This paper presents a comparative analysis of different forms of electrochemical energy storage technologies for use in the smart grid. This paper addresses various energy storage techniques that are used in the renewable energy sources connected to the smart grid. Energy storage technologies will most likely improve the penetrations of renewable energy on the electricity network. Consequently, energy storage systems could be the key to finally replacing the need for fossil fuel with renewable energy. It is hard to evaluate the different types of energy storage techniques between themselves due to the fact that each technology could be used in a different way and are more like compliments. Subsequently, for the purposes of this paper, it is seen that the use of energy storage technologies will increase the supply, and balances out the demand for energy.
Design and Modeling of Grid Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy Power GenerationIJERA Editor
This paper proposes a design and modeling of grid connected hybrid renewable energy power generation. The
energy system having a photo voltaic (PV) panel, Srg wind turbine and fuel cell (sofc) for continuous power
flow management. Fuel cells (storage & generating) are added to ensure uninterrupted power supply due to the
discontinuous nature of solar and wind resources. Renewable energy generated during times of plenty can be
stored for use during periods when sufficient electricity is not available. But storing this energy is a difficult
task: batteries and similar technologies perform well over short timescales, but over periods of weeks or months
a different approach is necessary. Energy storage in the form of hydrogen is one such possibility: excess
electricity is fed into an electrolyser to split water into its constituent parts, oxygen and hydrogen. The hydrogen
is then used in fuel cells to produce electricity when needed which will overcome the problem of storage. This
work is mainly concentrated on the design, analysis and modelling of Fuel cells and Analysis and modelling of
Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) in the application of Wind Energy Generation and pv cell. Also an
effective approach is proposed in this thesis to ensure renewable energy diversity and effective utilization. The
pv cell, wind and fuel cell renewable energy system is digitally simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK
software environment and fully validated for efficient energy utilizations and enhanced interface power quality
under different operating conditions and load excursions
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design and Modeling of Grid Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy Power GenerationIJERA Editor
This paper proposes a design and modeling of grid connected hybrid renewable energy power generation. The
energy system having a photo voltaic (PV) panel, Srg wind turbine and fuel cell (sofc) for continuous power
flow management. Fuel cells (storage & generating) are added to ensure uninterrupted power supply due to the
discontinuous nature of solar and wind resources. Renewable energy generated during times of plenty can be
stored for use during periods when sufficient electricity is not available. But storing this energy is a difficult
task: batteries and similar technologies perform well over short timescales, but over periods of weeks or months
a different approach is necessary. Energy storage in the form of hydrogen is one such possibility: excess
electricity is fed into an electrolyser to split water into its constituent parts, oxygen and hydrogen. The hydrogen
is then used in fuel cells to produce electricity when needed which will overcome the problem of storage. This
work is mainly concentrated on the design, analysis and modelling of Fuel cells and Analysis and modelling of
Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) in the application of Wind Energy Generation and pv cell. Also an
effective approach is proposed in this thesis to ensure renewable energy diversity and effective utilization. The
pv cell, wind and fuel cell renewable energy system is digitally simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK
software environment and fully validated for efficient energy utilizations and enhanced interface power quality
under different operating conditions and load excursions
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Integration Planning and Operation Scheduling of Distribution Generation for ...IJERA Editor
Use of distributed renewable energy sources for domestic energy consumption will increase in near future due to
its advantages as being clean and infinite energy generation possibility. This trend allows more efficient energy
consumption because of reducing distribution losses and dependence of domestic appliances to grid distribution.
Electrical energy is an essential ingredient for the development of a nation. In this paper, it is proposed grid
connected solar PV without and with battery at domestic level to minimize the load on live grid during peak
time, excess power export to the grid when the PV generation is more compared to connected load and increase
the participation of renewable energy sources in our daily energy consumption. The decision support program
enables the consumer to implement the most efficient electricity management strategy while achieving the goal
of minimizing the electricity bill and to supply the quality power. The cost of investment and payback periods
are computed for PV system using cost benefit analysis
SPACE VECTOR MODULATION BASED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVEpreeti naga
This paper describes an analysis of local PV-wind hybrid systems for supplying electricity to a private house, farmhouse or a small company with electrical power depending on the need at the site. The major system components, work principle and specific working condition are presented in this paper
This report discusses new advances in technologies like regenerative breaking, mass production that reduces cost, battery management system, and higher battery life and battery efficiency are the few of the techies that made electric cars a within the reach of the common man.
A Review on Fuzzy-GA Based Controller for Power Flow Control in Grid Connecte...Yayah Zakaria
Now-a-days Renewable Energy Sources became an alternative to meet the increasing load demand because they are environmental friendly and also available abundant in nature. Among the Renewable Energy Sources, the Photo Voltaic (PV) System is gaining more attention due abundant availability of solar energy. The Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique
is used to extract maximum power from the Photo Voltaic (PV) Array. When there is a need to transfer bulk amount of power from PV Array to Power Grid, the power quality issues, especially the real and reactive power flow problems, are a major concern. In this paper a novel control technique was
proposed to control the power flow and to deal with power quality issues that arise when PV Array is integrated with power grid. It consists of a Fuzzy-GA based Cascaded Controller fed Flexible AC Transmission System device, namely Unified Power Flow Controller, for effective control of real and reactive power flow in grid connected photovoltaic system. The output of the
Fuzzy Logic Controller is a control vector which is fine tuned by using Genetic Algorithm approach.
Overview of Energy storage Technologies, Why we need to use Energy storage system, Case studies , The future of Energy storage systems and Development of Energy Storage systems, Brief discription of each system mentioning its advantages and disadvantages.
Abstract: Renewable energy source (RES) is applicable in most cases. Among different RES like wind, solar, biomass, hydro, etc. Wind energy is the most available and utilizable one. Wind energy is used for electric power generation. With respect to wind energy stabilization is one issue.
Integrating wind energy with power system requires the application of power electronics devices and controllers. These devices help to improve the quality of power generated. Wind energy is one of the most available and utilizable forms of renewable energy. There has been an extensive growth in the utilization of wind energy in recent years. Among the different renewable energy sources, wind energy has emerged as the most possible source of electrical power. The grouping of wind energy into existing power system presents a practical challenges and that requires indication of voltage stability, regulation, power quality problems, etc. So renewable energy resources (RES) are being connected to the distribution systems, mostly done by use of power electronic converters.
One of the primary needs for socio-economic development in any nation in the world is the provision of reliable electricity supply systems with lower carbon footprint levels. The purpose of this work is the development of a hybrid Power system that harnesses the renewable energy in sun and electricity to generate electricity. The working model can able to run on dual mode- solar and electricity. It can also be driven independently either by solar or electricity. The battery can be charge from solar panel (40W) or by power supply. The household single phase A.C. power supply of 230V is converted into 12V D.C. using step down transformer and rectifying circuit. The working model can achieve energy saving, low carbon emission, environmental protection for the upcoming future of human life.
This paper analyzes influences of renewable fraction on grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) for office building energy systems. The fraction of renewable energy has important contributions on sizing the grid-connected PV systems and selling and buying electricity, and hence reducing net present cost (NPC) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. An optimum result with the lowest total NPC for serving an office building is achieved by employing the renewable fraction of 58%, in which 58% of electricity is supplied from the PV and the remaining 42% of electricity is purchased from the grid. The results have shown that the optimum grid-connected PV system with an appropriate renewable fraction value could greatly reduce the total NPC and CO2 emission.
METHODOLOGY :
In our present study planning to develop a hybrid power generation model consists of Rain water power(hydro), Solar PV and Wind energy, the process of working and installation as below:
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer.
In this technique, we channel the water falling on roof tops of buildings and homes, and open spaces to a storage tank through a filter. Excess water is directed to a well or pit through which water seeps in earth to increase water table.
The generated power is converted and collected using power electronics and power systems devices respectively.
OBJECTIVES :
To install Solar PV technology in order to trap solar radiation for converting into electrical energy.
To install the wind turbine for converting wind energy into electrical energy to pump the water for hydro-plant.
Integrate the complete system composed of hydro, solar, wind energy
Assess the performance of the system.
Advancements in energy storage technologies for smart grid developmentIJECEIAES
In the modern world, the consumption of oil, coal natural gas, and nuclear energy has been causing by a serious environmental problem and an ongoing energy crisis. The generation and consumption of renewable energy sources (RESs) such as solar and wind tidal, can resolve the problem but the nature of the RESs is fluctuating and intermitted. This evolution brings a lot of challenges in the management of electrical grids. The paper reviewed the advancements in energy storage technologies for the development of a smart grid (SG). More attention was paid to the classification of energy storage technologies based on the form of energy storage and based on the form of discharge duration. The evaluation criteria for the energy storage technologies have been carried out based on technological dimensions such as storage capacity, efficiency, response time, energy density, and power density, the economic dimension such as input cost and economic benefit; and the environmental dimension such as emission and stress on ecosystem, social demission such as job creation and social acceptance were also presented in this paper.
Electrochemical batteries for smart grid applications IJECEIAES
This paper presents a comprehensive review of current trends in battery energy storage systems, focusing on electrochemical storage technologies for smart grid applications. Some of the batteries that are in focus for improvement include Lithium-ion, metal-air, Sodium-based batteries and flow batteries. A descriptive review of these batteries and their sub-types are explained along with their suitable applications. An overview of different types and classification of storage systems has been presented in this paper. It also presents an extensive review on different electrochemical batteries, such as lead-acid battery, lithium-based, nickel-based batteries and sodium-based and flow batteries for the purpose of using in electric vehicles in future trends. This paper is going to explore each of the available storage techniques out there based on various characteristics including cost, impact, maintenance, advantages, disadvantages, and protection and potentially make a recommendation regarding an optimal storage technique.
Renewable energy allocation based on maximum flow modelling within a microgridIJECEIAES
This paper designs a microgrid-wide energy allocation mechanism on top of a network flow model from distributed generators to consumer entities. Basically, the flow graph consists of a set of nodes representing consumers or generators as well as a set of weighted links representing the amount of energy generation, consumer-side demand, and transmission cable capacity. The main idea lies in that a special node is added to account for the interaction with the main grid and that two-pass allocation is executed. In the first pass, the maximum flow solver decides the amount of the insufficiency, which must be supplemented by the main power network, usually with predefined cost. The second pass runs the flow solver again to fill the energy lack and calculates the surplus of renewable energy generation. The experiment result observes the stability in energy distribution over the microgrid while the amount of the total energy production can be accommodated by the maximum link capacity.
Integration Planning and Operation Scheduling of Distribution Generation for ...IJERA Editor
Use of distributed renewable energy sources for domestic energy consumption will increase in near future due to
its advantages as being clean and infinite energy generation possibility. This trend allows more efficient energy
consumption because of reducing distribution losses and dependence of domestic appliances to grid distribution.
Electrical energy is an essential ingredient for the development of a nation. In this paper, it is proposed grid
connected solar PV without and with battery at domestic level to minimize the load on live grid during peak
time, excess power export to the grid when the PV generation is more compared to connected load and increase
the participation of renewable energy sources in our daily energy consumption. The decision support program
enables the consumer to implement the most efficient electricity management strategy while achieving the goal
of minimizing the electricity bill and to supply the quality power. The cost of investment and payback periods
are computed for PV system using cost benefit analysis
SPACE VECTOR MODULATION BASED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVEpreeti naga
This paper describes an analysis of local PV-wind hybrid systems for supplying electricity to a private house, farmhouse or a small company with electrical power depending on the need at the site. The major system components, work principle and specific working condition are presented in this paper
This report discusses new advances in technologies like regenerative breaking, mass production that reduces cost, battery management system, and higher battery life and battery efficiency are the few of the techies that made electric cars a within the reach of the common man.
A Review on Fuzzy-GA Based Controller for Power Flow Control in Grid Connecte...Yayah Zakaria
Now-a-days Renewable Energy Sources became an alternative to meet the increasing load demand because they are environmental friendly and also available abundant in nature. Among the Renewable Energy Sources, the Photo Voltaic (PV) System is gaining more attention due abundant availability of solar energy. The Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique
is used to extract maximum power from the Photo Voltaic (PV) Array. When there is a need to transfer bulk amount of power from PV Array to Power Grid, the power quality issues, especially the real and reactive power flow problems, are a major concern. In this paper a novel control technique was
proposed to control the power flow and to deal with power quality issues that arise when PV Array is integrated with power grid. It consists of a Fuzzy-GA based Cascaded Controller fed Flexible AC Transmission System device, namely Unified Power Flow Controller, for effective control of real and reactive power flow in grid connected photovoltaic system. The output of the
Fuzzy Logic Controller is a control vector which is fine tuned by using Genetic Algorithm approach.
Overview of Energy storage Technologies, Why we need to use Energy storage system, Case studies , The future of Energy storage systems and Development of Energy Storage systems, Brief discription of each system mentioning its advantages and disadvantages.
Abstract: Renewable energy source (RES) is applicable in most cases. Among different RES like wind, solar, biomass, hydro, etc. Wind energy is the most available and utilizable one. Wind energy is used for electric power generation. With respect to wind energy stabilization is one issue.
Integrating wind energy with power system requires the application of power electronics devices and controllers. These devices help to improve the quality of power generated. Wind energy is one of the most available and utilizable forms of renewable energy. There has been an extensive growth in the utilization of wind energy in recent years. Among the different renewable energy sources, wind energy has emerged as the most possible source of electrical power. The grouping of wind energy into existing power system presents a practical challenges and that requires indication of voltage stability, regulation, power quality problems, etc. So renewable energy resources (RES) are being connected to the distribution systems, mostly done by use of power electronic converters.
One of the primary needs for socio-economic development in any nation in the world is the provision of reliable electricity supply systems with lower carbon footprint levels. The purpose of this work is the development of a hybrid Power system that harnesses the renewable energy in sun and electricity to generate electricity. The working model can able to run on dual mode- solar and electricity. It can also be driven independently either by solar or electricity. The battery can be charge from solar panel (40W) or by power supply. The household single phase A.C. power supply of 230V is converted into 12V D.C. using step down transformer and rectifying circuit. The working model can achieve energy saving, low carbon emission, environmental protection for the upcoming future of human life.
This paper analyzes influences of renewable fraction on grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) for office building energy systems. The fraction of renewable energy has important contributions on sizing the grid-connected PV systems and selling and buying electricity, and hence reducing net present cost (NPC) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. An optimum result with the lowest total NPC for serving an office building is achieved by employing the renewable fraction of 58%, in which 58% of electricity is supplied from the PV and the remaining 42% of electricity is purchased from the grid. The results have shown that the optimum grid-connected PV system with an appropriate renewable fraction value could greatly reduce the total NPC and CO2 emission.
METHODOLOGY :
In our present study planning to develop a hybrid power generation model consists of Rain water power(hydro), Solar PV and Wind energy, the process of working and installation as below:
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer.
In this technique, we channel the water falling on roof tops of buildings and homes, and open spaces to a storage tank through a filter. Excess water is directed to a well or pit through which water seeps in earth to increase water table.
The generated power is converted and collected using power electronics and power systems devices respectively.
OBJECTIVES :
To install Solar PV technology in order to trap solar radiation for converting into electrical energy.
To install the wind turbine for converting wind energy into electrical energy to pump the water for hydro-plant.
Integrate the complete system composed of hydro, solar, wind energy
Assess the performance of the system.
Advancements in energy storage technologies for smart grid developmentIJECEIAES
In the modern world, the consumption of oil, coal natural gas, and nuclear energy has been causing by a serious environmental problem and an ongoing energy crisis. The generation and consumption of renewable energy sources (RESs) such as solar and wind tidal, can resolve the problem but the nature of the RESs is fluctuating and intermitted. This evolution brings a lot of challenges in the management of electrical grids. The paper reviewed the advancements in energy storage technologies for the development of a smart grid (SG). More attention was paid to the classification of energy storage technologies based on the form of energy storage and based on the form of discharge duration. The evaluation criteria for the energy storage technologies have been carried out based on technological dimensions such as storage capacity, efficiency, response time, energy density, and power density, the economic dimension such as input cost and economic benefit; and the environmental dimension such as emission and stress on ecosystem, social demission such as job creation and social acceptance were also presented in this paper.
Electrochemical batteries for smart grid applications IJECEIAES
This paper presents a comprehensive review of current trends in battery energy storage systems, focusing on electrochemical storage technologies for smart grid applications. Some of the batteries that are in focus for improvement include Lithium-ion, metal-air, Sodium-based batteries and flow batteries. A descriptive review of these batteries and their sub-types are explained along with their suitable applications. An overview of different types and classification of storage systems has been presented in this paper. It also presents an extensive review on different electrochemical batteries, such as lead-acid battery, lithium-based, nickel-based batteries and sodium-based and flow batteries for the purpose of using in electric vehicles in future trends. This paper is going to explore each of the available storage techniques out there based on various characteristics including cost, impact, maintenance, advantages, disadvantages, and protection and potentially make a recommendation regarding an optimal storage technique.
Renewable energy allocation based on maximum flow modelling within a microgridIJECEIAES
This paper designs a microgrid-wide energy allocation mechanism on top of a network flow model from distributed generators to consumer entities. Basically, the flow graph consists of a set of nodes representing consumers or generators as well as a set of weighted links representing the amount of energy generation, consumer-side demand, and transmission cable capacity. The main idea lies in that a special node is added to account for the interaction with the main grid and that two-pass allocation is executed. In the first pass, the maximum flow solver decides the amount of the insufficiency, which must be supplemented by the main power network, usually with predefined cost. The second pass runs the flow solver again to fill the energy lack and calculates the surplus of renewable energy generation. The experiment result observes the stability in energy distribution over the microgrid while the amount of the total energy production can be accommodated by the maximum link capacity.
An in-depth study of the electrical characterization of supercapacitors for r...VIT-AP University
The Energy Storage System (ESS) is geared toward sophisticated systems with increased operating time for a variety of real-time applications such as an electric vehicle, a WSN (Wireless Sensor Network), a Capa bus, and so
on. Its primary focus is on supplying these kinds of systems with additional capacity in recent development, and
this will continue to be its primary focus. Because of their exceptionally high specific power, rapid charging, and
low ESR (Effective Series Resistance), electric double-layer (EDLC) capacitors or supercapacitors are encouraged
for use because they can be integrated more easily with battery technology that can be used in electric vehicles
and other electronic devices. The supercapacitor calls for a precise and accurate characterization in order to
facilitate the development of improved applications and more effective energy storage devices and technologies.
In this article, we studied various supercapacitor electrode components, electrolytic solutions, analogous circuit
models, electrical energy storage properties, and some real-time supercapacitor applications in the automotive,
manufacturing, construction, and consumer electronics industries. In addition, we have discussed on hybrid
material that was just recently developed with the goal of enhancing the conductivity and effectiveness of supercapacitors. Aside from this, we have discussed about the behaviour of supercapacitors in terms of how their behaviour is dependent on current and voltage with detailed analysis.
Efficient Energy Management System with Solar EnergyIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
As the penetration of renewable generation increased, it
had become obvious that the variability of these sources
and the fact that renewables are not always available when
the power is needed, were becoming a problem. As a
consequence, fossil-based operating reserves are required to
augment renewable generation to ensure reliability. Energy
storage can provide a superior solution to the variability
problem when compared to fossil-based generation, while
also improving the availability of renewables to provide
electricity upon demand. Energy storage is a flexible
resource for grid operators that can deliver a range of
grid services quickly and efficiently. The rapid growth of
policy mandates and incentives for renewable generation
and, more recently, for energy storage, the need for
modernization of the grid infrastructure, and the desire to
decarbonize the economy, are the principal drivers behind
the renewed interest in energy storage.
A Review on Power Flexibility, Generation and Distribution Systemijtsrd
Distributed power generation is the latest field because of the ability to accommodate various types of Renewable alternative energy sources, its hidden potential to improve the energy efficiency and power system capability, and its promise for power reliability and security. Many distributed energy sources exist such solar energy, fuel cell, micro turbine, and wind energy. Distributed power generation concept has been implemented in various places with various degree of complexity. A comprehensive review on the distributed power generation is presented in this paper. Rahul Gokhle | Pramod Kumar Rathore "A Review on Power Flexibility, Generation and Distribution System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46379.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46379/a-review-on-power-flexibility-generation-and-distribution-system/rahul-gokhle
Control Strategy for Distributed Integration of Photovoltaic and Battery Ener...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The micro-grid deployments are growing with independently, power system designers,
manufacturers and researchers for the applications where the loads are more efficient association with
extra output sources such as Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), and Photovoltaic (PV) systems.
Using renewable source as main sources for micro-grid system also can avoid from the pollution to occur.
Energy storage when combined with PV system can provide a stronger economic performance, as well as
an added benefit of backup power for critical loads. This project proposed control strategies for integration
of BESS and PV in a micro-grid. The operation enables the maximum PV and BESS utilization during
different operating condition of the micro-grid, grid connected, islanded mode or a process between these
two operations. The project will focus on analyzing the performance between photovoltaic system and
battery in the simulations of micro-grids system and validate the simulation result using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software. After the simulation was analyzed, the understanding of benefit in using
renewable energy source as main power supply with support from battery energy storage to supply the
power to the loads and power managements is realized in the different modes on micro-grid which is grid
connected or islanded states. When the power generation from PV system was not enough to
accommodate electric loads, the BESS or from secondary side of transformer will supply the insufficient
power.
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, snake optimization algorithm (SOA) is used to find the optimal gains of an enhanced controller for controlling congestion problem in computer networks. M-file and Simulink platform is adopted to evaluate the response of the active queue management (AQM) system, a comparison with two classical controllers is done, all tuned gains of controllers are obtained using SOA method and the fitness function chose to monitor the system performance is the integral time absolute error (ITAE). Transient analysis and robust analysis is used to show the proposed controller performance, two robustness tests are applied to the AQM system, one is done by varying the size of queue value in different period and the other test is done by changing the number of transmission control protocol (TCP) sessions with a value of ± 20% from its original value. The simulation results reflect a stable and robust behavior and best performance is appeared clearly to achieve the desired queue size without any noise or any transmission problems.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water Industry Process Automation and Control Monthly - May 2024.pdf
Comparative analysis of electrochemical energy storage technologies for smart grid
1. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control
Vol. 18, No. 4, August 2020, pp. 2118~2124
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v18i4.14039 2118
Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA
Comparative analysis of electrochemical energy storage
technologies for smart grid
Surender Reddy Salkuti
Department of Railroad and Electrical Engineering, Woosong University, Republic of Korea
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Sep 4, 2019
Revised Mar 28, 2020
Accepted Apr 7, 2020
This paper presents a comparative analysis of different forms of
electrochemical energy storage technologies for use in the smart grid. This
paper addresses various energy storage techniques that are used in
the renewable energy sources connected to the smart grid. Energy storage
technologies will most likely improve the penetrations of renewable energy
on the electricity network. Consequently, energy storage systems could be
the key to finally replacing the need for fossil fuel with renewable energy.
It is hard to evaluate the different types of energy storage techniques between
themselves due to the fact that each technology could be used in a different
way and are more like compliments. Subsequently, for the purposes of this
paper, it is seen that the use of energy storage technologies will increase
the supply, and balances out the demand for energy.
Keywords:
Battery storage
Energy storage
Renewable energy resources
Smart grid
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Surender Reddy Salkuti,
Department of Railroad and Electrical Engineering,
Woosong University,
17-2, Jayang-dong, Dong-gu, Daejeon-34606, Republic of Korea.
Email: surender@wsu.ac.kr
1. INTRODUCTION
The population of the world is growing rapidly and we need to utilize all our resources properly without
wasting them. Energy storage devices make sure that energy is used efficiently and the remaining energy is used
is stored for a later use. The power grids that we have today are local grids that grew and were interconnected
over time. Central generation power stations started delivering power to huge areas by high capacity power lines.
These lines then branch off and supply power to smaller users. Since electricity was supplied, electric companies
have to send out workers to collect data used to provide electricity. Recently, this has been replaced by computers.
Energy storage is the way energy is being conserved in a particular form and then released when needed in the
same form or converted to a different form [1]. The term smart grid (SG) basically means computerizing an
electric grid. The SG is very reliable because it uses technologies that improves the fault detection and allow
self-healing of the network [2]. This makes the supply of electricity more reliable. SGs are more flexible as they
can handle different energy sources and some of the issues that come with them. SG has anticipated the
improvement of efficiency of energy infrastructure mostly in the demand-side management, and it leads to lower
power prices. SG makes the relationship between suppliers and customers more flexible [2]. The major point is
that storage techniques are the basis of the future of SG. Without adequate storage techniques, there will be no
way to reliably meet the energy demands of the future. The current electrochemical energy storage techniques
2. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Comparative analysis of electrochemical energy storage technologies … (Surender Reddy Salkuti)
2119
that will be explored in this paper include Lithium-ion based batteries, sodium-based batteries, flow batteries,
nickel-based batteries, lead acid batteries and metal air batteries.
Renewable energy is energy that can be converted from natural resources. These resources can
be renewed because they are abundant in nature. Some examples of renewable energy resources (RERs) are
wind, solar, hydroelectricity, biomass (waste), and geothermal, etc. These resources can be converted into
electricity to reduce energy shortage. Renewable energy has its advantages and disadvantages. Major advantage
of renewable energy is that it can never be depleted. The different facilities require very little maintenance
reducing the cost of production. It is also environmentally friendlier because they do not emit pollutants or
create waste that destroys the air and our ecosystem. On the other hand, the drawback is the amount of energy
produced is not as huge as that of fossil fuel. It depends greatly on nature to produce power and is not always
reliable. It is also expensive to create and install because it is a new technology, but with time the price will
reduce as more people switch to renewable energy. A great way to sustain this renewable energy is through
the energy storage devices [3].
Electricity that is produced is fixed over short periods of time. The amount of power demanded varies
at different times of the day and power grids controllers have to respond to these changes. The gap between
power that is demanded and power being supplied varies in sizes. This gap depends on the speed at which
the peak-matching generating equipment is ramped up and the speed at which the demand is expected to rise.
Peak shaving is used to help this problem [4]. To have more flexibility while managing power grids, operators
use peak shaving that uses power equipment with fast responses to match small increases in demand.
Fast-responding power systems make the gap between power demanded and power supplied smaller. Storage
devices save the energy that is not used and stores it for later use. They make this electricity available whenever
it is needed. Electric energy storage gathers excess electricity produced at off-peak hours and releases the stored
energy at peak hours. These storage system provides grid frequency regulation, voltage support, and operating
reserves. This enhances the grid stability and reliability [5].
With the increasing importance of energy storage in power system operations, significant efforts have
been spent on improving the technical performance of energy storage technologies. The issue of energy storage
arises with the need to match the demand and supply of energy to individuals. With the advent of electricity
brought about more concern for the need of energy storage due to its prior nature of being used up when
generated or converted to another form or energy. However, new trends on energy shows ways these generated
energy could be stored and harnessed. In the area of renewable energy, it’s necessary for energy to be stored
and combined to help the demand on green energy [6]. More work has is being done to increase the assimilation
of various energy storage methods into the smart grids which are connected to RERs. This is largely due to
the intermittency that arises with these resources. Energy storage in these systems will help to provide a buffer
for periods of imbalance with power demanded and supplied [7, 8]. Improved storage facilities will also help
the RERs to address transmission issues that result from geographical challenges and easing availability
for consumers. In these grids, generally, super capacitors are used for short-term storage, which runs
is considered to be about a few microseconds, while batteries are used for longer-term storage.
2. CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
A battery is an electrochemical device that stores electrical charges through chemical reactions.
There are various types of batteries invented which are commonly used around the world today. However,
two main categories are primary (disposable) and secondary (rechargeable) batteries. A primary battery/
non-rechargeable battery can convert chemical reactions into electricity only once [9]. Figure 1 depicts
the schematic diagram of primary battery.
On the other hand, when looking at a secondary/rechargeable battery cell, we see that this cell has
electrodes that can be reused by passing electricity back through it. This type of battery can be reused many
times by recharging, it is the rechargeable cell [10]. Figure 2 depicts the schematic diagram of secondary cell.
Typically, a set of 4 alkaline batteries costs around 2.74$ with a capacity of 0.0171 kWh, this corresponds to a
cost of 160.23 $/kWh. Batteries are about 267,000% more expensive per kWh than household electricity. When
using batteries on a smart grid we see that the energy storage applications use rechargeable batteries for load
leveling. They do this so that they may store electric energy for use during peak load periods. Also, this happens
for energy sources such as storing solar energy during day time periods [11]. Broadly, the energy storage
technologies have been classified into mechanical, electrical, electrochemical and thermal energy storage
technologies. Figure 3 depicts the classification of various energy storage technologies, and their technical
features are presented in Table 1 [12-14].
Batteries are made up of several series connected cells connected by an electrolyte for easy electron
transfer and electrodes (cathode and anode). As we go deeper in the types of batteries, we shall see that
the names batteries are directly related to its composition [15]. The charging and discharging of a battery is a
3. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 18, No. 4, August 2020: 2118 – 2124
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Redox (reduction-oxidation) process. During discharge, electrons are transferred from the battery to the load
through the process of oxidation. When charging, electrons are transferred to the battery when a voltage is
applied to its terminals. This is referred to as a reduction process [16].
New technologically advanced batteries are being fabricated, designed, and built as the trend of using
motor vehicles is increasing. It has a serious environment impact which is leading to the air pollution in large
cities and densely populated areas. Batteries are can be found in many different forms which include lithium-ion,
sodium-sulfur, flow, lead acid, etc. Because of their high cost and/or short lifetime, they are used in a limited
number of applications. For storage techniques to be implemented there needs to be monetary incentives made
available that will allow these storage techniques to become a reality. Most residential customers do not have
the money to put out to purchase these storage techniques. And commercial customers do not want to totally front
these costs either. There need to be a specific cost sharing plan and pricing policy established between the
government, commercial customers, residential customers, and utility regulators.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of primary battery Figure 2. Schematic diagram of secondary cell
Energy Storage Technologies
Mechanical
Energy Storage
Electrical Energy
Storage
Electrochemical
Energy Storage
Thermal Energy
Storage
Pumped Hydroelectric
Storage
Compressed Air
Energy Storage
Flywheels
Molten SaltCapacitor
Supercapacitor
Superconducting
Magnetic Energy
Storage
Rechargeable
Battery
Flow Battery
Figure 3. Classification of energy storage technologies
Table 1. Technical features of various energy storage technologies
Pumped
Hydroelectric
Storage
Compressed Air
Energy Storage
(CAES)
Flywheels Rechargeable
Battery
Flow
Battery
Molten
salt
Power rating
(MW)
(100-1,000) (10-1,000) (0.001-1) (0.1-40) (0.1-100) (1-150)
Energy density
(Wh/l)
_ (2-6) (20-80) (150-400) (20-70) (70-210)
Power density
(W/l)
(0.1-0.2) (0.2-0.6) 5,000 (120-10,000) (0.5-2) _
Storage duration
(hours)
(4-12) (2-30) (seconds-hour) (1min-8hour) (1-10) hours
Efficiency (%) (70-85) (40-75) (70-95) (70-98) (60-85) (80-90)
Self-discharge 0 0 (1.3-100) % 0.05-20% 0.2% heat loss
Response time (seconds-minutes) (seconds-minutes) <seconds <seconds <seconds minutes
4. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
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3. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE
Several types of rechargeable batteries that are considered in this paper are lithium-ion based batteries,
sodium-based batteries, flow batteries, nickel-based batteries, lead acid battery and metal air batteries. Further
research needs to be done on storage techniques to continue to increase the benefits while reducing
the associated costs. There needs to be effective cooperation between government agencies, utility companies
and regulators, and consumers that allows for both political and cost hurdles to be overcome. Nevertheless,
storage techniques show great potential to help the RERs and the smart grid to meet the world’s growing energy
demand. The comparative analysis of electrochemical energy storage is presented next:
3.1. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) based batteries
Li-ion batteries are quite inexpensive, have high energy and power densities and highly efficient. Similar
to other batteries, it is composed of an electrode (negative and positive contacts) and an electrolyte.
The composition of these batteries include: negative electrode has carbon, positive electrode has metal oxide, and
electrolyte has lithium salt. Figure 4 depicts the schematic diagram of Li-ion battery. These batteries have high
energy and power densities, high efficiency, low self-discharge, good charge-discharge characteristics, no
memory effect as compared to nickel-based batteries. The capacity parameters are: specific power is
(250-340) W/kg, specific energy is (100-250) Wh/Kg, energy density is (250-620) Wh/l, charge/discharge
efficiency is (80-90) %, self-discharge rate is (8-31) %/month and nominal cell voltage is (3.6-3.7) V. Applications
of utility applications, automobile and consumer electronics. Cost of this battery is 0.47$/Wh. Li-ion batteries do
not pose a huge environmental impact. However, these batteries tend to explode when exposed to high
temperatures or short circuited. The major disadvantages of Li-ion batteries are expensive, requires power
electronics, sensitive to high temperatures. If overcharged, positive electrode decomposes, separator gets damaged
and electrolyte liberates gases. There haven’t been any recent break through with this technology apart from
research to improve the power density, costs, recharge cycles, and safety.
There are various types of lithium-based batteries are available in the market such as lithium iron
phosphate, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, etc.
The anode material of these batteries consists of graphite and cathode consists of oxide variants of lithium metal
amalgams. Nowadays, lithium-ion batteries are used in electric vehicles (EVs) as they have light weight and
relatively high energy density. Li-ion batteries are also used in smart phones, laptops, UPS, aerospace and military
applications [17].
Figure 4. Schematic view of Li-Ion battery
3.1.1. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery
The electrochemical reactions of Li-S battery are different from that of Li-ion batteries. Li-S batteries
are very light weight due to light atomic weights of lithium and moderate weight of sulfur. Currently, best
developed Li-S batteries have specific energies of about 500Wh/kg with an average voltage of 2.15 V with a
theoretical specific density of 2800 Wh/l. Due to its light-weighted nature, Li-S batteries can be most efficiently
used in electric vehicle (EV) batteries. Also, due to their high specific capacity, they can also be used
for grid-based storage [18].
3.1.2. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery
Lithium iron phosphate batteries are rechargeable batteries where the reactions are reversible. These
batteries are safest of all other Li-ion batteries. These batteries show excellent life cycle of 2000 cycles. As
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compared to other batteries, they get charged quickly with less time. Due to no thermal runaway, these batteries
are safe, no damage is caused during excessive discharge even at zero, and they produce no waste and are
environmentally friendlier.
3.1.3. Lithium-air battery
Lithium-air battery has highest possible specific energy. Li-air batteries have the potential to achieve
3620 Wh/kg (when discharged to Li2O2 at 3.1V) or 5200 Wh/kg (when discharged to Li2O at 3.1 V), due to the
high energy density of lithium metal (3458 Wh/kg). If the oxygen supplied is not included in the calculation,
Li-air cells offer an energy density of 11,000 Wh/kg, which is approximately equal to Gasoline (13,000Wh/kg).
Therefore, Li-air is competitive with liquid fuels. Efficiency of lithium air batteries is currently limited by
incomplete discharge at the cathode. These batteries are used in personal electronics, electric vehicles and large
scale grid storage [19].
3.2. Sodium based batteries
Sodium (Na) has high negative potential and has high specific capacity. Na salts are abundant in
nature, they are cheap and even nontoxic. These batteries stably operate at room temperature. Sodium-sulfur
batteries and sodium nickel chloride batteries are fall into this category.
3.2.1. Sodium-sulfur (Na-S) battery
They have high efficiency of charge and discharge rate and no self-discharge. The operating
temperature of this battery is usually kept at 300o
C to maintain the electrolyte in the liquid form. Sodium-sulfur
(Na-S) batteries have energy density of (150-240) W/kg, power density of (150-230) W/kg and they have long
cycle life up to (5000-6000) cycles [20]. These batteries are used in electric vehicles, stationary applications,
aerospace and forklifts.
3.2.2. Sodium nickel chloride battery
Sodium nickel batteries are also known as zero emission batteries research activity (ZEBRA) batteries.
ZEBRA batteries have high specific energy. Compared to Nickel metal cadmium (NiMH), these batteries have
better energy density. The internal resistance of ZEBRA battery is very low at high levels of charge, they are
expensive, have higher self-discharge rate and these batteries can withstand overcharge. ZEBRA batteries
operate at very high temperature of about 350o
C which is a major issue and even when batteries are not in use
they need to be kept connected continuously to the main supplies to keep the battery hot. When batteries gets
cooled completely, it takes about 24 hours for reheating [21]. ZEBRA batteries are used in EVs or hybrid EVs
and they are suitable for traction applications.
3.3. Flow batteries
Flow battery consists of two separate liquids flowing on either side of a membrane, where
the chemical components dissolved in liquids provides the chemical energy contained within the system
and separated by a membrane [22]. The features of these batteries include: flexibility in system design,
competence in scaling cost, decoupled energy density, they are structurally similar to a fuel cell, power
and energy can be independently sized, high efficiency, long durability and reliability, fast responsiveness
and reduced environmental impact. These features allow them to be a promising storage type in stationary storage
of energy from intermittent sources such as wind and solar [23]. Typical flow batteries include vanadium redox
flow battery, zinc-bromine battery, etc. The key features of these batteries are presented next:
3.3.1. Vanadium redox flow battery
Among various redox flow battery metal ion combinations (zinc-cerium, zinc-bromine,
vanadium-cerium, magnesium-vanadium, vanadium-polyhalide), the most successful technology is
the vanadium redox battery and it is the only technology that has reached effective commercial fruition. It uses
vanadium/vanadium dissolved in aqueous sulfuric acid. An advantage is that by using the same metal ions in
both electrolytes, the electrodes and membrane are not cross-contaminated and the cell capacity does not
decrease with time, allowing for a longer lifespan [24].
3.3.2. Zink-bromine (Zn-Br) battery
Zn-Br is also called as semi-flow battery, because during charge, much of the energy will be stored
by zinc-metal plating on the anode plates in the electrochemical stack. This battery consists of zinc as the anode
and bromide as the cathode, which are separated by a microporous separator. On the anode side, the electrolyte
is water-based, while on the cathode side, the electrolyte is an organic amine compound [25].
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3.4. Nickel-based batteries
Nickel-based batteries are categorized into Nickel metal hydride and nickel-cadmium batteries.
The brief description of these batteries has been presented next:
3.4.1. Nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery
The NiMH batteries have high energy density, low cost, high self-discharge rate, low internal
impedance, reduced memory effect, less tolerant of overcharging, longer life cycle, and they are
environmentally friendlier. The NiMH battery is a secondary/rechargeable battery, where the reactions
are reversible. The negative electrode used in NiMH battery is metal hydride, the positive electrode used
is nickel oxyhydroxide and the electrolyte used in potassium hydroxide. The anode is made up of metal hydride
where the metal hydride is an alloy of either zinc, vanadium, chromium, titanium etc. The cathode is made up
of nickel oxyhydroxide. Both the anode and cathode are separated by an insulator which is made
up of polypropylene. The entire NiMH battery is kept in a glass or steel container. The electrolyte used in this
battery is potassium hydroxide. These batteries are used in cameras, electronic devices such as computers, EVs,
medical instruments and equipments, industrial standby application and in high power static applications such
as uninterrupted power supply (UPS), smart grid and telecommunications.
3.4.2. Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) battery
Ni-Cd battery is basically a category of Nickel batteries such as NiMH, Ni-Zn, Ni-Fe, Ni-Cd and
Ni-H2. These batteries have low internal resistance, high energy density, requires low maintenance, high
reliability, but relatively low cycle life [26]. They have wide temperature ranging from (-40o
to 70o
)C, which
depends on the construction and has high self-discharge up to 20% of loss per month. These batteries have high
energy density (50-70) Wh/kg and also has relatively low cycle life (2000-2500) cycles. The Ni-Cd batteries
have been used in emergency lighting, portable devices such as laptops and mobiles, UPS, telecommunications
and generator starting, etc.
3.5. Lead acis battery
Lead acid batteries are the most affordable batteries for energy storage. They have low price, good
reliability, high voltage per cell, long cycle life, relatively lower specific energy (30-50 Wh/kg) due
to the weight of lead, lifetime of 5 to 7 years. The lead-acid battery is now the most widely used rechargeable
electrochemical storage source in the world. They represent about 60% of all the installed power from all
the rechargeable batteries. Lead acid batteries are used in UPS, hybrid electric vehicles, traction and automotive
applications, lighting, grid-scale energy storage, etc [23].
3.6. Metal air batteries
Zinc-air battery falls into the category of metal air batteries. This battery is a primary/
non-rechargeable battery, where the reaction is irreversible. These batteries have highest energy density as
compared to all other disposable batteries, environmentally safe and have unlimited shelf life, i.e., these
batteries can remain usable for longer time. Zinc air battery is used as a main power source in hearing aid,
military radio receivers, voice transmitters, and continuous-drain applications, etc [27]. Various characteristics
of different electrochemical batteries have been presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Characteristics of different electrochemical batteries
Battery Type Efficiency
(%)
Cost
(€/kWh)
Life Span
(cycles)
Operating
Temperature (o
C)
Energy Density
(Wh/kg)
Self Discharge
(%/month)
Lead acid 72-78 50-150 1000-2000 -5 to 40 25 2-5
Lithium-ion 100 700-1000 3000 -30 to 60 90-190 1
Nikel Cadmium (NiCd) 72-78 200-600 3000 -40 to 50 45-80 5-20
Soium Sulphur (NaS) 89 400-500 2500 300 to 350 100 0
Metal Air 50 50-200 <100 -20 to 50 450-650 Negligible
Zinc Bromine (Zn-Br) 75 360-1000 3500 0 to 40 70 Negligible
Vanadium redox (VRB) 85 360-1000 10000 0 to 40 30-50 Negligible
4. CONCLUSION
The conclusions drawn from this paper are: i) banks of lead-acid batteries are commonly used to
stabilize electrical systems by supplying extra power and maintaining voltage and frequency levels, ii) lead
acid batteries have very low life spans when charged and discharged frequently, iii) flow batteries store
electrolytes outside itself and circulate these electrolytes to generate electricity. Because these batteries create
a substrate but are not involved in any chemical reaction, the flow batteries have long life spans, iv)
nickel-metal hydride have relatively low energy densities and are very sensitive. They tend to have problems
with overcharging, v) rural locations utilize portable sodium-sulfur battery systems to provide power for small
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time periods, vi) Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in mobile phones and laptop computers. In
comparison with nickel-cadmium and lead acid batteries, they have a much higher energy density. Their long
lifetimes make them a very good cost option, and vii) manufacturing of batteries poses as huge safety and
environmental risk due to the large number of chemicals involved.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research work has been carried out based on the support of “Woosong University's Academic
Research Funding - (2019-2020)”.
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