996.
[8] J. Zhu, G. Jordan, and S. Ihara, "The market for spinning reserve and its impacts on
energy prices", proceedings of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting,
2000.
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