This paper discusses the time-frequency transform based fault detection and classification of STATCOM (Static synchronous compensator) integrated single circuit transmission line. Here, fast-discrete S-Transform (FDST) based time-frequency transformation is proposed for evaluation of fault detection and classification including STATCOM in transmission line. The STATCOM is placed at mid-point of transmission line. The system starts processing by extracting the current signals from both end of current transformer (CT) connected in transmission line. The current signals from CT’s are fed to FDST to compute the spectral energy (SE) of phase current at both end of the line. The differential spectral energy (DSE) is evaluated by subtracting the SE obtained from sending end and SE obtained from receiving end of the line. The DSE is the key indicator for deciding the fault pattern detection and classification of transmission line. This proposed scheme is simulated using MATLAB simulink R2010a version and successfully tested under various parameter condition such as fault resistance (Rf),source impedance (SI), fault inception angle (FIA) and reverse flow of current. The proposed approach is simple, reliable and efficient as the processing speed is very fast to detect the fault within a cycle period of FDT (fault detection time).
Signal-Energy Based Fault Classification of Unbalanced Network using S-Transf...idescitation
This paper presents a technique for diagnosis of the type of fault and the faulty
phase on overhead transmission line. The proposed method is based on the multiresolution
S-Transform and Parseval’s theorem. S-Transform is used to produce instantaneous
frequency vectors of the voltage signals of the three phases, and then the energies of these
vectors, based on the Parseval’s theorem, are utilized as inputs to a Probabilistic Neural
Network (PNN). The power system network considered in this study is three phase
Transmission line with unbalanced loading simulated in the PowerSim Toolbox of
MATLAB. The fault conditions are simulated by the variation of fault location, fault
resistance, fault inception angle. The training is conducted by programming in MATLAB.
The robustness of the proposed scheme is investigated by synthetically polluting the
simulated voltage signals with White Gaussian Noise. The suggested method has produced
fast and accurate results. Estimation of fault location is intended to be conducted in future.
Index Terms—
Sliding Discrete Fourier Transform (SDFT) is very efficient regarding computational load and it possesses a very fast phase angle detection with excellent harmonic rejection at nominal frequency. However, at off-nominal frequency, SDFT generates errors in both magnitude and phase angle due to spectral leakage. This paper introduces a workaround for Fourier Transform to handle this disability under off-nominal frequency while avoiding variable-rate sampling. Sliding Fourier Transform (SFT) is used as a phase detector for a phase-locked loop whose output frequency is used to drive the SFT. The paper revisits the mathematics of Fourier Transform (FT) in a three-phase setting via a time-domain approach to show a newly proposed filtering technique for the double-frequency oscillation just by summing the FT sine/cosine filter outputs of the three individual phases. Also, the analysis aims to determine and correct the phase and magnitude errors under offnominal frequency operation. The proposed technique (SFT-PLL) is tested in real time on dSPACE DS1202 DSP using voltage vectors that are pregenerated to simulate the most adverse grid conditions. The testing scenarios compare the performance of the SFT-PLL with that of the Decoupled Stationary Reference Frame PLL (dαβPLL). The results prove that SFT-PLL is superior to dαβPLL.
Transmission line is one the important compnent in protection of electric power system because the transmission line connects the power station with load centers.
The fault includes storms, lightning, snow, damage to insulation, short circuit fault [1].
Fault needs to be predicted earlier in order to be prevented before it occur
A Novel Study on Bipolar High Voltage Direct Current Transmission Lines Prote...IJECEIAES
In long dc transmission lines identification of fault is important for transferring a large amount of power. In bipolar Line commutated converter transmission lines are subjected to harsh weather condition so accurate and rapid clearance of fault is essential. A comparative study of the bipolar system with both converters healthy and one converter tripped is studied. Most of the research paper has focussed on transmission line faults in bipolar mode but none of them had focussed when HVDC system works in monopolar mode after the fault. In the proposed scheme the voltage signals are extracted from both poles of the rectifier ends and are processed to identify the faults in transmission lines.The Artificial neural network is utilised in detecting the fault in both bipolar and monopolar system. Since it can identify the relationship between input and output data to detect the fault pattern it can be utilised under all conditions. Moreover, benefits of the proposed method are its accuracy, no requirement of the communication system as it acquires data from one end and has a reach setting of 99%.
Signal-Energy Based Fault Classification of Unbalanced Network using S-Transf...idescitation
This paper presents a technique for diagnosis of the type of fault and the faulty
phase on overhead transmission line. The proposed method is based on the multiresolution
S-Transform and Parseval’s theorem. S-Transform is used to produce instantaneous
frequency vectors of the voltage signals of the three phases, and then the energies of these
vectors, based on the Parseval’s theorem, are utilized as inputs to a Probabilistic Neural
Network (PNN). The power system network considered in this study is three phase
Transmission line with unbalanced loading simulated in the PowerSim Toolbox of
MATLAB. The fault conditions are simulated by the variation of fault location, fault
resistance, fault inception angle. The training is conducted by programming in MATLAB.
The robustness of the proposed scheme is investigated by synthetically polluting the
simulated voltage signals with White Gaussian Noise. The suggested method has produced
fast and accurate results. Estimation of fault location is intended to be conducted in future.
Index Terms—
Sliding Discrete Fourier Transform (SDFT) is very efficient regarding computational load and it possesses a very fast phase angle detection with excellent harmonic rejection at nominal frequency. However, at off-nominal frequency, SDFT generates errors in both magnitude and phase angle due to spectral leakage. This paper introduces a workaround for Fourier Transform to handle this disability under off-nominal frequency while avoiding variable-rate sampling. Sliding Fourier Transform (SFT) is used as a phase detector for a phase-locked loop whose output frequency is used to drive the SFT. The paper revisits the mathematics of Fourier Transform (FT) in a three-phase setting via a time-domain approach to show a newly proposed filtering technique for the double-frequency oscillation just by summing the FT sine/cosine filter outputs of the three individual phases. Also, the analysis aims to determine and correct the phase and magnitude errors under offnominal frequency operation. The proposed technique (SFT-PLL) is tested in real time on dSPACE DS1202 DSP using voltage vectors that are pregenerated to simulate the most adverse grid conditions. The testing scenarios compare the performance of the SFT-PLL with that of the Decoupled Stationary Reference Frame PLL (dαβPLL). The results prove that SFT-PLL is superior to dαβPLL.
Transmission line is one the important compnent in protection of electric power system because the transmission line connects the power station with load centers.
The fault includes storms, lightning, snow, damage to insulation, short circuit fault [1].
Fault needs to be predicted earlier in order to be prevented before it occur
A Novel Study on Bipolar High Voltage Direct Current Transmission Lines Prote...IJECEIAES
In long dc transmission lines identification of fault is important for transferring a large amount of power. In bipolar Line commutated converter transmission lines are subjected to harsh weather condition so accurate and rapid clearance of fault is essential. A comparative study of the bipolar system with both converters healthy and one converter tripped is studied. Most of the research paper has focussed on transmission line faults in bipolar mode but none of them had focussed when HVDC system works in monopolar mode after the fault. In the proposed scheme the voltage signals are extracted from both poles of the rectifier ends and are processed to identify the faults in transmission lines.The Artificial neural network is utilised in detecting the fault in both bipolar and monopolar system. Since it can identify the relationship between input and output data to detect the fault pattern it can be utilised under all conditions. Moreover, benefits of the proposed method are its accuracy, no requirement of the communication system as it acquires data from one end and has a reach setting of 99%.
Design and implementation a prototype system for fusion image by using SWT-PC...IJECEIAES
The technology of fusion image is dominance strongly over domain research for recent years, the techniques of fusion have various applications in real time used and proposed such as purpose of military and remote sensing etc., the fusion image is very efficient in processing of digital image. Single image produced from two images or more information of relevant combining process results from multi sensor fusion image. FPGA is the best implementation types of most technology enabling wide spread.This device works with modern versions for different critical characteristics same huge number of elements logic in order to permit complex algorithm implemented. In this paper,filters are designed and implemented in FPGA utilized for disease specified detection from images CT/MRI scanned where the samples are taken for human's brain with various medical images and the processing of fusion employed by using technique Stationary Wavelet Transform and Principal Component Analysis (SWT-PCA). Accuracy image output increases when implemented this technique and that was done by sampling down eliminating where effects blurring and artifacts doesn't influenced. The algorithm of SWT-PCA parameters quality measurements like NCC, MSE, PSNR, coefficients and Eigen values.The advantages significant of this system that provide real time, time rapid to market and portability beside the change parametric continuing in the DWT transform. The designed and simulation of module proposed system has been done by using MATLAB simulink and blocks generator system, Xilinx synthesized with synthesis tool (XST) and implemented in XilinxSpartan 6-SP605 device.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
WAVELET- FUZZY BASED MULTI TERMINAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PROTECTION SCHEME IN ...ijfls
In This Paper, A New Protection Scheme In The Areas Of Accurate Fault Detection, Classification And
Location Estimation For Multi Terminal Transmission System Compensated With Statcom Is Proposed.
The Fault Indices Of All The Phases At All The Terminals Are Obtained By Analyzing The Detail
Coefficients Of Current Signals Through Bior 1.5 Mother Wavelet. The Complete Digital Simulation Of A
Transmission System With Statcom Is Performed Using Matlab /Simulink For Fault Detection,
Classification, And Faulty Terminal Identification With Variations In Fault Distance And Fault Inception
Angle For All Types Of Faults And Fuzzy Inference System Is Used To Estimate The Fault Location. The
Protection Scheme Yielded Accurate Results Within Half Cycle And Show That The Above Scheme Is
Suitable For Multi Terminal Transmission System With And Without Statcom Compensation.
Performance analysis and evaluation of IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination f...journalBEEI
This paper discusses the distributed coordination function (DCF) access mechanism which is a carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) scheme. Simulation projects for different DCF performance parameters have been built using the OPNET network simulator. The projects are mainly basic service set (BSS) topology simulated under different parameter values (data rate, fragmentation, RTS/CTS, number of nodes, and load condition). Simulation results show when the DCF access mechanism is better under what load condition, and how to choose the best fragmentation threshold and other access-mechanism specific parameters according to the network conditions. Simulation results were validated against a theoretically calculated maximum throughput (the simulation maximum throughput was about 70% of the theoretically calculated maximum throughput).
Ijeee 28-32-accurate fault location estimation in transmission linesKumar Goud
Accurate Fault Location Estimation in Transmission Lines
B. Narsimha Reddy Dr. P. Chandra Sekar
Sr. Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE
Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology
Hyderabad, TS, India Hyderabad, TS, India
babubnr@gmail.com Pcs_76@rediffmail.com
Abstract: In trendy power transmission systems, the double-circuit line structure is increasingly adopted. However, owing to the mutual coupling between the parallel lines it is quite difficult to style correct fault location algorithms. Moreover, the widely used series compensator and its protecting device introduce harmonics and non-linearity’s to the transmission lines, that create fault location a lot of difficult. To tackle these issues, this thesis is committed to developing advanced fault location strategies for double-circuit and series-compensated transmission lines. Algorithms utilizing thin measurements for pinpointing the situation of short-circuit faults on double-circuit lines square measure planned. By moldering the initial net-work into 3 sequence networks, the bus ohmic resistance matrix for every network with the addition of the citations fault bus may be developed. It’s a perform of the unknown fault location. With the increased bus ohmic resistance matrices the sequence voltage amendment throughout the fault at any bus may be expressed in terms of the corresponding sequence fault current and also the transfer ohmic resistance between the fault bus and the measured bus. Resorting to tape machine the superimposed sequence current at any branch may be expressed with relevancy the pertaining sequence fault current and transfer ohmic resistance terms. Obeying boundary conditions of different fault sorts, four different categories of fault location algorithms utilizing either voltage phasors, or phase voltage magnitudes, or current phasors or section current magnitudes square measure derived. The distinguishing characteristic of the planned methodology is that the information measurements need not stem from the faulted section itself. Quite satisfactory results are obtained victimisation EMTP simulation studies. A fault location rule for series-compensated transmission lines that employs two-terminal asynchronous voltage and current measurements has been implemented. For the distinct cases that the fault happens either on the left or on the right aspect of the series compensator, 2 subroutines square measure developed. In addition, the procedure to spot the proper fault location estimate is represented during this work. Simulation studies disbursed with Matlab Sim Power Systems show that the fault location results square measure terribly correct.
Keywords: Ohmic Resistance, Transmission Lines, PMU, DFR, VCR, EMTP, MOV.
A SEMI BLIND CHANNEL ESTIMATION METHOD BASED ON HYBRID NEURAL NETWORKS FOR UP...ijwmn
The paper describes how to improve channel estimation in Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
Access (SC-FDMA) system, using a Hybrid Artificial Neural Networks (HANN). The 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) standards for uplink Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) uses pilot based
channel estimation technique. This kind of channel estimation method suffers from a considerable loss
ofbitrate due to pilot insertion; all data frame sent contains reference signal. The HANN converts data
aided channel estimator to semi blind channel estimator. To increase convergence speed, HANN uses some
channel propagation Fuzzy Rules to initialize Neural Network parameters before learning instead of a
random initialization, so its learning phase ismore rapidly compared to classic ANN.HANN allows more
bandwidth efficient and less complexity. Simulation results show that HANN has better computational
efficiency than the Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) estimator and has faster convergence than
classic Neural Networks estimators.
Analysis of Packet Loss Rate in Wireless Sensor Network using LEACH ProtocolIJTET Journal
Abstract: Wireless sensor network (WSN) is used to collect and send various kinds of messages to a base station (BS). Wireless sensor nodes are deployed randomly and densely in a target region, especially where the physical environment is very harsh that the macro-sensor counterparts cannot be deployed. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical (LEACH) Routing protocol builds a process where it reduces the Packet Loss Rate from 100 % to 55% .Simulations are carried out using NS2 simulator.
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been widely used in various applications.
In these networks nodes collect data from the attached sensors and send their data to a base
station. However, nodes in WSN have limited power supply in form of battery so the nodes
are expected to minimize energy consumption in order to maximize the lifetime of WSN. A
number of techniques have been proposed in the literature to reduce the energy
consumption significantly. In this paper, we propose a new clustering based technique
which is a modification of the popular LEACH algorithm. In this technique, first cluster
heads are elected using the improved LEACH algorithm as usual, and then a cluster of
nodes is formed based on the distance between node and cluster head. Finally, data from
node is transferred to cluster head. Cluster heads forward data, after applying aggregation,
to the cluster head that is closer to it than sink in forward direction or directly to the sink.
This reduction in distance travelled improves the performance over LEACH algorithm
significantly.
Distributed differential beamforming and power allocation for cooperative com...IJECEIAES
Many coherent cooperative diversity techniques for wireless relay networks have recently been suggested to improve the overall system performance in terms of the achievable data rate or bit error rate (BER) with low decoding complexity and delay. However, these techniques require channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter side, at the receiver side, or at both sides. Therefore, due to the overhead associated with estimating CSI, distributed differential space-time coding techniques have been suggested to overcome this overhead by detecting the information symbols without requiring any (CSI) at any transmitting or receiving antenna. However, the latter techniques suffer from low performance in terms of BER as well as high latency and decoding complexity. In this paper, a distributed differential beamforming technique with power allocation is proposed to overcome all drawbacks associated with the later techniques without needing CSI at any antenna and to be used for cooperative communication networks. We prove through our simulation results which is based on error probability that the proposed technique outperforms the conventional technique with comparably low decoding complexity and latency.
Reach and Operating Time Correction of Digital Distance Relay Yayah Zakaria
Current and voltage signals recieved from conventional iron core Current Transformer (CT) and Voltage Transformer plays very important role for correct operation of Distance Distance Relay (DDR). Increase in secondary burden connected to CT causes it to saturate at earlier stage. The saturated CT produces distorted secondary current, causing DDR to under reach and to operate by certain time delay. Rogowski Coils (RCs) are attaining increased acceptance and use in electrical power system due to their inherent linearity, greater accuracy and wide operating current range. This paper presents use of RC as an advanced measurement device suitable for DDR. Case study for validation of use of RC is carried out on low voltage system. The simulation results of Distance protection scheme used for protection of part of 220kV AC system shows excellent performance of RC over CT under abnormal conditions.
In Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN), Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) is
used to improve performance of spectrum sensing techniques used for detection of licensed
(Primary) user’s signal. In CSS, the spectrum sensing information from multiple unlicensed
(Secondary) users are combined to take final decision about presence of primary signal. The
mixing techniques used to generate final decision about presence of PU’s signal are also
called as Fusion techniques / rules. The fusion techniques are further classified as data
fusion and decision fusion techniques. In data fusion technique all the secondary users
(SUs) share their raw information of spectrum detection like detected energy or other
statistical information, while in decision fusion technique all the SUs take their local
decisions and share the decision by sending ‘0’ or ‘1’ corresponding to absence and presence
of PU’s signal respectively. The rules used in decision fusion techniques are OR rule, AND
rule and K-out-of-N rule. The CSS is further classified as distributed CSS and centralized
CSS. In distributed CSS all the SUs share the spectrum detection information with each
other and by mixing the shared information; all the SUs take final decision individually. In
centralized CSS all the SUs send their detected information to a secondary base station /
central unit which combines the shared information and takes final decision. The secondary
base station shares the final decision with all the SUs in the CRN. This paper covers
overview of information fusion methods used for CSS and analysis of decision fusion rules
with simulation results.
To identify and simulate conventional type of disturbance on the overhead transmission line by using PSCAD / EMTDC software package
To develop mathematical model for various type of disturbance on overhead transmission line.
To develop a smart algorithm for fault detection using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).
ESPRIT Method Enhancement for Real-time Wind Turbine Fault RecognitionIAES-IJPEDS
Early fault diagnosis plays a very important role in the modern energy production systems. The wind turbine machine requires a regular maintenance to guarantee an acceptable lifetime and to minimize production loss. In order to implement a fast, proactive condition monitoring, ESPRIT- TLS method seems the correct choice due to its robustness in improving the frequency and amplitude detection. Nevertheless, it has a very complex computation to implement in real time. To avoid this problem, a Fast- ESPRIT algorithm that combined the IIR band-pass filtering technique, the decimation technique and the original ESPRIT-TLS method were employed to enhance extracting accurately frequencies and their magnitudes from the wind stator current. The proposed algorithm has been evaluated by computer simulations with many fault scenarios. Study results demonstrate the performance of Fast-ESPRIT allowing fast and high resolution harmonics identification with minimum computation time and less memory cost.
Differential equation fault location algorithm with harmonic effects in power...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
About 80% of faults in the power system distribution are earth faults. Studies to find effective methods to identify and locate faults in distribution networks are still relevant, in addition to the presence of harmonic signals that distort waves and create deviations in the power system that can cause many problems to the protection relay. This study focuses on a single line-to-ground (SLG) fault location algorithm in a power system distribution network based on fundamental frequency measured using the differential equation method. The developed algorithm considers the presence of harmonics components in the simulation network. In this study, several filters were tested to obtain the lowest fault location error to reduce the effect of harmonic components on the developed fault location algorithm. The network model is simulated using the alternate transients program (ATP)Draw simulation program. Several fault scenarios have been implemented during the simulation, such as fault resistance, fault distance, and fault inception angle. The final results show that the proposed algorithm can estimate the fault distance successfully with an acceptable fault location error. Based on the simulation results, the differential equation continuous wavelet technique (CWT) filter-based algorithm produced an accurate fault location result with a mean average error (MAE) of less than 5%.
Design and implementation a prototype system for fusion image by using SWT-PC...IJECEIAES
The technology of fusion image is dominance strongly over domain research for recent years, the techniques of fusion have various applications in real time used and proposed such as purpose of military and remote sensing etc., the fusion image is very efficient in processing of digital image. Single image produced from two images or more information of relevant combining process results from multi sensor fusion image. FPGA is the best implementation types of most technology enabling wide spread.This device works with modern versions for different critical characteristics same huge number of elements logic in order to permit complex algorithm implemented. In this paper,filters are designed and implemented in FPGA utilized for disease specified detection from images CT/MRI scanned where the samples are taken for human's brain with various medical images and the processing of fusion employed by using technique Stationary Wavelet Transform and Principal Component Analysis (SWT-PCA). Accuracy image output increases when implemented this technique and that was done by sampling down eliminating where effects blurring and artifacts doesn't influenced. The algorithm of SWT-PCA parameters quality measurements like NCC, MSE, PSNR, coefficients and Eigen values.The advantages significant of this system that provide real time, time rapid to market and portability beside the change parametric continuing in the DWT transform. The designed and simulation of module proposed system has been done by using MATLAB simulink and blocks generator system, Xilinx synthesized with synthesis tool (XST) and implemented in XilinxSpartan 6-SP605 device.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
WAVELET- FUZZY BASED MULTI TERMINAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PROTECTION SCHEME IN ...ijfls
In This Paper, A New Protection Scheme In The Areas Of Accurate Fault Detection, Classification And
Location Estimation For Multi Terminal Transmission System Compensated With Statcom Is Proposed.
The Fault Indices Of All The Phases At All The Terminals Are Obtained By Analyzing The Detail
Coefficients Of Current Signals Through Bior 1.5 Mother Wavelet. The Complete Digital Simulation Of A
Transmission System With Statcom Is Performed Using Matlab /Simulink For Fault Detection,
Classification, And Faulty Terminal Identification With Variations In Fault Distance And Fault Inception
Angle For All Types Of Faults And Fuzzy Inference System Is Used To Estimate The Fault Location. The
Protection Scheme Yielded Accurate Results Within Half Cycle And Show That The Above Scheme Is
Suitable For Multi Terminal Transmission System With And Without Statcom Compensation.
Performance analysis and evaluation of IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination f...journalBEEI
This paper discusses the distributed coordination function (DCF) access mechanism which is a carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) scheme. Simulation projects for different DCF performance parameters have been built using the OPNET network simulator. The projects are mainly basic service set (BSS) topology simulated under different parameter values (data rate, fragmentation, RTS/CTS, number of nodes, and load condition). Simulation results show when the DCF access mechanism is better under what load condition, and how to choose the best fragmentation threshold and other access-mechanism specific parameters according to the network conditions. Simulation results were validated against a theoretically calculated maximum throughput (the simulation maximum throughput was about 70% of the theoretically calculated maximum throughput).
Ijeee 28-32-accurate fault location estimation in transmission linesKumar Goud
Accurate Fault Location Estimation in Transmission Lines
B. Narsimha Reddy Dr. P. Chandra Sekar
Sr. Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE
Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology
Hyderabad, TS, India Hyderabad, TS, India
babubnr@gmail.com Pcs_76@rediffmail.com
Abstract: In trendy power transmission systems, the double-circuit line structure is increasingly adopted. However, owing to the mutual coupling between the parallel lines it is quite difficult to style correct fault location algorithms. Moreover, the widely used series compensator and its protecting device introduce harmonics and non-linearity’s to the transmission lines, that create fault location a lot of difficult. To tackle these issues, this thesis is committed to developing advanced fault location strategies for double-circuit and series-compensated transmission lines. Algorithms utilizing thin measurements for pinpointing the situation of short-circuit faults on double-circuit lines square measure planned. By moldering the initial net-work into 3 sequence networks, the bus ohmic resistance matrix for every network with the addition of the citations fault bus may be developed. It’s a perform of the unknown fault location. With the increased bus ohmic resistance matrices the sequence voltage amendment throughout the fault at any bus may be expressed in terms of the corresponding sequence fault current and also the transfer ohmic resistance between the fault bus and the measured bus. Resorting to tape machine the superimposed sequence current at any branch may be expressed with relevancy the pertaining sequence fault current and transfer ohmic resistance terms. Obeying boundary conditions of different fault sorts, four different categories of fault location algorithms utilizing either voltage phasors, or phase voltage magnitudes, or current phasors or section current magnitudes square measure derived. The distinguishing characteristic of the planned methodology is that the information measurements need not stem from the faulted section itself. Quite satisfactory results are obtained victimisation EMTP simulation studies. A fault location rule for series-compensated transmission lines that employs two-terminal asynchronous voltage and current measurements has been implemented. For the distinct cases that the fault happens either on the left or on the right aspect of the series compensator, 2 subroutines square measure developed. In addition, the procedure to spot the proper fault location estimate is represented during this work. Simulation studies disbursed with Matlab Sim Power Systems show that the fault location results square measure terribly correct.
Keywords: Ohmic Resistance, Transmission Lines, PMU, DFR, VCR, EMTP, MOV.
A SEMI BLIND CHANNEL ESTIMATION METHOD BASED ON HYBRID NEURAL NETWORKS FOR UP...ijwmn
The paper describes how to improve channel estimation in Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
Access (SC-FDMA) system, using a Hybrid Artificial Neural Networks (HANN). The 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) standards for uplink Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) uses pilot based
channel estimation technique. This kind of channel estimation method suffers from a considerable loss
ofbitrate due to pilot insertion; all data frame sent contains reference signal. The HANN converts data
aided channel estimator to semi blind channel estimator. To increase convergence speed, HANN uses some
channel propagation Fuzzy Rules to initialize Neural Network parameters before learning instead of a
random initialization, so its learning phase ismore rapidly compared to classic ANN.HANN allows more
bandwidth efficient and less complexity. Simulation results show that HANN has better computational
efficiency than the Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) estimator and has faster convergence than
classic Neural Networks estimators.
Analysis of Packet Loss Rate in Wireless Sensor Network using LEACH ProtocolIJTET Journal
Abstract: Wireless sensor network (WSN) is used to collect and send various kinds of messages to a base station (BS). Wireless sensor nodes are deployed randomly and densely in a target region, especially where the physical environment is very harsh that the macro-sensor counterparts cannot be deployed. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical (LEACH) Routing protocol builds a process where it reduces the Packet Loss Rate from 100 % to 55% .Simulations are carried out using NS2 simulator.
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been widely used in various applications.
In these networks nodes collect data from the attached sensors and send their data to a base
station. However, nodes in WSN have limited power supply in form of battery so the nodes
are expected to minimize energy consumption in order to maximize the lifetime of WSN. A
number of techniques have been proposed in the literature to reduce the energy
consumption significantly. In this paper, we propose a new clustering based technique
which is a modification of the popular LEACH algorithm. In this technique, first cluster
heads are elected using the improved LEACH algorithm as usual, and then a cluster of
nodes is formed based on the distance between node and cluster head. Finally, data from
node is transferred to cluster head. Cluster heads forward data, after applying aggregation,
to the cluster head that is closer to it than sink in forward direction or directly to the sink.
This reduction in distance travelled improves the performance over LEACH algorithm
significantly.
Distributed differential beamforming and power allocation for cooperative com...IJECEIAES
Many coherent cooperative diversity techniques for wireless relay networks have recently been suggested to improve the overall system performance in terms of the achievable data rate or bit error rate (BER) with low decoding complexity and delay. However, these techniques require channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter side, at the receiver side, or at both sides. Therefore, due to the overhead associated with estimating CSI, distributed differential space-time coding techniques have been suggested to overcome this overhead by detecting the information symbols without requiring any (CSI) at any transmitting or receiving antenna. However, the latter techniques suffer from low performance in terms of BER as well as high latency and decoding complexity. In this paper, a distributed differential beamforming technique with power allocation is proposed to overcome all drawbacks associated with the later techniques without needing CSI at any antenna and to be used for cooperative communication networks. We prove through our simulation results which is based on error probability that the proposed technique outperforms the conventional technique with comparably low decoding complexity and latency.
Reach and Operating Time Correction of Digital Distance Relay Yayah Zakaria
Current and voltage signals recieved from conventional iron core Current Transformer (CT) and Voltage Transformer plays very important role for correct operation of Distance Distance Relay (DDR). Increase in secondary burden connected to CT causes it to saturate at earlier stage. The saturated CT produces distorted secondary current, causing DDR to under reach and to operate by certain time delay. Rogowski Coils (RCs) are attaining increased acceptance and use in electrical power system due to their inherent linearity, greater accuracy and wide operating current range. This paper presents use of RC as an advanced measurement device suitable for DDR. Case study for validation of use of RC is carried out on low voltage system. The simulation results of Distance protection scheme used for protection of part of 220kV AC system shows excellent performance of RC over CT under abnormal conditions.
In Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN), Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) is
used to improve performance of spectrum sensing techniques used for detection of licensed
(Primary) user’s signal. In CSS, the spectrum sensing information from multiple unlicensed
(Secondary) users are combined to take final decision about presence of primary signal. The
mixing techniques used to generate final decision about presence of PU’s signal are also
called as Fusion techniques / rules. The fusion techniques are further classified as data
fusion and decision fusion techniques. In data fusion technique all the secondary users
(SUs) share their raw information of spectrum detection like detected energy or other
statistical information, while in decision fusion technique all the SUs take their local
decisions and share the decision by sending ‘0’ or ‘1’ corresponding to absence and presence
of PU’s signal respectively. The rules used in decision fusion techniques are OR rule, AND
rule and K-out-of-N rule. The CSS is further classified as distributed CSS and centralized
CSS. In distributed CSS all the SUs share the spectrum detection information with each
other and by mixing the shared information; all the SUs take final decision individually. In
centralized CSS all the SUs send their detected information to a secondary base station /
central unit which combines the shared information and takes final decision. The secondary
base station shares the final decision with all the SUs in the CRN. This paper covers
overview of information fusion methods used for CSS and analysis of decision fusion rules
with simulation results.
To identify and simulate conventional type of disturbance on the overhead transmission line by using PSCAD / EMTDC software package
To develop mathematical model for various type of disturbance on overhead transmission line.
To develop a smart algorithm for fault detection using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).
ESPRIT Method Enhancement for Real-time Wind Turbine Fault RecognitionIAES-IJPEDS
Early fault diagnosis plays a very important role in the modern energy production systems. The wind turbine machine requires a regular maintenance to guarantee an acceptable lifetime and to minimize production loss. In order to implement a fast, proactive condition monitoring, ESPRIT- TLS method seems the correct choice due to its robustness in improving the frequency and amplitude detection. Nevertheless, it has a very complex computation to implement in real time. To avoid this problem, a Fast- ESPRIT algorithm that combined the IIR band-pass filtering technique, the decimation technique and the original ESPRIT-TLS method were employed to enhance extracting accurately frequencies and their magnitudes from the wind stator current. The proposed algorithm has been evaluated by computer simulations with many fault scenarios. Study results demonstrate the performance of Fast-ESPRIT allowing fast and high resolution harmonics identification with minimum computation time and less memory cost.
Differential equation fault location algorithm with harmonic effects in power...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
About 80% of faults in the power system distribution are earth faults. Studies to find effective methods to identify and locate faults in distribution networks are still relevant, in addition to the presence of harmonic signals that distort waves and create deviations in the power system that can cause many problems to the protection relay. This study focuses on a single line-to-ground (SLG) fault location algorithm in a power system distribution network based on fundamental frequency measured using the differential equation method. The developed algorithm considers the presence of harmonics components in the simulation network. In this study, several filters were tested to obtain the lowest fault location error to reduce the effect of harmonic components on the developed fault location algorithm. The network model is simulated using the alternate transients program (ATP)Draw simulation program. Several fault scenarios have been implemented during the simulation, such as fault resistance, fault distance, and fault inception angle. The final results show that the proposed algorithm can estimate the fault distance successfully with an acceptable fault location error. Based on the simulation results, the differential equation continuous wavelet technique (CWT) filter-based algorithm produced an accurate fault location result with a mean average error (MAE) of less than 5%.
A real-time fault diagnosis system for high-speed power system protection bas...IJECEIAES
This paper puts forward a real-time smart fault diagnosis system (SFDS) intended for high-speed protection of power system transmission lines. This system is based on advanced signal processing techniques, traveling wave theory results, and machine learning algorithms. The simulation results show that the SFDS can provide an accurate internal/external fault discrimination, fault inception time estimation, fault type identification, and fault location. This paper presents also the hardware requirements and software implementation of the SFDS.
Transient Monitoring Function based Fault Classifier for Relaying Applications IJECEIAES
This paper proposes Transient monitoring function (TMF) based fault classification approach for transmission line protection. The classifier provides accurate results under various system conditions involving fault resistance, inception angle, location and load angle. The transient component during fault is measured by TMF and appropriate logics applied for fault classification. Simulation studies using MATLAB ® /SIMULINK ™ are carried out for a 400 kV, 50 Hz power system with variable system conditions. Results show that the proposed classifier has high classification accuracy. The method developed has been compared with a fault classification technique based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The proposed technique can be implemented for real time protection schemes employing distance relaying.
An approach to Measure Transition Density of Binary Sequences for X-filling b...IJECEIAES
Switching activity and Transition density computation is an essential stage for dynamic power estimation and testing time reduction. The study of switching activity, transition densities and weighted switching activities of pseudo random binary sequences generated by Linear Feedback shift registers and Feed Forward shift registers plays a crucial role in design approaches of Built-In Self Test, cryptosystems, secure scan designs and other applications. This paper proposed an approach to find transition densities, which plays an important role in choosing of test pattern generator We have analyze conventional and proposed designs using our approache, This work also describes the testing time of benchmark circuits. The outcome of this paper is presented in the form of algorithm, theorems with proofs and analyses table which strongly support the same. The proposed algorithm reduces switching activity and testing time up to 51.56% and 84.61% respectively.
WAVELET- FUZZY BASED MULTI TERMINAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PROTECTION SCHEME IN ...Wireilla
In This Paper, A New Protection Scheme In The Areas Of Accurate Fault Detection, Classification And Location Estimation For Multi Terminal Transmission System Compensated With Statcom Is Proposed. The Fault Indices Of All The Phases At All The Terminals Are Obtained By Analyzing The Detail Coefficients Of Current Signals Through Bior 1.5 Mother Wavelet. The Complete Digital Simulation Of A Transmission System With Statcom Is Performed Using Matlab /Simulink For Fault Detection, Classification, And Faulty Terminal Identification With Variations In Fault Distance And Fault Inception Angle For All Types Of Faults And Fuzzy Inference System Is Used To Estimate The Fault Location. The Protection Scheme Yielded Accurate Results Within Half Cycle And Show That The Above Scheme Is Suitable For Multi Terminal Transmission System With And Without Statcom Compensation.
A Carrierless Amplitude Phase (CAP) Modulation Format: Perspective and Prospe...IJECEIAES
The explosive demand of broadband services nowadays requires data communication systems to have intensive capacity which subsequently increases the need for higher data rate as well. Although implementation of multiple wavelengths channels can be used (e.g. 4 × 25.8 Gb/s for 100 Gb/s connection) for such desired system, it usually leads to cost increment issue which is caused by employment of multiple optical components. Therefore, implementation of advanced modulation format using a single wavelength channel has become a preference to increase spectral efficiency by increasing the data rate for a given transmission system bandwidth. Conventional advanced modulation format however, involves a degree of complexity and costly transmission system. Hence, carrierless amplitude phase (CAP) modulation format has emerged as a promising advanced modulation format candidate due to spectral efficiency improvement ability with reduction of optical transceiver complexity and cost. The intriguing properties of CAP modulation format are reviewed as an attractive prospect in optical transmission system applications.
This work proposes an additional function for a VSD (Variable Speed Drive) which sends and receives information over the power lines and simultaneously, implements the protection against insulation faults to earth. Using the magnetic components of the insulation fault protection system of the motor, the prototype injects and detects the communication signals over the power line. The system works on both communication schemes, with and without the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) perturbation in the power lines, which are the two possible real applications. In order to set a proper communication between the motor and the drive, the communication channel was modeled and the noise was characterized. An FSK modulation and demodulation scheme was developed and tested. A 10 kbps communication over a 125 m length of cable and over a 1 km pi-section model of the same cable was successfully achieved with the laboratory prototype.
"Use of PMU data for locating faults and mitigating cascading outage"Power System Operation
Large number of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)
as a part of the system-wide synchrophasor monitoring
system are being deployed in the USA and around
the world. Transmission Operators (TOs), as well as
Independent system Operators (ISOs) or Regional
Transmission Operators (RTOs) are looking at leveraging
this high-resolution data to improve their ability to
monitor and control the grid. This paper elaborates on
the use of PMU data to locate faults in the power system,
and provides a prediction method for monitoring how the
system behaves after complex switching actions caused
by cascading events. A method for arresting cascades by
performing controlled islanding is also proposed.
We first present a novel system-wide fault location
method for transmission lines utilizing electromechanical
wave propagation phenomena. The method uses
synchrophasor measurements during disturbances
obtained from phasor measurement units sparsely
located in the network. The method determines the time-
of-arrival of electromechanical waves propagating from
the fault point to sparsely located PMUs. By taking the
speed of electromechanical wave propagation as well
as topology of the network into account, the method is
able to detect the faulty line. Finally, by adding fictitious
buses inside faulty line and applying binary search
method, location of fault is accurately pinpointed. The
main advantage of the proposed method is the use of
limited number of existing PMUs, which reduces the
cost of implementation. Test results reveal the high
accuracy of the method in detecting and locating faults.
Early prediction of cascade events outages followed
by immediate and proper control actions can prevent
Joint State and Parameter Estimation by Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) techniqueIJERD Editor
In order to increase power system stability and reliability during and after disturbances, power grid
global and local controllers must be developed. SCADA system provides steady and low sampling density. To
remove these limitation PMUs are being rapidly adopted worldwide. Dynamic states of power system can be
estimated using EKF. This requires field excitation as input which may not available. As a result, the EKF with
unknown inputs proposed for identifying and estimating the states and the unknown inputs of the synchronous
machine.
WAMS-Based SSR Damping Controller Design for FACTS Devices and Investigating ...IJPEDS-IAES
Recent technological progresses in the wide-area measurement systems
(WAMS) are realizing the centralized controls as a breakthrough for
improving the power systems stability. The most challenging deficiency
against WAMS technology is related to communication delays. If this latency
is neglected, it can deteriorate the damping performance of closed loop
control or even degrade the system stability. This paper investigates a
conventional Wide Area Damping Controller (WADC) for a static
synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to damp out the Sub-Synchronous
Resonance (SSR) and also investigation of the destructive effect of time
delay in remote feedback signal. A new optimization algorithm called
teaching-learning-based- optimization (TLBO) algorithm has been
implemented to normalize and optimize the parameters of the global SSR
damping controller. The IEEE Second Benchmark Model is considered as the
system under study and all simulations are carried out in
MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
Digital Wave Simulation of Lossy Lines for Multi-Gigabit ApplicationsPiero Belforte
Frequency domain Vector Fitting (VF) is a well known technique to generate circuital models of a spatially discretized lossy transmission lines from theoretical formulation of losses. The sub-picosecond time steps required by multi-gigahertz bandwidths and short transmission lines included in the models, determine long Spice simulation times. A 100X speedup can be gained using the Digital Wave Simulator (DWS) instead of Spice. DWS processes the waves of a Digital Network built up connecting together scattering blocks (circuit elements, nodes and S-parameter multi-ports) coming from a Spice-like description. Being a DSP wave processor instead of a classical nodal equations solver, DWS is computationally very fast and numerically stable. Comparisons with commercial simulators like Microcap11 and CST Cable Studio show a good matching of results. A further 10-100X simulation speedup is obtained if Piecewise-Linear Fitting (PWLF) is used to describe the time-domain behaviors of Scattering Parameters. Single or multiple cell Behavioral Time Models (BTM) can be extracted by PWLF from TDR/TDT measurements and processed by DWS fast convolution algorithms. A setup de-embedding can be performed by pwl breakpoints optimization to fit actual measurements. A RG58 coaxial cable is analyzed and its VF-derived eye-diagrams are compared to PWLF measurement-derived results. At multi-gigabit rates significant differences, due to cable physical implementation effects, are observed. The modeling/simulation alternatives (VF/Spice, VF/DWS and PWLF/DWS) are compared together and the advantages of PWLF/DWS in term of simplicity, stability and speed are highlighted.
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
This paper presents a fast and accurate fault detection, classification and direction discrimination algorithm of transmission lines using one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) that have ingrained adaptive model to avoid the feature extraction difficulties and fault classification into one learning algorithm. A proposed algorithm is directly usable with raw data and this deletes the need of a discrete feature extraction method resulting in more effective protective system. The proposed approach based on the three-phase voltages and currents signals of one end at the relay location in the transmission line system are taken as input to the proposed 1D-CNN algorithm. A 132kV power transmission line is simulated by Matlab simulink to prepare the training and testing data for the proposed 1D- CNN algorithm. The testing accuracy of the proposed algorithm is compared with other two conventional methods which are neural network and fuzzy neural network. The results of test explain that the new proposed detection system is efficient and fast for classifying and direction discrimination of fault in transmission line with high accuracy as compared with other conventional methods under various conditions of faults.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
Large-scale grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) station are increasing rapidly. However, this large penetration of PV system creates frequency fluctuation in the grid due to the intermittency of solar irradiance. Therefore, in this paper, a robust droop control mechanism of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is developed in order to damp the frequency fluctuation of the multi-machine grid system due to variable active power injected from the PV panel. The proposed droop control strategy incorporates frequency error signal and dead-band for effective minimization of frequency fluctuation. The BESS system is used to consume/inject an effective amount of active power based upon the frequency oscillation of the grid system. The simulation analysis is carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC software to prove the effectiveness of the proposed droop control-based BESS system. The simulation result implies that the proposed scheme can efficiently curtail the frequency oscillation.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The electrical distribution network is undergoing tremendous modifications with the introduction of distributed generation technologies which have led to an increase in fault current levels in the distribution network. Fault current limiters have been developed as a promising technology to limit fault current levels in power systems. Though, quite a number of fault current limiters have been developed; the most common are the superconducting fault current limiters, solid-state fault current limiters, and saturated core fault current limiters. These fault current limiters present potential fault current limiting solutions in power systems. Nevertheless, they encounter various challenges hindering their deployment and commercialization. This research aimed at designing a bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter with a novel topology for distribution network applications. The proposed bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter was designed and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed design in fault current limiting, voltage sag compensation during fault conditions, and its ability not to affect the load voltage and current during normal conditions as well as in suppressing the source powers during fault conditions. Simulation results also showed very minimal power loss by the fault current limiter during normal conditions.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
More from International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (20)
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694
A Time-Frequency Transform Based Fault Detection and Classification of… (S.K Mishra)
1805
Therefore building an intelligent and fast fault monitoring system is essential for detecting and
classifying the fault in the transmission line. Researchers have been developing many approaches to protect
the equipment as well as restore the continuity of power during the fault. Therefore the system must be very
accurate and fast acting to recognize the fault at an earliest possible of time to protect the costly equipment in
the transmission line. Many approaches have been used for evaluating fault detection and fault classification
such as signal processing, machine intelligence in learning, GPS communication system enabled to produce
many researchers for analysis of fault, its location and faulty phase identification. The PMU application is
gained wide spread attention in the analysis of fault in smart grid.
High performance based computing system like server cluster helps to process the system using
distributed computing within a less time span which allows the system in smart grid. In case of conventional
grid many different approaches are proposed.Earlier distance relay [4] is used to detect the fault because
impedance of the line changes during the occurrence of fault but it unable to provide protection of whole
transmission line as some errors may introduce while detecting the fault at near and far ends which causes
over reaching/under reaching. The frequency signal in the current waveform or voltage waveform is
thoroughly analyzed by means of travelling wave theory [5]. Fuzzy-neural network based scheme [6] is
discussed but the problem in this if some neurons are missed during phasor data interpretation under training
and testing process it may lead to error in fault detection process. In extended Kalman filtering [7] the
problem of dissimilar filters are introduced which lead errorneous result and Machine intelligence mehod
consumes more processing time.
Fourier transform, wavelet transform in particular DWT [8],[9] is somehow considered for study of
fault analysis, however there are some problem which may introduce in the accuracy of the system, as it is
very sensitive to noise and unable to address the harmonics clearly. S-transform and fast discrete S-transform
which is modified form S-transform are the various signal processing technique used to compute fault
detection, classification and location in the transmission line. Fault identification process using linear time-
frequency analysis of distribution in VSI switch [10] is presented, however it unable to explain the fault
detection time at different fault condition with respect to fault location. The matrix converter [11] approach is
discussed in which it explain open circuit/short circuit condition at switching fault component but unable to
detect the type of different shunt fault occurred in transmission line and its detection time. Fault current
limiter is discussed in [12] which is used to improve the transient stability and unable to trace shunt faults
except short circuit fault. An Adaline LMS control including DWT approach is presented [13] but it takes
more prcessing time as the pulse is controlled by means of neural network. The DT (Decision tree) [14]
approach consumes more processing time due to its burden. All the above approach discussed here involves
without integration of STATCOM in transmission line.
Therefore, a strong motivation behind the proposed scheme is to develop an algorithm which
provides fast processing of discrete S-transform (FDST) including STATCOM. S-Transform (ST) has been
used for transmission line protection [15], [16] for fault detection and classification due to its superior
properties of localizing the imaginary and real spectrum independently because of its moving and scalable
localizing property of Gaussian window. FDST [17] is used for frequency selection approach suitable for the
analysisof non-stationary signals that considerably reduce the computational complications by evaluating the
maximum energy content obtained from frequency component of the respective phase. The paper is divided
into different sections. Apart from the Section-1, introduction part is discussed earlier. Section-2 describes
FDST formulation. Section-3 discusses DSE based approach of differential relaying scheme. Section-4
discusses the simulation results and discussion obtained from different types of fault condition. Section-5
discusses the conclusion part of the proposed scheme.
2. FDST Signal Processing
FDST is a fast processing discrete S-transformation analysis and used to evaluate different
frequency component from non-stationary current using decision tool mechanism by numerically filtering
from unwanted frequency information. The FDST algorithm is referred from the literature [17]. S-spectrum
of S(k,n) signal is a complex quantity represented in equation 1.
( , )
( , ) ( , ) i k n
S k n A k n eq
=
(1)
Where, ( , ) ( , )
A k n S k n
= is magnitude of S-spectrum and phase is represented by Re( ( , ))
S k n and
Im( ( , ))
S k n value the real and imaginary values of ( , )
S k n expressed in equation 2.
3. ISSN: 2088-8694
IJPEDS Vol. 8, No. 4, December 2017 : 1804 – 1813
1806
1 Im( ( , ))
( , ) tan
Re( ( , ))
S k n
k n
S k n
(2)
Spectral Energy (SEp) of P-phase is represented in equation 3,
2
( , )
SE S k n
P
(3)
(3)
s
Z s
B
STATCOM
2
B 3
B R
B
1
l
Z 2
l
Z 3
l
Z 4
l
Z
s
V
0
r
V
1
B
Substation-1 Substation-2
fault
fault
fault
400Km long line
Figure 1. Proposed schematic diagram including the STATCOM placed at mid-point of the transmission line
3. Proposed Protection Scheme
The proposed diagram of the scheme including STATCOM is depicted in Figure1. The scheme
consists of two 400kV substation placed at both end of line, which is having 1500 MVAcapacity.The voltage,
impedance and bus of both end of sending and receiving terminals are represented as Vs,Vr,Zs, Zr, B-S and B-
R respectively. The whole transmission line comprises of four different subsection Zl1, Zl2, Zl3 and Zl4 placed
at 100km distance from one another.. The positive and zero sequence of resistance and inductance are
represented in ohm per km and in henry per km such as R1=0.01537, R0=0.04612, L1=0.8858×10-3
and
L0=2.654×10-3
respectively. Parameters of the two grid substations shown in proposed scheme are
Vs=400kV, δs= 120
and Vr =400kV, δr= 00
of 50Hz frequency. STATCOM of 100MVA capacity is shunt
connected through transformer 15kV/400kV to the transmission line. Figure 2 depicts schematic diagram of
proposed relaying scheme. The different parameters mentioned below are tested for simulation study.
Fault resistance variation (Rf ): 0 to 100Ω
Fault Inception Angle (FIA) variation : 00
, 450
,900
Reverse power flow
Source impedance (SI) variation
STATCOM
Substation-2
400kV
Transmission
line
B-S B-R
200 km 200km
FDST
Calculate Spectral Energies (SE) of all currents at B-S and B-R
Calculate DSE at respective phase currents of circuit.
DSE,P = (SEB-S,P – SEB-R,P),
‘P’ denote a particular phase either a,b or c
CT-1 CT-2
DSE,P > Th, Fault in Sending end within 50% distance from B-S
DSE,P < -Th , Fault in Receiving end within 50% distance from B-R
Trip
Substation-1
(-Th) < DSE < (Th)
P
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of proposed relaying scheme
4. IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694
A Time-Frequency Transform Based Fault Detection and Classification of… (S.K Mishra)
1807
The differential spectral energy [19] of each phase (DSEp) is formulated by
DSEP= (SEB-S,P– SEB-R,P) (4)
Here, P is phase-A, B or C.
The following conditions provide the information regarding detection and classification of fault in the
transmission line.
DE-P> +Th: fault is within 50% distance from B-S
DE P<-Th: fault is within 50% distance from B-R
-Th<DEP<+Th: fault is at an external end.
Threshold (Th) is selected after carrying out number of simulation at different types of fault condition. Here
the Th is selected as 0.005 in our proposed system.The relaying theory is referred from the literature [20].
4. Result and Discussion
MATLAB R2010a SIMULINK version is used for modelling the proposed scheme. In order to provide
complete protection of the scheme internal fault and external faults are considered.
4.1 Internal Fault:
All simulations are conducted at fault inception of 0.4s under different shunt fault condition.Figure 3
depicts A-G fault occurs at sending end bus (B-S) and A-G fault occurs at receiving end bus (B-R).This
shows that A-G fault at B-S and A-G fault at B-R are 180 degree phase shift to each other. To test the effect
of variation of Rf, number of simulations are tested at Rf values from 0Ω -100Ω at different fault condition.
In Figure 4(a) ABC fault occurs at 150 km distance from B-S at Rf=1Ω, FIA=00
the DSE of all A,B and C
phase current increases in +ve direction and crosses Th value at 0.005 and detects the ABC fault in 0.03s
classified as ABC fault. So the fault detection time (FDT) requires 0.03s for ABC fault. Figure 4(b) depicts
the frequency contour of ABC fault at 150km distance from B-S at Rf=1Ω and FIA=00
. From this figure the
frequency contours at time 0.4s successfully localizes the fault events just after the occurrence of fault.
Figure 4(c) depicts ABC fault at 150km distance from Bus B-R (Bus-4), Rf=1Ω and FIA=00
, the FDT takes
0.04s to cross Th value. Figure 4(d) depicts the frequency contour of ABC fault occurs at 150km distance
from Bus B-R at Rf=1Ω and FIA=00
.
Figure 3. A-G fault at 100km from B-S and at 100km from B-4
4.2 Effect of fault resistance variation (Rf)
Figure 4(a). ABC fault at 150km distance from B-S, Rf=1Ω and FIA=00
5. ISSN: 2088-8694
IJPEDS Vol. 8, No. 4, December 2017 : 1804 – 1813
1808
Figure 4(b). Frequency contour of ABC fault at 0.4 sec, Rf=1 Ω and FIA=0
Figure 4(c). ABC fault at 150km distance from Bus B-R (Bus-4), Rf=1Ω and FIA=00
Figure 4(e) depicts three different values of Rf=1Ω, 50Ω and 100Ω, FIA=00
and it shows that DSE
of A-phase current increases in +ve direction and crosses Th value at 0.005. FDT for each three different
values of Rf (1Ω, 50Ω and 100Ω) takes time in 0.04s, 0.042s and 0.044s respectively for 100km distance
from B-S. Thus the system works fine in all the values of Rf from 0Ω to 100Ω at any location of transmission
line. Table 1 depicts the variation of Rf at three different values such as 1Ω, 50Ω and 100Ω at FIA=00
the
FDT in s and distance in km from B-S is presented under differet types of fault condition.
Figure 4(d). Frequency contour of ABC fault at 150km distance from B-R, Rf=1Ω and FIA=00
Figure 4(e). A-G fault at 100km distance from B-S at Rf=1Ω, 50Ω and 100Ω, FIA=00
6. IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694
A Time-Frequency Transform Based Fault Detection and Classification of… (S.K Mishra)
1809
Table 1. Variation of Rf from 1Ω - 100Ω at FIA=00
, Fault detection time (FDT) and distance in km from B-S
Type of fault Rf=1 Ω
FDT and
distance from B-S
Rf=50Ω
FDT and
distance from B-S
Rf=100Ω
FDT and
distance from B-S
Fault
classification
A-G 0.04s, 100km 0.042s,100km 0.044s,100km A-phase
A-G 0.04s,350km 0.045s,350km 0.045s,350km A-phase
AB-G 0.03s,200km 0.04s,200km 0.04s,200km AB-phase
BC-G 0.04s,10km 0.04s,10km 0.04s,10km BC-phase
ABC 0.03s,150km 0.035s,150km 0.034s,150km ABC-phase
4.3 Effect of the Fault Inception Angle (FIA):
To test the effectiveness and performance of the system, Figure 5(a) depicts B-G fault occurs at
200km distance from B-S, at Rf=1Ω and FIA=450
. The FDT takes 0.05s and is detected as well as classified
as B-G fault. Figure 5(b) depicts the frequency contour of B-G fault at Rf=1Ω, NSI and FIA=450
which
localizes the fault at 0.4s. The figure shows that the fault is detected and classified in FDT 0.03s in case of
FIA at 450
and FDT 0.05s in case of FIA at 900
. Thus it is concluded that the FDT takes less time incase of
lower value of FIA and vice-versa. Table 2 presents the variation of FIA from 00
to 900
at Rf=1Ω respect to
FDT and distance in km from B-S under different types of fault.
Figure 5(a). B-G fault at 200km from B-S at Rf=1Ω, FIA=450
Figure 5(b). Frequency contour of B-G fault from B-S at 0.4s, Rf=1Ω, NSI and FIA=450
Table 2. Variation of FIA (00
, 300
, 450
and 900
) at Rf =1Ω, fault distance in km from B-S
Fault Type FIA=00
FDT and
distance
FIA=300
FDT and
distance
FIA=450
FDT and
distance
FIA=900
FDT and
distance
classification
B-G 0.035s, 200km 0.04s,200km 0.05s,200km 0.055s,200km B-phase
CA-G 0.03s,100km 0.035s,100km 0.04s,100km 0.045s,100km CA phase
A-G 0.25s,90km 0.03s,90km 0.03s,90km 0.05s,90km A-phase
ABC-G 0.02s,90km 0.025s,90km 0.03s,90km 0.035s,90km ABC phase
4.3 Effect of Variation in Source Impedance (SI):
To study the effect of SI, Normal SI (NSI) and increasing NSI from 5% to 30% of NSI. The number of
simulations are considered for different types of fault at different values of %age increase of NSI. Figure
6(a) depicts AB-G fault at 50km distance from B-S, Rf=1Ω, 30% increase of NSI, FIA=00
. Figure 6(b)
depicts the frequency contour of AB-G fault occurs at 50 km distance from B-S, Rf=1Ω, SI=30% increase of
NSI and FIA =00
. It shows that the frequency contours successfully localizes the fault events at 0.4s. Thus,
7. ISSN: 2088-8694
IJPEDS Vol. 8, No. 4, December 2017 : 1804 – 1813
1810
this increase of SI is allowed for any system to study the fault to classify and detects in an accurate manner.
Table 3 depicts the variation of SI (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% increase of NSI) at Rf =1Ω, FDT and
distance in km from B-S under different types of fault.
Figure 6(a). AB-G fault at 50Km distance from B-S, Rf=1Ω,SI= 30% increase of NSI, FIA =00
Figure 6(b). Frequency contour of AB-G fault at 0.4 sec, Rf=1Ω, SI= 30% increase of NSI, FIA=00
Table 3. Variation of SI (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% increase of NSI) at Rf =1Ω, fault distance in
km from B-S
Fault type SI=5% +NSI,
FDT, distance
SI=10% +NSI,
FDT, distance
SI=15% +NSI,
FDT, distance
SI=20% +NSI,
FDT, distance
SI=25% +NSI,
FDT, distance
SI=30%+NSI,
FDT, distance
A-G 0.03s,10km 0.03s,10km 0.032s,10km 0.032s,10km 0.04s,10km 0.04s,10km
AB-G 0.02s and
0.025s,50km
0.02s and
0.03s,50km
0.02s and
0.035s,50km
0.03s and
0.035s,50km
0.03s and
0.035s,50km
0.03s and
0.04s,50km
AB-G (B-4) 0.025s and
0.03s,50km
0.025s and
0.03s,50km
0.025s and
0.03s,50km
0.03s and
0.035s,50km
0.04s and
0.042s,50km
0.04s and
0.044s,50km
ABC 0.03s,399km 0.03s,399km 0.035s,399km 0.035s,399km 0.04s,399km 0.04s,399km
4.4. Effect of phase reversal:
The phase reversal is critical issue while studying fault detection and classification. The effectiveness of
the system is also tested using reverse power flow under different types of fault. Figure 7(a) depicts the ABC
fault occurs at 70km from B-S, at Rf=1Ω, FIA =00
, with phase reversal. The DSE of all three phase current
A-phase, B-phase and C-phase crosses the Th value in 0.04s to detect and classify the fault. Figure 7(b)
depicts the frequency contour of ABC fault. Thus, it is concluded that the system works fine in phase
reversal. Table 4 presents the reverse power flow at Rf =1Ω, FIA=00
, FDT and distance in km from B-S under
different types of fault. Table 5 presents the distance variation with respect to FDT from B-S at Rf =1Ω and
FIA=00
.
8. IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694
A Time-Frequency Transform Based Fault Detection and Classification of… (S.K Mishra)
1811
Figure 7(a). ABC fault at 70km distance from B-S, Rf=1 Ω,FIA=00
with phase reversal
Figure 7(b). Frequency contour of ABC fault at 70km from B-S,Rf=1Ω, NSI, FIA =00
with phase reversal
Table 4. Reverse power flow at Rf =1Ω, FIA=00
, fault distance in km from B-S
Fault Type FDT in Reverse power flow
from B-S, distance
FDT in Reverse power flow
from B-4 distance
classification
C-G 0.035s,100km 0.035s,100km C-phase
AB-G 0.03s and 0.04s,70km 0.025s and 0.038s,70km AB-phase
BC 0.04s,150km 0.045s,150km BC-phase
ABC 0.04s,70km 0.04s,70km ABC-phase
Table 5. Distance variation with respect to FDT from B-S at Rf =1Ω and FIA=00
Fault Type 100km, FDT 200km, FDT 300km, FDT Classification
B-G 0.03s 0.03s 0.04s B-phase
BC-G 0.03s 0.035s 0.04s BC-phase
AB 0.035s 0.035s 0.04s AB-phase
ABC 0.04s 0.04s 0.04s ABC phase
4.5 External fault
To test reliability further an external fault AB phase is made. Figure 8(a) depicts AB fault at 0.4s, it
shows that the DSE of any of the A phase and B phase currents are unable to cross Th value (±0.05) neither
in +ve direction nor in –ve direction. Thus it proves that the fault is an external fault. Figure 8(b) depicts
frequency contour of AB fault which shows that the fault is effectively localize at inception of fault. Thus the
fault is detected and classified in the analysis of an external fault. The proposed scheme clearly discriminates
well to detect internal and external fault.
9. ISSN: 2088-8694
IJPEDS Vol. 8, No. 4, December 2017 : 1804 – 1813
1812
Figure 8(a). AB fault is at an external zone, Rf=1Ω, FIA =00
Figure 8(b). Frequency contour of an external end of AB fault, Rf=1 Ω,NSI, FIA=00
Table 6. A comparative study of DSE with Differential current scheme and Distance relaying scheme.
Fault condition with varying
parameters.
Proposed algorithm of
DSE scheme
Differential current scheme Distance relaying scheme
Rf variation from 0 -100Ω Not affected Affected [21] Relay under reach
(-4.1%)/over reach (2%)
SI variation upto 50% Not affected Affected [21] Relay under reach
(-4%)/over reach (2%)
STATCOM variation (voltage and
VAR regulator)
Affected in Small variation,
but works fine
Affected [21] STATCOM Relay
under reach (-7.9%) and
over reach (6.2%)
Reverse power flow Not affected Affected Affected
Inter circuit fault Not affected Affected Affected
External fault Not affected Affected Affected
5. DISCUSSION
The differential relaying scheme of time-frequency transform based fault detection and
classification of STATCOM integrated single circuit transmission line is proposed.Table 1-Table 5 depicts
the variation of different parameter condition under different types of fault. It is seen that in all the case the
fault is detected and classified accurately within a cycle of time period (20ms). In all these condition FDT
with respect to distance of fault location from sending and receiving end bus under different types of faults
have been considered. As enough literatures are not available to compare the proposed scheme, still a
comparative analysis has been presented in Table 6. A comparative study of proposed algorithm of DSE
scheme with respect to the existing approach [21] is presented. In this table different types of parameter
variation such as fault resistance (Rf), Source Impedance (SI) upto 50%, STATCOM variation, reverse
power flow, inter-circuit fault and external fault are considered. It is clearly understood that the proposed
scheme of DSE scheme works fine and not affected under such variation compared to differential current
scheme and distance relaying scheme. The distance relaying scheme performs to detect the fault but very
often relay behaves under reach and over reach problem. It is observed that in all the exreme situation and
critical condition of parameter variation such as Rf, SI, FIA and phase reversal, the proposed scheme works
fine to address fault detection and classification.
Time in sec
Frequency
contour
Frequency contour of AB External fault
0.38 0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
10. IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694
A Time-Frequency Transform Based Fault Detection and Classification of… (S.K Mishra)
1813
6. CONCLUSION
A time-frequency transform based fault detection and classification of STATCOM integrated single circuit
transmission line is proposed. The DSE based relaying differential scheme including fast signal processing
FDST is used for analysis of different types of fault detection and classification at different parametric
condition. DSE scheme is used either to issue or suppress the tripping signal. The frequency contour
waveform shows the localization of fault occurs at 0.4s. The scheme is validated for detecting and classifying
the different types of external and internal condition by varying theparameters such as Rf, SI, FIA and phase
reversal. Therefore it is concluded that the proposed DSE scheme works fine under all such extreme and
critical condition to detect both internal and external fault within a cycle of response time (20ms).
REFERENCES
[1] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi. Understanding FACTS Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission
Systems, New York: IEEE Press, 2000.
[2] S. R. Samantaray. “A Data-Mining Model for Protection of FACTS-Based Transmission Line”, in IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, 2013; 28 (2): 612-618
[3] L.N. Tripathy, S.R Samantray, P.K Dash. “A fast time–frequency transform based differential relaying scheme for
UPFC based double-circuit transmission line”, International Journal of Electrical and Power Energy system, 2016;
77(1): 404-417.
[4] Zhou X, Wang H, R.K Agarwal, P. Beaumont. “Performance of evaluation of distance relay as applied to a
transmission system with UPFC”, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, 2006; 21(3): 1137-1147.
[5] M.H.J. Boolen. “Traveling wave based protection of double circuit lines”, Proceedings of Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers C- Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 1993; 140 (2): 37–47.
[6] P.K. Dash, A.K Pradhan, G.Panda. “A novel fuzzy neural network based distance relaying scheme”, IEEE
Transaction on Power Delivery, 2000; 15(3): 902-907.
[7] S. R. Samantaray, P. K. Dash. “High impedance fault detection in distribution feeders using extended kalman filter
and support vector machine”, European Transaction on Electrical Power, 2010; 20(3): 382-393.
[8] V. L. Pham, K. P. Wong. “Wavelet transform based algorithm for harmonic analysis of power system waveform”,
proceeding on Institutionof Electrical Engineering, Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 1999; 146(3): 249–
254.
[9] Y. S Rao, G. Ravi Kumar, G. Keshab Rao. “A new approach for classification of fault in transmission line with
combination of wavelet multi resolution analysis and neural networks”, International Journal of Power Electronics
and Drive system, 2017; 8(1): 505-512.
[10] M. F. Habban, M. Manap, A.R. Abdullah, M.H. Jopri, T. Sutikno. “An Evaluation of linear time frequency
distribution Analysis for VSI switch faults identification”, International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive
system, 2017; 8(1): 1-9.
[11] S. Azimi and M.V. Amiri. “Concurrent Detection and Classification of faults in Matrix Converter using Trans-
conductance”, International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive system, 2014; 5(1): 93-100.
[12] S. Dhara, A. K. Shrivastav, P. K. Sadhu, A. Ganguly. “A fault current limiter circuit to improve transient stability
in power system”, International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive system, 2016; 7(3): 769-780.
[13] S. K. Mishra, L.N Tripathy, S.C Swain. “An Adaline LMS control and DWT approach based differential relaying
STATCOM integrated line”, International Journal of Control Theory and Applications, 2017; 10 (37): 281-296.
[14] M. K. Jena, S. R. samantray, L. N. tripathy. “Decision tree-induced fuzzy rule-based differential relaying for
transmission line including unified power flow controller and wind-farms”, in IET Generation, Transmission and
Distribution, 2014; 8 (12): 2144-2152.
[15] P.K. Dash, S.R. Samantaray, G. Panda and B.K. Panigrahi. “Time– frequency transform approach for protection of
Parallel transmission lines” IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2007; 1 (1): 30-38.
[16] L.N. Tripathy, S.R Samantray, P.K Dash. “Sparse S-transform for location of faults on transmission lines operating
with unified power flow controller”, in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2015; 9(15): 2108-2116.
[17] L.N. Tripathy, S.R Samantray, P.K Dash. “A fast time-frequency transform based differential relaying scheme for
UPFC based double circuit transmission line”, in International Joiurnal of Electrical Power & Energy System,
2016; 77(1): 404-417.
[18] H. A. Darwish, A. M. I. Talab, a.H Osman, N. M Mansur, O. P. Mallik. “Spectral energy differential approach for
transmission line protection”, proceeding on PSCE, Atlanta: USA, 2006: 1931–1937.
[19] L.N. Tripathy, M. K. jena, S. R Samantray. “Differential relaying scheme for tapped transmission line connecting
UPFC and wind farm”, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2014; 60 (2): 245-257.
[20] W. Elmore, Protective Relaying Theory and Applications, second ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 2005.
[21] M. Khederzadeh, A. Ghorbani. “STATCOM modelling impacts on performance evaluation of distance protection
of transmission lines”, in European Transaction on Electrical Power, 2011; 21(3): 2063-2079.