This presentation was used in Octuber 2014 in a Workshop in The EUscreenXL Conferrence. Authors: Berber Hagedoorn, Willemien Sanders, Mariana Salgado, Daniel Ockeloen and Eleonora Mazzoli.
Workshop on Contextualisation: How can AV contextualization practices benefit...Berber_H
Although various tools and functionalities are currently being developed to search, explore, and analyze digital audio-visual sources (AV), this workshop will focus on the next step: how to contextualize and publish research and remix practices with audio and/or video materials online. How can AV contextualization practices benefit best from the affordances of online publication? This workshop will explore selected scenarios for online publications exploring, using, commenting on and even remixing AV content. It will draw from both existing online publications, by scholars and by media professionals, and scenarios newly developed as part of a university course on doing television history online. The selected scenarios will then be tested and discussed by the participants of the workshop with regard to their own publication contexts.
EUscreenXL is exploring innovative ways to contextualize through publishing and remixing online with audio and/or video materials. Prototypes and functionalities for such new contextualisation strategies will be the topic of the workshop “Focus on Contextualization: How can AV contextualization practices benefit best from the affordances of online publication?” This event addresses content providers, creators, archivists scholars, and researchers alike. Participants are invited to test and challenge the prototypes and functionalities for online publications by exploring, using, and commenting them.
Workshop: Focus on Contextualization
Friday 31 October from 13:45 to 15:45
Casa del Cinema in Villa Borghese
Largo Marcello Mastroianni, 1, 00197 Rome
Workshop leaders: Berber Hagedoorn (Utrecht University), Daniel Ockeloen (Noterik BV), Mariana Salgado (Aalto University School of Art and Design), Willemien Sanders (Utrecht University), Eleonora Mazzoli (Utrecht University)
Workshop on Contextualisation: How can AV contextualization practices benefit...EUscreen
Workshop: Focus on Contextualization by Berber Hagedoorn (Utrecht University), Daniel Ockeloen (Noterik BV), Mariana Salgado (Aalto University School of Art and Design), Willemien Sanders (Utrecht University), Eleonora Mazzoli (Utrecht University) - a workshop held at EUscreenXL Rome Conference 'From Audience to User: Engaging with Audiovisual Heritage Online' (http://blog.euscreen.eu/conference-programme).
Workshop on Contextualisation: How can AV contextualization practices benefit...Berber_H
Although various tools and functionalities are currently being developed to search, explore, and analyze digital audio-visual sources (AV), this workshop will focus on the next step: how to contextualize and publish research and remix practices with audio and/or video materials online. How can AV contextualization practices benefit best from the affordances of online publication? This workshop will explore selected scenarios for online publications exploring, using, commenting on and even remixing AV content. It will draw from both existing online publications, by scholars and by media professionals, and scenarios newly developed as part of a university course on doing television history online. The selected scenarios will then be tested and discussed by the participants of the workshop with regard to their own publication contexts.
EUscreenXL is exploring innovative ways to contextualize through publishing and remixing online with audio and/or video materials. Prototypes and functionalities for such new contextualisation strategies will be the topic of the workshop “Focus on Contextualization: How can AV contextualization practices benefit best from the affordances of online publication?” This event addresses content providers, creators, archivists scholars, and researchers alike. Participants are invited to test and challenge the prototypes and functionalities for online publications by exploring, using, and commenting them.
Workshop: Focus on Contextualization
Friday 31 October from 13:45 to 15:45
Casa del Cinema in Villa Borghese
Largo Marcello Mastroianni, 1, 00197 Rome
Workshop leaders: Berber Hagedoorn (Utrecht University), Daniel Ockeloen (Noterik BV), Mariana Salgado (Aalto University School of Art and Design), Willemien Sanders (Utrecht University), Eleonora Mazzoli (Utrecht University)
Workshop on Contextualisation: How can AV contextualization practices benefit...EUscreen
Workshop: Focus on Contextualization by Berber Hagedoorn (Utrecht University), Daniel Ockeloen (Noterik BV), Mariana Salgado (Aalto University School of Art and Design), Willemien Sanders (Utrecht University), Eleonora Mazzoli (Utrecht University) - a workshop held at EUscreenXL Rome Conference 'From Audience to User: Engaging with Audiovisual Heritage Online' (http://blog.euscreen.eu/conference-programme).
My presentation (20 minutes + 10 minutes Q&A) was a brief exploration of what worked and what did not work on a fully online, summer Pre-sessional course at the University of Sheffield, UK. Drawing on my experience of teaching private students online for several years and my role with the IATEFL Learning Technologies Special Interest Group, this is a first-hand account of being in the virtual classroom, teaching EAP classes remotely for the first time. Recording will be made available on the TEL SIG You Tube channel. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVz0VVaVKALUK24CM2A4oJQ
Recurso para crear historias a lo DIY (Do It Yourself) para trabajar en idiomas. Pedido especial para la comunidad SCOLARTIC.
Si quieres saber más de mi, búscame por @jmorsa en tus redes sociales. ¡Te espero!
Inspired by your content. Engaging content providers in development activitiesMariana Salgado
This is a presentation for starting a workshop in Lisborn, Portugal in January of 2014. In this workshop the participants were the content providers that form the EUscreenXL consortium. The goal was to better understand their content for future development of tools for the portal.
My presentation (20 minutes + 10 minutes Q&A) was a brief exploration of what worked and what did not work on a fully online, summer Pre-sessional course at the University of Sheffield, UK. Drawing on my experience of teaching private students online for several years and my role with the IATEFL Learning Technologies Special Interest Group, this is a first-hand account of being in the virtual classroom, teaching EAP classes remotely for the first time. Recording will be made available on the TEL SIG You Tube channel. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVz0VVaVKALUK24CM2A4oJQ
Recurso para crear historias a lo DIY (Do It Yourself) para trabajar en idiomas. Pedido especial para la comunidad SCOLARTIC.
Si quieres saber más de mi, búscame por @jmorsa en tus redes sociales. ¡Te espero!
Inspired by your content. Engaging content providers in development activitiesMariana Salgado
This is a presentation for starting a workshop in Lisborn, Portugal in January of 2014. In this workshop the participants were the content providers that form the EUscreenXL consortium. The goal was to better understand their content for future development of tools for the portal.
Esta es la presentación que usé para dar una charla como oradora principal en el congreso Huellas Territoriales, organizado en la Universidad de Valparaiso, como parte de las actividades de DISUR. DiSur es la red latinoamericanas de universidades que enseñan diseño. Hablé de como se entretejen la investigación y la práctica como diseñadora.
Cocreando ciudades, la importancia del diseño participativo.pptxMariana Salgado
Co-creando ciudades, la importancia del diseño participativo. Esta es una charla que di para los participantes de un concurso en la Tabakalera, México. 23.5.2024. Hablé sobre un proyecto en el este de Helsinki.
“… ¿Y ENTONCES QUÉ?” LIMITACIONES DEL DISEÑO PARTICIPATIVO EN CUANTO A LAS DE...Mariana Salgado
Traducción de un artículo “… so what?” –
Limitations of Participatory Design on Decisionmaking
in Urban Planning , Actas de la 13° Conferencia de Diseño Participativo, Windhoek, Namibia, 6 de octubre de 2014
¿Quién nos necesita? Indagación sobre las prácticas participativas de otros y...Mariana Salgado
Traducción de un artículo publicado en European Academy of Design Conference, Paris, 2015. Original title: 1
INSTITUTO DE ENSEÑANZA SUPERIOR EN LENGUAS VIVAS
“JUAN R. FERNÁNDEZ”
TRADUCTORADO EN INGLÉS
RESIDENCIA
Prof. Paula Grosman
Who Needs Us? Inquiring into the participatory practices of others and what they mean for participatory designers.
"Let's Marathon!" Why to motivate the re-use of audiovisual archives? Mariana Salgado
This presentation took place in NECS (European Network of Cinema and Media Studies) in Lodz, Poland (June, 2015). This is a summary of a full paper (forthcoming). It presents the argument that archivists and media scholars need to take on new practices, such as organizing hackathons or marathons, to facilitate the creative re-use of archival material. With these practices they could support the outreach of local communities and understand the nuances of reusing archival content to contextualize their records. In order to sustain this claim, I present one case study in which a group of international writers and video makers join forces to re-use audiovisual archive material in Helsinki, Finland. I unfold the limitations and opportunities that a one-day event presented to artists, archivists and media scholars, while collaborating and creatively re-using audiovisual archival material. The discussion uncovers issues pertaining to the facilitation of creative re-use as means for integration, the multicultural representation of the archives, the development of media literacy in collaborative processes and the challenges in the practice of legally reusing archival material.
Designing new online support services for woman that have experience violenc...Mariana Salgado
Designing new online support services for
woman that have experience violence or threat
of violence. This is a presentation we prepared and used only partially for a one week workshop for New Media for the Third sector. February 2015.
Designing new online support services for woman that have experience violenc...Mariana Salgado
Designing new online support services for
woman that have experience violence or threat
of violence. This is the presentation for the day 2 of a one week workshop to design New Media concepts for the Third Sector. February 2015
Designing new online support services for woman that have experience violenc...Mariana Salgado
Designing new online support services for
woman that have experience violence or threat
of violence. This is the presentation for the day 1 of a one week workshop to design New Media concepts for the Third Sector. February 2015
This presentation was used for an invited lecture for the course Services for immigrants in Design Department, Aalto University. 31.03.2015. These three cases are work in progress and part postdoctoral research activities by the author in Media lab, Aalto University.
Video poetry marathon (kick off presentation)Mariana Salgado
This presentation took place in Aalto Media Factory on February 2015. The participants to the Video Poetry Marathon did video poems re using materials from the archives.
Designing with Immigrants. When emotions run high.pptxMariana Salgado
This presentation took place in the 11th European Academy of Design. The value of Design Research. The paper was: Designing with Immigrants. When emotions run high. Paris, France. 2015
Who need us? Inquiring into the participatory practices of others and what th...Mariana Salgado
This presentation was used in EAD 2015 to present the paper: Who needs us? Inquiring into the participatory practices of others and what they mean for participatory designers. Paris, France
Designing for immigrants. 2 cases. Interaction design and Urban planningMariana Salgado
This presentation was used in a class for Bachelor students in Aalto University. Design Department. The course was Service for immigrants. November 2014
Technoblade The Legacy of a Minecraft Legend.Techno Merch
Technoblade, born Alex on June 1, 1999, was a legendary Minecraft YouTuber known for his sharp wit and exceptional PvP skills. Starting his channel in 2013, he gained nearly 11 million subscribers. His private battle with metastatic sarcoma ended in June 2022, but his enduring legacy continues to inspire millions.
Expert Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU) Drafting ServicesResDraft
Whether you’re looking to create a guest house, a rental unit, or a private retreat, our experienced team will design a space that complements your existing home and maximizes your investment. We provide personalized, comprehensive expert accessory dwelling unit (ADU)drafting solutions tailored to your needs, ensuring a seamless process from concept to completion.
Book Formatting: Quality Control Checks for DesignersConfidence Ago
This presentation was made to help designers who work in publishing houses or format books for printing ensure quality.
Quality control is vital to every industry. This is why every department in a company need create a method they use in ensuring quality. This, perhaps, will not only improve the quality of products and bring errors to the barest minimum, but take it to a near perfect finish.
It is beyond a moot point that a good book will somewhat be judged by its cover, but the content of the book remains king. No matter how beautiful the cover, if the quality of writing or presentation is off, that will be a reason for readers not to come back to the book or recommend it.
So, this presentation points designers to some important things that may be missed by an editor that they could eventually discover and call the attention of the editor.
Between Filth and Fortune- Urban Cattle Foraging Realities by Devi S Nair, An...Mansi Shah
This study examines cattle rearing in urban and rural settings, focusing on milk production and consumption. By exploring a case in Ahmedabad, it highlights the challenges and processes in dairy farming across different environments, emphasising the need for sustainable practices and the essential role of milk in daily consumption.
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE CAPCUT BY: FEBLESS HERNANEFebless Hernane
CapCut is an easy-to-use video editing app perfect for beginners. To start, download and open CapCut on your phone. Tap "New Project" and select the videos or photos you want to edit. You can trim clips by dragging the edges, add text by tapping "Text," and include music by selecting "Audio." Enhance your video with filters and effects from the "Effects" menu. When you're happy with your video, tap the export button to save and share it. CapCut makes video editing simple and fun for everyone!
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE CAPCUT BY: FEBLESS HERNANE
A Workshop on Contextualization, or:How can AV contextualization practices benefit best from the affordances of online publication?
1. A Workshop on Contextualization, or:
How can AV contextualization practices
benefit best from the affordances of
online publication?
EUscreenXL Conference
31 October 2014, Rome
Willemien Sanders
w.sanders@uu.nl
Berber Hagedoorn
b.hagedoorn@uu.nl
Daniel Ockeloen
daniel@noterik.nl
Mariana Salgado
mariana.salgado@aalto.fi
Eleonora Mazzoli
e.m.mazzoli@students.uu.nl
2. Academic publications:
Research question
Theoretical framework
Methods
Results
Conclusion
Discussion
Bibliography
Academic materials:
Books
Articles
Documents
Interviews
Film, video, photo
Audio
…
Online Publication:
Interface and technology (time, space, content)
Navigation (linear, non-linear)
Materials (av, docs, selection, contextualization)
Prototypes based on best practices
b.hagedoorn@uu.nl – w.sanders@uu.nl
3. Content of the workshop:
13:45-14:05 Prototypes for publishing AV research online - Berber Hagedoorn
and Willemien Sanders
14:05-14:15 Six building blocks for creative reuse - Mariana Salgado
14:15-14:20 Explanation of group exercise
14:20-15:00 Group exercise
15:00-15:25 Group presentations and feedback
15:25-15:35 Reflection on how to translate templates for (meaningful) use to
a publication builder - Daniel Ockeloen
15:35-15:45 Plenary discussion and conclusion
4. Fundamental prototyping principle:
Prototyping [creates] a manifestation that … filters the
qualities in which designers are interested, without distorting
the understanding of the whole.
Economic principle of prototyping:
The best prototype is one that … makes the possibilities and
limitations of a design idea visible and measurable.
Anatomy of prototypes:
Prototypes … are manifestations of design ideas that
concretize and externalize conceptual ideas.
The Anatomy of Prototypes: Prototypes as Filters, Prototypes as Manifestations of Design Ideas, Youn-Kyung
Lim, Erik Stolterman, Josh Tenenberg, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, Vol. 15, No. 2,
Article 7, Publication date: July 2008.
Prototypes
for publishing AV research online
b.hagedoorn@uu.nl – w.sanders@uu.nl
5. Interface and technology
• Visualizing research
• Integrating source materials
Navigation
• Layered vs. simple/uncomplicated
• Linear vs. non-linear
• Self-explanatory vs. with tutorial
• Inside (contained) vs. outside of platform
Materials
• Availability
• Contextualization: From general to specific
• Presentation of materials: selection / categorization
• Demands for source annotation
Challenges
b.hagedoorn@uu.nl – w.sanders@uu.nl
6. textual – steering
concluding
visual – steering
experiencing the story
textual – agency
sharing knowledge
visual – agency
exploring
Textual Visual
User agency
Prototypes: axes of online publication with AV
Author's steering
b.hagedoorn@uu.nl – w.sanders@uu.nl
7. Textual
Author's steeringtextual – steering
● Text leading
● Formatted design
● Detailed categorization of materials
● Specific selection
● Embedded AV
concluding
1
8. Example:
VIEW: Journal of European Television History and Culture
http://journal.euscreen.eu/index.php/view/article/view/jethc027/50
9. 2
visual – steering
● Visuals leading
● Individual design / single entry point
● Automatic navigation
● Specific selection
● Self-explanatory
experiencing the story
Author's steering
Visual
10. Example:
Audiovisual Thinking: The Journal of Academic Videos
http://www.audiovisualthinking.org/videos/issue04_the_battlefield_of_invisibility
11. 3
textual – agency
● Text leading
● Formatted design
● Basic categorization of materials
● Database
● Optional new window navigation
sharing knowledge
Textual
User agency
12. Example:
Student scenario TV News: from static to dynamic from UU bachelor course
"Dutch Television Culture" (De Leeuw, Müller, Hagedoorn and Sanders, Winter/Spring 2014)
13. visual – agency
● Visuals leading
● Individual design / various entry points
● Optional (video) viewing
● Database
● Tutorial
exploring
4
User agency
Visual
15. Prototypes based on axes of online publication
help us make a design idea and the choices
involved visible and concrete.
This design idea is aimed at a tool that facilitates
the contextualization of AV materials through
online publications.
In practice, the online publication might be a
hybrid of the outlined prototypes.
b.hagedoorn@uu.nl – w.sanders@uu.nl
16. Example:
Snow Fall. The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek
(John Branch, NYT, USA 2012)
http://www.nytimes.com/projects/2012/snow-fall/#/?part=tunnel-creek
17. Central questions for authors:
When publishing with AV online:
• Is the text leading or are your visuals leading?
• How much freedom will the user get within the
narrative?
• Which source materials will / can be shared?
• To publish is to contextualize: which points of entry does
the narrative provide? historical, geographical,
material
b.hagedoorn@uu.nl – w.sanders@uu.nl
18. Central questions for authors:
What is the aim of the narrative?
• Concluding: to provide the user with a strong argument
• Sharing knowledge: to provide the user with access to a
broad knowledge base
• Experiencing the story: to immerse the user in your
story
• Exploring: to invite the user to find their own way
through a range of materials
Which functionalities help to construct the argument?
b.hagedoorn@uu.nl – w.sanders@uu.nl
19. 6 building blocks
Creative re-use of EUscreenXL
Mariana Salgado
Media Lab EUscreenXL Conference
Rome- October 2014
21. 1 AUDIOVISUAL
POSTERS
to create an argument
as a collage;
academic AV posters
online.
Helmi wants to convince Helena that she watches one
of her favourite TV series. These series are all in
EUscreenXL, so she goes to the page and found the
creators corner. She starts by selecting the Poster
Unlimited, as she thinks this might be easy and she
has little time. EUscreen advertise in the site that to
make a poster could take less than 5min. She chooses a
layout and a background. Then, she looks for some of
her favorite clips in the series. When is ready she sends
it to her sister.
Picture in Flickr- Some rights reserved
CC by Yaya Tamai
Pictures from Pretty, Little, Liars
mariana.salgado@aalto.fi
22. 2 VIDEO
ANNOTATIONS
to add contextual
information to the
videos via tags, links,
pictures, maps, sounds
or music.
Piotr is a historian researcher working with TV archives
from Poland. He has selected some material on
EUscreen and starts to add annotations, links, and
texts. He notices that if he adds the same link to a
certain video, then the application prompt a message
asking to add also the link to the other video. In this
way he gets to know the work of Rune a media
researcher from Denmark. He starts to watch at the
videos that he has been collecting and annotating. He
could send him a message. After exchanging some
messages, they decide to make a collection together.
This is the start of a long-term collaboration in which
both researchers compare their material and link them
through the annotations in their videos.
Do you recognize
the place?
Windhoek, main
character’s work
place
mariana.salgado@aalto.fi
23. 3 SEMI-AUTOMATIC
REMIX
to select a number of
videos to illustrate an
argument;
Pecha Video.
Susanne is a researcher in the digital humanities.
She has prepared the text for a talk for a
presentation but has not time to make slides. One
colleague tells her about ResearchTV. It selects
randomly videos from within european television
archives. This is just what she needs now. She
decides to try out. She types some keywords and
she gets half an hour video TV show of programs
related to her research topic. She decides to take
out a couple that does not fit, and she extends the
time of some of the video that she likes. Susanne
decides that the video is ready and sends the link
to her own mail, so she can play it during her
presentation.
Picturesfromavideoproductionwithyoungimmigrantvideomaker.10.06.2014
24. 4 VIDEO COLLECTIONS
to combine video and/or sound.
Greta is a teacher in secondary school. She teaches
citizenship. She gets to know about EUscreenXL in a course
for teachers about online resources. She goes to the page
and checks the DIY exhibition in the creators’ section. She
does a collection of videos on seniors’ citizens and well-
being. She selects some videos. Then, she is asked to add a
small text to the whole exhibition. She writes it. She also
makes one line text to present each of the videos. The
collection is done. She thinks this could be a good way to
present a certain topic. She decides to use it in her class, and
make the students do collections. All these collections could
be grouped and seen by others in the class. It is possible to
edit a certain collection in small groups.
Screenshot from YouTube
mariana.salgado@aalto.fi
25. 5 EXTRA SHORT
VIDEOS
extremely short videos
(max 15 sec) to illustrate
a specific point.
Villi wants to make a video in which he could be seen within
a lot of important characters such as Charles Darwin, Julius
Caesar, Albert Einstein and others. He looks for videos of
important people and adds a picture of himself. Then, he
posts it the link to his friends.
PictureinFlickr-SomerightsreservedCCbyDavidBaclwell/JaciXIII/LuisLoboBorobia
26. 6 QUICK SUBTITLING
to translate and subtitle
the content of a video.
After seeing some funny videos of animals talking, Johanna
decides to do her own version. Then she sends to her friends,
just to laugh. She picks one video that she finds intriguing
and decides to make the subtitles for it. It is a video of a
mother complaining or screaming to her child. Johanna
makes a hilarious text in which the mother is complaining
about the way the son tidy up her room. When the video is
ready she posts the url in Facebook to share with her friends.
The friends visit EUscreenXL page and leave comments.
Screenshot from YouTube
Night time
Day time
mariana.salgado@aalto.fi
27. textual – steering
● Text leading
● Formatted design
● Detailed categorization of materials
● Specific selection
● Embedded AV
concluding
visual – steering
● Visuals leading
● Individual design / single entry point
● Automatic navigation
● Specific selection
● Self-explanatory
experiencing the story
textual – agency
● Text leading
● Formatted design
● Basic categorization of materials
● Database
● Optional new window navigation
sharing knowledge
visual – agency
● Visuals leading
● Individual design / various entry points
● Optional (video) viewing
● Database
● Tutorial
exploring
Textual Visual
User agency
Author's steering
Functionalities: Video annotation Quick subtitling
Video collections Semi-automatic remix
Audiovisual poster Extra short videos
28. Group exercise: Create an online
publication with AV (circa 40 min)
Reflect on a suitable publication form for your research, using the prototypes
and functionalities as a starting point (in groups of 3-4).
1. Each group member briefly proposes one example from their own practice. From this, the
group selects one to develop for this exercise. (10 min)
2. Discuss the aim of the narrative and a suitable online publication form for this example.
Think out of the box! (10 min)
3. Identify the author’s position (is the author of this online publication, e.g., a researcher,
content provider, archivist, media professional…) and identify the target audience (e.g.,
general audience, students, academics..). (5 min)
4. Reflect on the axes of online publication. Which format characteristics are indispensable for
your publication? (10 min)
5. Which functionalities help to construct your publication’s argument and narrative? (5 min)
How might the prototypes and building blocks be applied to your research
example to constitute meaningful use?
30. Thank you for your attention!
An earlier version of this workshop was conducted at the AV in DH 2014
workshop at Digital Humanities 2014 (Lausanne, 08-07-14)
Willemien Sanders
w.sanders@uu.nl
Berber Hagedoorn
b.hagedoorn@uu.nl
Daniel Ockeloen
daniel@noterik.nl
Mariana Salgado
mariana.salgado@aalto.fi
Eleonora Mazzoli
e.m.mazzoli@students.uu.nl
Editor's Notes
Where do these scenarios come from?
Video posters are inspired in the many moodboards or collages that people use. For example a popular one is Pic-collage. There are many applications to do them online for tablets, mobiles and desktops. In this case the person will combine the videos, but instead of doing one remix, in one timeline, as remix videos are usually done, the video will be presented as in a big poster. Several videos could be seen at the time. The creator can choose a background, titles and the way to link or group these videos. The viewer can choose the order in which to navigate the video is a poster.
Video annotation by adding contextual information to the videos. This could be done by adding tags to certain parts of the video, links to external materials, pictures, maps, sounds or music that helps to better contextualize the videos.
Semi automatic remix for researchers is a tool for researchers in which they could use certain keywords to make video essays taking advantage of semi-automatic remix possibilities. These semi-automatic remixes could be retouch and edit in case that the researchers would like to work on them. This is a professional use of the RipTV, presented above. This could use could serve to complement the articles published in the Video journal by EUscreen bringing an audiovisual representation of the content of the articles published in the journal.
Video collections made by users in which they combine videos, sounds and words. They could be for example funny cultural comparisons mixing material in relation to the same theme but in different countries.
Extra-short-videos: These are extremely short video (the original Vine videos are 7sec). There are nowadays many social network services that offer 15 sec exchange of videos such as Keek, Mixbit, Snapchat, Tout. These videos could be done using a selection of selected clips and mixing with people’s own videos, or just adding music or voice off.