Exploring the emergence of virtual human resource developmentRochell McWhorter
Given the growing interest that scholars have had for integrating technology into HRD practice and research, Virtual HRD (VHRD) has emerged as a new area of inquiry in the field of HRD. This article begins by defining and exploring the emergence of the construct of VHRD. It reviews the evolution of technology from the inception of the Academy of Human Resource Development and integrates selected literature that supports the emergence of VHRD in the field of HRD to include sophisticated, immersive environments appropriate for HRD practice.
The basic objective of compensation management can be briefly termed as meeting the needs of both employees and the organization. The Employer wants to pay little salaries and wages to the workers to manage their working costs. Employees wants to get paid high as possible.
Exploring the emergence of virtual human resource developmentRochell McWhorter
Given the growing interest that scholars have had for integrating technology into HRD practice and research, Virtual HRD (VHRD) has emerged as a new area of inquiry in the field of HRD. This article begins by defining and exploring the emergence of the construct of VHRD. It reviews the evolution of technology from the inception of the Academy of Human Resource Development and integrates selected literature that supports the emergence of VHRD in the field of HRD to include sophisticated, immersive environments appropriate for HRD practice.
The basic objective of compensation management can be briefly termed as meeting the needs of both employees and the organization. The Employer wants to pay little salaries and wages to the workers to manage their working costs. Employees wants to get paid high as possible.
Human resources planning is a process that identifies current and future human resources needs for an organization to achieve its goals. Human resources planning should serve as a link
between human resources management and the overall
strategic plan of an organization
Concept of Reward and Total Reward System, Five Elements of Total Rewards (Compensation, Benefits, Work-Life, Performance & Recognition, Developmental & Career Opportunities)
Presentation at the Academy of Human Resource Development International Conference, Florida, Feb. 2008 where we began to build the notion of Virtual Human Resource Development or Virtual HRD (VHRD).
Exploring the Emergence of Virtual Human Resource Development Rochell McWhorter
This presentation was given to the Academy of Human Resource Development on May 12, 2011 by Editors and several authors of the Special Issue of Advances in Developing Human Resources, Volume 12, Issue 6, 2010. Presenters included Editors: Rochell R. McWhorter, and Elisabeth E. Bennett, and Authors: Diane Chapman, Sophia Stone, Donna Mancuso, and Wen-Hao David Huang
Human resources planning is a process that identifies current and future human resources needs for an organization to achieve its goals. Human resources planning should serve as a link
between human resources management and the overall
strategic plan of an organization
Concept of Reward and Total Reward System, Five Elements of Total Rewards (Compensation, Benefits, Work-Life, Performance & Recognition, Developmental & Career Opportunities)
Presentation at the Academy of Human Resource Development International Conference, Florida, Feb. 2008 where we began to build the notion of Virtual Human Resource Development or Virtual HRD (VHRD).
Exploring the Emergence of Virtual Human Resource Development Rochell McWhorter
This presentation was given to the Academy of Human Resource Development on May 12, 2011 by Editors and several authors of the Special Issue of Advances in Developing Human Resources, Volume 12, Issue 6, 2010. Presenters included Editors: Rochell R. McWhorter, and Elisabeth E. Bennett, and Authors: Diane Chapman, Sophia Stone, Donna Mancuso, and Wen-Hao David Huang
The purpose of this podcast is to discuss how conversational technology can be used to manage knowledge, based on the constructivist theory of learning.
Designing with Teachers: Participatory Models of Professional DevelopmentErin Brockette Reilly
Edited by Erin Reilly and Ioana Literat, this publication represents the collaboration of a working group composed of “a mixture of researchers, teachers and school administrators from a variety of disciplines, schools, and states,” who wanted to better understand how we might best prepare educators in order to incorporate “participatory learning” models into their classroom practices.
Brenda Leibowitz presentation at UNISA on higher education and social justiceBrenda Leibowitz
Brenda Leibowitz made a presentation on the implications of a social justice approach for higher education at UNISA on 30 June 2014, at a morning seminar,“Academic Development in teaching and learning – a student development perspective”
Where Is The M In Interactivity, Collaboration, and Feedback?Michael Coghlan
Presentation for the Wireless Ready Event on March 29th, 2008. Audio accompanying approximately the first half of these slides at http://michaelc.podomatic.com/entry/2008-03-29T07_39_46-07_00
Communication, visualization and social aspects involved on a virtual collabo...TelEduc
In: publicado em Journal of 3D-Forum Society, HC-2000 Third International Conference on Human and Computer, September 6-9, 2000, Japan. Em inglês , 5 páginas.
Autores: Heloisa Vieira da Rocha, Janne Yukiko Yoshikawa Oeiras, Luciana Alvim Santos Romani
UGS 302 Syllabus: The role of technology among youth in society and education...Joan E. Hughes, Ph.D.
Fall 2013. A semester-long, writing-intensive course that leads first-year students in considering inventions and innovations (technological and historical) that have changed society and education. We weave from exploring current trends to historical shifts to again current digital innovations with critique from a range of perspectives (educational, political, advertising/marketing, technical, psychological). This course includes university-level requirements including: visiting remarkable places at UT (Harry Ransom Center, TACC VisLab), attending university lectures, engaging in research, writing and oral presenting, and being taught by a Ph.D. tenured faculty member.
Giving Back: Exploring Service-Learning in an Online EnvironmentRochell McWhorter
This is the last author's copy. To read the published copy:
http://www.ncolr.org/issues/jiol/v14/n2/3
Service-Learning (SL) as an instructional method is growing in popularity for giving back to the community while connecting the experience to course content. However, little has been published on using SL for online business students. This study highlights an exploratory mixed-methods, multiple case study of an online business leadership and ethics course utilizing SL as a pedagogical teaching tool with 81 students. Results from the study noted that hours completed exceeded those assigned and students identified outcomes for themselves, their university, and nonprofit organizations where they served. The outcomes of this study mirrored those identified by students in traditional face-to-face courses underscoring the value of SL projects in online courses in higher education.
Creating Virtual Communities of Practice with the Visual Social Media Platfor...Rochell McWhorter
This paper reports results of a mixed methods study on the use of the visual social media platform Pinterest in the higher education classroom. Research methods included data collection of Pre-Experience and Post-Experience student surveys from two disciplines, Education and Business, regarding students’ experiences using Pinterest for learning. A total of 227 students (189 undergraduate and 38 graduate students) participated in the study. Findings included student attitudes regarding the usability of Pinterest in the classroom setting, student learning and development, and ways Pinterest facilitated the development of a virtual community of practice. Recommendations for future classroom use is given. Note: This is the last author’s copy prior to publishing. The final, definitive version of this article has been published in International Journal of Social Media and Interactive Environments, 2(3). Available at http://www.inderscience.com/offer.php?id=64205
An Initial Conceptualization of Virtual Scenario PlanningRochell McWhorter
Recent disruptive events introduced high volatility and uncertainty into the contemporary organizational environment whereby well-established organizations found scenario planning useful to craft strategy. However, because scenario planning is typically a very costly endeavor, it is less accessible to new startups, small businesses, non-profits, and large-scale organizations that could greatly benefit. We propose an initial conceptual model whereby sophisticated technologies that typically enable virtual events be utilized to facilitate virtual scenario planning activities for real-time participation from geographically disbursed locations reducing expenses and providing access to one of HRD’s strategic learning tools. This article will be of particular interest to those involved in formulating organizational strategy including those where costs of face-to-face scenario planning and other forms of strategic initiatives are either time or cost prohibitive. Note: This is the last author’s copy of this paper. The final definitive copy of this work is available online at: http://adh.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/04/30/1523422314532096.abstract?rss=1 and will soon be available in print in the Advances in Developing Human Resources Journal, 2014.
Technology Development: Learning from Project FailuresRochell McWhorter
This working paper presents several technology project failures and asks the audience to consider what learning might occur when HRD professionals study technology failures and how they might have been prevented. In addition, the authors ask the audience participants to discuss project failures that they are familiar with and how HRD might be able to help in avoiding or alleviating major consequences when technology failure occurs. Then, the emerging concept of Technology Development in Virtual HRD is presented and discussed. This paper was presented at the University Forum for Human Resource Development (UFHRD) 15th Annual International Conference held June 4-6th, 2014, Edinburgh Scotland, Edinburgh Napier Business School, Craiglockhart Campus. Presenters: Rochell McWhorter, PhD, rmcwhorter@uttyler.edu and Elisabeth Bennett, PhD, el.bennett@neu.edu
Seeking Empirical Validity in an Assurance of Learning SystemRochell McWhorter
Business schools have established measurement tools to support their AoL systems and assess student achievement of learning objectives. However, business schools have not required their tools be empirically validated thus ensuring that they measure what they are intended to measure. We propose confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) be utilized by business schools to evaluate AoL measurement systems. We illustrate a CFA model used to evaluate the measurement tools at our College. Our approach is in initial steps currently evaluating individual measurement tools, but working towards developing a system that can evaluate the entire AoL measurement systems.
Authors: Sherry Avery, Rochell McWhorter, Roger Lirely and H. Harold Doty, The University of Texas at Tyler Contact author: rmcwhorter@uttyler.edu
Note: This is the last authors’ copy of this work. The final edited, definitive, and distributed copy is published in the Journal of Education for Business, 2014; 89: 156-164,
doi: 10.1080/08832323.2013.800467
Leveraging Green Computing for Increased Viability and SustainabilityRochell McWhorter
Greening of computing processes is an environmental strategy gaining momentum in the 21st century as evidenced by increased virtual communications. Because of the rising cost of fuel to travel to meetings and conferences, corporations are adopting sophisticated technologies that provide a “personal” experience for geographically disbursed colleagues to interact in real time. This article highlights several companies and academic professional organizations that utilize video conferencing, virtual classrooms, and virtual worlds to create digital spaces for collaboration. The article compares the impact of face-to-face collaboration that includes business travel expenses to the impact of the same activity in a virtual space. The human side of technology is also examined through virtual human resource development that increases employees’ learning capacity and performance improvement. As advances in technology continue, it is expected that meetings will become more lifelike with the improvement of holographics. Corporations must continue to integrate green strategies to satisfy both environmental concerns and financial viability. The final definitive published version of this paper is available from The Journal of Technology Studies is available at: http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JOTS/v37/v37n2/fazarro.html
This presesentation was given at a Food 'N Thought Session on February 25, 2011 at The Academy of Human Resource Development (AHRD) International Conference in the Americas in Schaumburg, Illinois, USA
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdf
Virtual HRD Presentation
1. Virtual Human Resource Development
PresentedattheAmericanAssociationforAdult
&ContinuingEducationConference on October29,2010
Rochell R. McWhorter, ABD
Texas A&M University and The University of Texas at Tyler
Elisabeth E. Bennett, PhD
Tufts University School of Medicine and Baystate Health
Donna S. Mancuso, M. S.
Texas A&M University
Copyright 2010 Rochell R. McWhorter, Elisabeth E. Bennett and Donna S. Mancuso
2. Virtual HRD:
Tools for Enhancing Practice or Paradigm Shift?
• There is a vast array of digital options for virtual
communication and collaboration.
• The time is right for dialogue in the field of HRD to push
the boundaries of research and practice to develop a greater
understanding of technology-mediated work, learning, and
human development.
• It is vital we understand that “humans shape and are shaped
by…technology” (Palloff & Pratt, 1999) and vHRD seeks
to examine both the human and the technological
components of the phenomenon.
Copyright 2010 Rochell R. McWhorter, Elisabeth E. Bennett and Donna S. Mancuso
3. Two Definitions offered for vHRD
• “a process of developing and unleashing human expertise for
the purpose of improving individual, team, work process, and
organizational system performance within technology-enabled
environments” (McWhorter, Mancuso & Hurt, 2008; Swanson
& Holton, 2009, p. 4).
• “a media rich and culturally relevant web environment that
strategically improves expertise, performance, innovation, and
community-building through formal and informal learning”
(Bennett, 2009).
Copyright 2010 Rochell R. McWhorter, Elisabeth E. Bennett and Donna S. Mancuso
4. Table 1: Model of Virtual LearningTransferin vHRD
Proximal Intermediate Distal
The organization opens direct
portals or links to on-line
resources, training programs,
virtual worlds, and knowledge
networks. Learning is both
explicit and tacit, although
explicit learning is more likely
to be identified as important
for success of a strategy.
As needs arise, organizations
and individual professionals
participate in on-line resources,
training programs, virtual
worlds, and knowledge networks
for learning and skill
development. Learning is both
explicit and tacit.
Professionals participate in on-
line resources, training
programs, virtual worlds, and
knowledge networks out of
general interest in the resources
but stemming from an overt
organizational strategy. Learning
that occurs is less likely to be
explicitly connected to
organizational strategy but it
still impacts work.
We suggest that virtual learning transfers to the work environment and adds to
the knowledge, skills, and perspectives of adult learners.
Copyright 2010 Rochell R. McWhorter, Elisabeth E. Bennett and Donna S. Mancuso
5. Emergence of VHRD
• Once only considered a useful tool for training or learning, the
Web has become an integrated dynamic environment where the
work of virtual HRD (vHRD) is accomplished through the
advent of virtual teams, virtual learning, virtual learning
communities, virtual communities of practice, virtual
mentoring, virtual career development and virtual worlds.
• The Emergence of vHRD was explored over the past 20 years
by analyzing the impact that technology has changed the way
we research and practice.
• The shift from technology as tool to technology as an
integrative environment can be demonstrated by deeply
analyzing the published literature.
Copyright 2010 Rochell R. McWhorter, Elisabeth E. Bennett and Donna S. Mancuso
6. ExploringAdult Learning
in Virtual Environments
• Technology has had an enormous impact on adult educators
and learners.
• Knowles, Holton, and Swanson (2005) suggested that
technology provides a “rich learning experience in the
andragogical” tradition (p. 237).
• Virtual environments can enable lifelong learning by providing
flexibility in the pace of learning for the learner’s own
competence and circumstances (Macpherson, Elliot, Harris, &
Homan, 2004).
• An empirical study within a virtual world explored the
construct of adult learning in the 3D environment.
• Results included both enablers and barriers to success in a
virtual world which may be useful for adult educators.
Copyright 2010 Rochell R. McWhorter, Elisabeth E. Bennett and Donna S. Mancuso
7. Table 2: Discussion of Empirical Study
in a Virtual World
Enablers of Adult
Learning in a
Virtual World
Participant Extracts Discussion1
A variety of educational topics are
available.
“I have more of a variety of people to
meet. Thus, increasing the variety of
topics I learn with this method.”
Participant linked greater social
networking opportunities to an increase in
educational opportunities, reminding us of
what Nussbaum (1999) called the need for
affiliation.
Second Life™ provides
opportunities for multi-
disciplinary collaboration.
“As an engineer, I view SL™ as another
tool for helping me collaborate as well as a
tool to help me in designing RL [real life]
projects…I have a “code house” to show
the building code in 3D.”
Participants’ comments reveal how Second
Life as a tool leads to new multi-discipline
collaborations and an increase in
opportunities not only for learning but for
work.
Second Life™ facilitates
collaboration across geographical
boundaries.
“This is a fantastic medium for social
networking and for educational
forums…conversed with others that I
would have never done in RL [real life]
due to cultural, geographical and
economical and time constraints.”
This quote illustrates the value Second
Life™ users place on making social
contacts in a virtual environment
1Collaborative analysis with Dominique T. Chlup
Copyright 2010 Rochell R. McWhorter, Elisabeth E. Bennett and Donna S. Mancuso
8. References
Bennett, E. E. (2009). Virtual HRD: The intersection of knowledge management, culture and intranets.
In G. McLean, Y. Cho, & E. Cho’s (Eds.), HRD’s Role in Knowledge Management, Advances in
Developing Human resources 11(3), 362-374.
Knowles, M. S.,Holton, E. F. H. III, & Swanson, R. A. (2005). The Adult Learner (6th ed.). Burlington,
MA: Elsevier.
Macpherson, A., Elliot, M., Harris, I., & Homan, G. (2004). E-learning: Reflections and evaluation of
corporate programmes. Human Resource Development International, 7(3), 295-313.
McWhorter, R. R., Mancuso, D. S., & Hurt, A. C. (2008). Adult learning in a virtual environment. In T.
J. Chermack, J. Storberg-Walker, & C. M. Graham (Eds.), Refereed Proceedings of the 2008 Academy
of Human Resource Development Annual Research Conference (pp. 1148-1152). Bowling Green, OH:
Academy of Human Resource Development.
Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (1999). Building learning communities in cyberspace: Effective strategies for
the online classroom. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Swanson, R. A., & Holton, E. F. (2009). Foundations of human resource development (2nd ed.). San
Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.