This pot is all about israel palestine war and this was started

1. Israel-Palestine Conflict

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4. Significance of Jerusalem
• Abraham, is the common Hebrew patriarch
of the Abrahamic religions, including
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
• In Judaism, he is the founding father of the
special relationship between the Jews and
God.
Knowing Abraham

5. • In Islam, he is a link in the chain of Islamic prophets that
begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad.

6. • He is said to have been called by God to leave the house of his father
Terah and settle in the land of Canaan, which God now promises to
Abraham and his progeny.
• This promise land of Canaan is subsequently
inherited by Isaac.
• Ishmael is also promised that he will be the
founder of a great nation.
• Abraham had two sons – Isaac & Ibrahim

7. • At some point in Isaac's youth, Abraham was
commanded by God to offer his son up as a
sacrifice in the land of Moriah.
• The patriarch traveled three days until he came
to the mount that God told him of.
Binding of Issac

8. • Just as Abraham was about to sacrifice his
son, he was interrupted by the angel of the
Lord.
• For his obedience he received another
promise of numerous descendants and
abundant prosperity.

9. • The first section of the Torah (Hebrew Bible) mentions Mount
Moriah to be in Jerusalem.
• Hence, Jerusalem has long been embedded into Jewish religious
consciousness.

10. • Jacob, later called Israel, was the second-born
son of Isaac and the grandson of Abraham.
• The Twelve Tribes of Israel were the descendants of Jacob from
his 12 Sons who collectively form the Israelite nation.
12 Tribes of Israel
• The 12 Sons were: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali,
Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Joseph, and Benjamin.

12. • The Land of Israel was divided into twelve sections corresponding to the
twelve tribes of Israel.
• Due to favouritism of his father, Joseph
received double the inheritance of his
brothers.
• His tribe was later split into two tribes,
named after his sons, Ephraim and
Manasseh.

13. • King David is said to belong to the “Tribe of
Judah” who unified the 12 Tribes.
• He conquered Jerusalem, made it the capital of
a united Israel, and brings the Ark of the
Covenant to the city.
King David: The Unifier

14. • David desires to build a temple to
Yahweh (Israeli God) but is denied
because of the bloodshed in his reign.
• He dies at age 70 and chooses
Solomon, his as his successor.

15. • King Solomon happened to be the last king of the “United Israel”
• He is credited with building the “First Temple”

16. • In Islam, Jerusalem is the third-holiest
city after Mecca and Medina.
• Muslims believe that Muhammad was
transported to Jerusalem during his
Night Journey
Importance in Islam

17. • The Qur'an describes how the prophet was taken by the miraculous steed
Buraq from the Great Mosque of Mecca to Al-Aqsa.
• At Al-Aqsa he prayed and the Buraq again
takes him to heaven the same night.

18. • The spiritual importance of Jerusalem in Islam is further emphasized
due to its status as the first Qibla (direction of prayer).
• Islamic tradition holds that Muhammad led prayers towards Jerusalem
until the 16th or 17th month after his migration from Mecca to Medina

19. • Another part of Jerusalem's significance and holiness to Muslims derives
from its strong association with Abraham, David, Solomon, and Jesus.
• They are all regarded as Prophets of Islam and their
stories are mentioned in the Qur'an.

20. • According to the Abrahamic tradition, Arabs are descendants of
Abraham through his son Ishmael.
• Islamic sources state that Abraham
brought Ishmael to Mecca.
Who are Arabs

21. • The 14th century Arab historian Ibn Kathir mention that the pre-Islamic
Arabs considered Ishmael as their patriarch.
• Arabs have been in the Fertile Crescent
for thousands of years.
• Arabs established influential tribes
starting from 3000 BCE onwards, such as
Dilmun, Gerrha and, Magan

22. • In the late 6th century, a new monotheistic religion called Islam was
founded by its prophet Muhammad
• Muhammad united the tribes of Arabia
into a religious polity, a caliphate.
Advent into Palestine
• Its domain was extended into a vast
empire through holy war (jihad).
• They conquered Palestine in 636 to 640
and Arabs began to settle there.

23. • The region of Palestine, also known as the Land of Israel and the Holy
Land, defined as the territory between the Mediterranean Sea and the
Jordan River
• It has been controlled by many
kingdoms and powers, including Roman,
Ottoman, British etc.
History of Palestine

24. • During the Iron Age, two related Israelite kingdoms, Israel and
Judah, controlled much of Palestine, while the Philistines occupied its
southern coast.

25. • The Assyrians conquered the region in the 8th century BCE, then the
Babylonians in c. 601 BCE, followed by the Persians who conquered the
Babylonian Empire in 539 BCE.

26. • It was the time when the “Second temple of Israel” was built under the
auspices of the Persian King Cyrus the Great
• It replaced Solomon's Temple, which is presumed to have been built at the
same location before its destruction by the Babylonians.

27. • Roman Empire conquered the area in 63
BCE
• It is discredited with the destruction of
Second temple of Israel.

28. • In modern times, the area was ruled by the Ottoman Empire, then the United
Kingdom and since 1948 it has been divided into Israel, the West Bank, and
the Gaza Strip.

29. • When Babylonians conquered Jerusalem, they followed the standard
Mesopotamian practice of deporting the able citizens of conquered area
to its capital.
• Hence, they deported the most prominent citizens of Judah:
professionals, priests, craftsmen, and the wealthy.
The Jewish Exile
• So, Jewish history, then, has two poles during the exile: the Jew
in Babylon and the Jews who remain in Judah.

30. • Judah seems to have been wracked by famine, according the biblical
book, Lamentations, which was written in Jerusalem during the exile.
• We know almost nothing of the Jews in Judah after 586 CE.

31. • The deported Jews in Babylon formed their own community and retained their
religion, practices, and philosophies.
• This was the foundation of Jewish Diaspora which was to face antisemitism in
the entire world

32. Antisemitism
Ethnic
Anti Judaism in
Greek & Roman
Empire
Religious
Christian
Muslim
Racial
From
Enlightenment
to Nazism

33. • The reason for the hatred of Jews in the
was their separateness in the Greek
cities, the poleis.
• Greeks showed animosity towards any
group which they considered barbaric.
Ethnic Antisemitism

34. • Relations between the Jews in Judea and the occupying Roman Empire were
antagonistic from the very start and they resulted in several rebellions.
• Rome brutally suppressed revolts in all of its conquered territories.
• They refused to permit the Jews to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem,
imposed taxes upon them, and even expelled them out of the city of Rome.

35. • In Christianity, jews are accused of
crucifixion of Jesus.
• In Islam, the jews of Medina were
accused of conspiring against Prophet
Mohammad.
Religious Antisemitism

36. • Prejudice against Jews based on a belief that Jews constitute a distinct race
that has inherent traits that appear inherently inferior
• Racial antisemitism may present Jews, as a group, as a
threat in some way to the values or safety of a society.
Racial Antisemitism
• For example, a belief that Jews constitute a distinct racial or
ethnic group which negatively impacts gentiles.

37. • Racial antisemitism can seem deeper-rooted than religious antisemitism
• For religious antisemites conversion of
Jews remains an option and once
converted the "Jew" is gone.
• In the context of racial antisemitism Jews
cannot get rid of their Jewishness.
• The Jew Holocaust in Nazi Germany was a
result of this form of Antisemitism.

38. • Simply put, Zionism is a movement to
recreate a Jewish presence in Israel.
• The name comes from the word “Zion,”
which is a Hebrew term that refers to
Jerusalem.
Zionism

39. • While the fundamental philosophies of the Zionist movement have
existed for hundreds of years.
• Modern Zionism formally took root in the late 19th century when
Jews faced growing anti-Semitism in the world.

40. • Modern Zionism was officially
established as a political organization by
Theodor Herzl in 1897.
• Herzl believed that the Jewish
population couldn’t survive if it didn’t
have a nation of its own.

41. • During the First World War the Ottomans sided with the German
Empire and the Central Powers.
• As a result, they were driven from much of the region by the British
Empire during the dissolution phase of the Ottoman Empire.
Period of World War

42. • Under the secret Sykes–Picot Agreement of 1916, it was envisioned that
most of Palestine, when freed from Ottoman control, would become an
international zone not under direct French or British colonial control.

43. • In 1917, British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour
wrote a letter to Baron Rothschild
• Baron was a wealthy and prominent leader
in the British Jewish community.
The Balfour Declaration

44. • In the brief correspondence, Balfour expressed the British government’s
support for the establishment of a Jewish home in Palestine.
WHY?

45. • But it appeared to contradict the 1915–16 Hussein-McMahon
Correspondence.
• It contained an undertaking to form a united Arab state in exchange for
the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire in World War I.

46. • Following the First World War the principal Allied and associated powers
drafted a mandate, which was formally approved by the League of Nations in
1922.
• Great Britain administered Palestine on
behalf of the League of Nations
between 1920 and 1948, a period
referred to as the "British Mandate".
British Mandate

47. • The Mandate required Britain to put into effect the Balfour Declaration's
"national home for the Jewish people" alongside the Palestinian Arabs
• To get it into effect, the British facilitated the
huge migration of Jews into Palestine.

48. • The growth of anti-Semitism in Europe
further pushed the Jews Migration in
Palestine.
• It reached its peak during the Nazi power
in Germany which inflicted holocaust
upon them.

49. • Some of these immigrants were absorbed in Jewish communities
established on lands purchased legally by Zionist agencies from absentee
landlords.
• Palestinian Arabs felt dispossessed because the new immigrants
refused to lease or sell land to Palestinians, or hire them.

50. • Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine ultimately produced
the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine.
Demands
Arab independence
End of the policy of
open-ended Jewish
immigration
End of land purchases
with the stated goal of
establishing a "Jewish
National Home".

51. • After the revolt, the British established the Peel Commission to
inquire into the causes of revolt.
Recommendation
Arab state linked to
Transjordan
A small Jewish
state
A mandatory
zone
Mandate 
Unworkable; Hence
Partition

52. • Heeding to the recommendations of Peel commission the United
Nations, recommended a partition of Mandatory Palestine at the end of
the British Mandate.

53. • It broke out after the UNGA adopted the resolution recommending the
adoption of the Partition Plan for Palestine.
• The British, who had the obligation to maintain order organized their
withdrawal and intervened only on an occasional basis.
1947-48 Civil War

54. • British Mandate of Palestine expired on 14 May 1948, and the
Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel was adopted.
• The surrounding Arab states—Egypt, Transjordan, Iraq and Syria—
invaded Israel and attacked Israeli forces and several Jewish
settlements.
• The conflict thus escalated and became the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

55. • On 15–16 May, the four armies of Jordan, Syria, Egypt and Iraq
invaded/intervened in newly formed Israel.
• The war resulted in an Israeli victory,
with Israel annexing territory beyond
the partition borders
First Arab Israeli War

56. • Between 700,000 and 750,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were
expelled from the area that became Israel.
• The Palestinian refugees were not allowed to return to Israel and
most of the neighboring Arab states denied them citizenship

57. • On 26 July 1956, Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal Company, which
prior to that was owned primarily by British and French shareholders.
• On 29 October, Israel invaded the Gaza
Strip and the Egyptian Sinai.
Suez Crisis

58. • On November 5 and 6, British and French forces landed at
Port Said and Port Fuad and began occupying the canal zone.
• This move was soon met by growing opposition at home and by
U.S.-sponsored resolutions in the UN
• On December 22 the UN evacuated British and French
troops, and Israeli forces withdrew in March 1957.

59. • Nasser emerged from the Suez Crisis a
victor and a hero for the cause of Arab
and Egyptian nationalism.
• Israel did not win freedom to use the
canal, but it did regain shipping rights in
the Straits of Tīrān.

60. • Prior to the start of the war, attacks conducted against Israel by fledgling
Palestinian guerrilla groups based in Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan had
increased
• Emboldened with his heroic image, Nasser sought to
demonstrate support for Syria.
Six Day War

61. • On May 14, 1967, Nasser mobilized
Egyptian forces in the Sinai
• On May 22 he closed the Gulf of Aqaba
to Israeli shipping

62. • On May 30, King Hussein of Jordan arrived in Cairo to sign a mutual defense
pact with Egypt.
• Shortly thereafter, Iraq too joined the
alliance.
• This placed Jordanian forces under
Egyptian command

63. • In response to the apparent mobilization of its Arab neighbours, early on
the morning of June 5, Israel staged a sudden preemptive air assault
• This destroyed more than 90 percent Egypt’s air force on the tarmac.
• A similar air assault incapacitated the Syrian air force.

64. • Within three days the Israelis had achieved victory on the ground.
• On June 7 Israeli forces drove Jordanian
forces out of East Jerusalem and most of
the West Bank.
• It captured the Gaza Strip and all of the
Sinai Peninsula up to the east bank of
the Suez Canal.

65. • The UN Security Council called for a cease-fire on June 7 that
was immediately accepted by Israel and Jordan.
• Egypt accepted the following day.

66. • Syria held out, however, and continued
to shell villages in northern Israel.
• On June 9 Israel launched an assault on
the fortified Golan Heights, capturing it
from Syrian force.

67. • In November, the UN passed Resolution 242, which called for Israel’s
withdrawal from the territories.
• That resolution became the basis for the Camp David Accords with Egypt
and the push for a two-state solution with the Palestinians.

68. • It was formed in 1964 to centralize the leadership of various Palestinian
groups that previously had operated as clandestine resistance movements.
• It came into prominence only after the
Six-Day War of June 1967.
Rise of PLO

69. • The defeat of the Arab countries in the Six-Day War prompted Palestinian
political and militant groups to give up any remaining hope in pan-Arabism.
• The defeat discredited the Arab states, and
Palestinians sought greater autonomy in their
struggle with Israel.

70. • In 1969 Yasser Arafat, leader of Fatah,
was named the PLO’s chairman.
• From the late 1960s the PLO organized
and launched guerrilla attacks against
Israel from its bases in Jordan.
Rise of Yasheer Arafat

71. • This prompted significant Israeli reprisals and led to
instability within Jordan.
• This, in turn, brought the PLO into growing conflict with the
government of King Hussein of Jordan in 1970

72. • In 1971 the PLO was forcibly expelled from the country by the
Jordanian army.
• Thereafter the PLO shifted its bases to Lebanon and continued its
attacks on Israel.

73. • In 1974 the Arab heads of state recognized the PLO as the
sole legitimate representative of all Palestinians
• The PLO was admitted to full
membership in the Arab League in 1976.

74. • Yet the PLO was excluded from the negotiations between Egypt and Israel
that resulted in 1979 in the Camp David peace treaty that returned the
Israeli-occupied Sinai Peninsula to Egypt

75. • Israel’s desire to destroy the PLO and its bases in Lebanon led Israel
to invade that country in June 1982.
• Israeli troops soon surrounded the Lebanese capital
of Beirut, which for several years had been the PLO’s
headquarters.

76. • Following negotiations, PLO forces evacuated Beirut and were
transported to sympathetic Arab countries.
• Increasing dissatisfaction with Arafat’s leadership arose in the PLO
after he withdrew from Beirut

77. • After 1987 the PLO leadership developed a more flexible
and conciliatory policy toward peace with Israel.
Intifada and Oslo peace process
Factors
Loss of bases for
PLO
Success of a popular
uprising, the intifada
in occupied area

78. • On November 15, 1988, the PLO proclaimed the “State of
Palestine,” a kind of government-in-exile.
• The PLO during this period also recognized UN Resolutions 242 and 338,
thereby tacitly acknowledging Israel’s right to exist.

79. • In April 1993 the PLO under Arafat’s leadership entered secret negotiations
with Israel on a possible peace settlement between the two sides.
• The first document in a set of Israel-PLO agreements—generally
termed the Oslo Accords—was signed on September 13, 1993

80. • The agreements set out conditions under which the West Bank and Gaza
would be gradually handed over to the newly formed Palestinian
Authority (PA)
• . This transfer was originally to have taken place over a five-year interim
period in which Israel and the Palestinians were to have negotiated a
permanent settlement.

81. • After the death of Arafat in November 2004, Mahmoud Abbas, a senior
member of Fatah and the first prime minister of the PA, was elected to
chair the PLO.
• Months later he was elected president of the PA as well.
Second Intifada & Rise of Hamas

82. • Meanwhile, the second intifada—dubbed “al-Aqṣā intifada” began.
• It was a protest against visit of Ariel Sharon, an Israeli leader to the
compound of al-Aqṣā Mosque with armed forces.

83. • The second Intifada had taken on a distinctly religious character.
• Militant Islamic groups such as Hamas, which had come to the fore
during the first intifada, attracted an ever-larger following.

84. • The group contested the 2006 election for the PA’s legislative body
and won the majority of its seats, challenging the PLO’s dominance
within Palestinian society.
• Tensions between the PLO and Hamas came to a head in 2007, and an
armed confrontation in the Gaza Strip left Hamas in control of the region.

85. • Hamas began to oppose the Oslo Peace Accords signed in the early
1990s between Israel and the PLO
• To break down the deal, Hamas launched suicide bombings. It carried
out numerous bus bombings, killing many Israelis

86. • The bombings are believed to be responsible for Israel’s withdrawal
from the peace process and the rise of Benjamin Netanyahu, who was
a staunch opponent of the Oslo Accords.

87. • Over the years, Israel and Hamas have been in a perpetual state
of conflict.
• The Jewish state holds the group responsible for
all attacks coming from the Gaza Strip.
Worst flare-ups between Hamas and Israel?

88. • The deadliest face-off between the two sides took place in 2014.
• At least 2,251 Palestinians, including 1,462 civilians, were killed
during 50 days of fighting.

89. • In May 2021, hundreds of Palestinians were wounded in clashes with
Israeli security forces at the Al Aqsa compound in Jerusalem.
• The latest attacks by Hamas on Israel is the worst in the
history of the conflict.

90. • There is an increasing tendency of Arab states to make peace
agreements with Israel, as evidenced by the 2020 Abraham Accords,
involving the United Arab UAE, Bahrain, Sudan and Morocco..
Why The Attack Now?

91. • There has recently been strong speculation that Saudi Arabia is about
to make its own agreement with Israel..
• This is of great concern to all Palestinians, not just those in
the West Bank, as it further reduces pressure on Israel to
reach a settlement with them.

92. QUESTION