This document proposes a software authentication system to help prevent the spread of computer viruses. It begins by reviewing existing anti-virus approaches like pattern-matching and checksum verification. These approaches have limitations, as they cannot detect new viruses and rely on an assumption that all software is virus-free. The proposed system aims to overcome these issues by having software vendors digitally sign their programs, without requiring a central trusted authority. Vendors generate their own keys, and certification centers hold pieces of the private key to authenticate signatures locally without user interaction. This allows vendors to verify software authenticity while maintaining independence.
This document proposes an email worm vaccine architecture that uses behavior-based anomaly detection to intercept incoming emails and scan attachments in virtual machines to detect malicious software. The system includes a virtual machine cluster to open attachments safely, a host-based intrusion detection system to monitor for dangerous behaviors, and an email-aware mail transfer agent to classify messages and communicate with the detection system. The implementation demonstrates detecting malware using parallel virtual machines while maintaining a low false positive rate.
A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF DYNAMIC MALWARE ANALYSIS TOOLSIJNSA Journal
Malware writers have employed various obfuscation and polymorphism techniques to thwart static analysis
approaches and bypassing antivirus tools. Dynamic analysis techniques, however, have essentially
overcome these deceits by observing the actual behaviour of the code execution. In this regard, various
methods, techniques and tools have been proposed. However, because of the diverse concepts and
strategies used in the implementation of these methods and tools, security researchers and malware
analysts find it difficult to select the required optimum tool to investigate the behaviour of a malware and to
contain the associated risk for their study. Focusing on two dynamic analysis techniques: Function Call
monitoring and Information Flow Tracking, this paper presents a comparison framework for dynamic
malware analysis tools. The framework will assist the researchers and analysts to recognize the tool’s
implementation strategy, analysis approach, system-wide analysis support and its overall handling of
binaries, helping them to select a suitable and effective one for their study and analysis.
The document summarizes an OWASP compliance report generated by Acunetix for a website. It found:
1 alert for security misconfiguration as the site has a web application firewall; 3 alerts for sensitive data exposure due to missing X-Frame-Options header and possible virtual hosting; and 1 alert for missing access controls also due to the missing X-Frame-Options header. The report analyzed the site for 10 common compliance categories and OWASP top vulnerabilities.
The document is a penetration testing report that was conducted on <Company>'s systems and networks. It found several security vulnerabilities including: insufficient authentication that allowed login with any username and password, improper input filtration that enabled SQL injection and cross-site scripting attacks, and administrator login and username enumeration. The report provides tactical recommendations to address the immediate issues like filtering user input and strategic recommendations around access controls and security best practices.
Using Multiple Antivirus Engine Scanning to Protect Critical InfrastructureOPSWAT
Tony Berning, Senior Product Manager at OPSWAT, gave a talk on Securing Critical Infrastructure, using multiple anti-malware engines and other methods, to an audience of academic researchers, operators of power plants and other workers in critical infrastructure. The presentation introduced the basics of multi-scanning and the benefits of utilizing multiple anti-malware engines to scan files. The presentation also covered topics related to defining and setting appropriate security policies for various user groups and outlining common security architectures.
Web Application Penetration Tests - ReportingNetsparker
These slides look into what is most probably the most overlooked stage of the website security assessment; reporting. The reporting stage is the ultimate deliverable from your security engagement.
The document introduces Metascan, a multi-scanning solution that simultaneously scans files with multiple anti-malware engines. This increases malware detection rates and reduces detection times. Metascan is used by security analysts, IT managers, and software companies to incorporate multi-scanning into their systems and identify threats. It has standard preconfigured packages but can also be customized.
Risk oriented testing of web-based applicationssarikagrov
The document discusses risk-oriented testing of web-based applications. It outlines some key risks like security and performance that should be addressed. It provides a checklist of test parameters for web-based testing like browser compatibility, functionality, integration, usability and security. The document also describes a workbench approach for web-based testing that involves defining inputs, identifying risks, selecting appropriate tests, using test tools, and producing outputs.
This document proposes an email worm vaccine architecture that uses behavior-based anomaly detection to intercept incoming emails and scan attachments in virtual machines to detect malicious software. The system includes a virtual machine cluster to open attachments safely, a host-based intrusion detection system to monitor for dangerous behaviors, and an email-aware mail transfer agent to classify messages and communicate with the detection system. The implementation demonstrates detecting malware using parallel virtual machines while maintaining a low false positive rate.
A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF DYNAMIC MALWARE ANALYSIS TOOLSIJNSA Journal
Malware writers have employed various obfuscation and polymorphism techniques to thwart static analysis
approaches and bypassing antivirus tools. Dynamic analysis techniques, however, have essentially
overcome these deceits by observing the actual behaviour of the code execution. In this regard, various
methods, techniques and tools have been proposed. However, because of the diverse concepts and
strategies used in the implementation of these methods and tools, security researchers and malware
analysts find it difficult to select the required optimum tool to investigate the behaviour of a malware and to
contain the associated risk for their study. Focusing on two dynamic analysis techniques: Function Call
monitoring and Information Flow Tracking, this paper presents a comparison framework for dynamic
malware analysis tools. The framework will assist the researchers and analysts to recognize the tool’s
implementation strategy, analysis approach, system-wide analysis support and its overall handling of
binaries, helping them to select a suitable and effective one for their study and analysis.
The document summarizes an OWASP compliance report generated by Acunetix for a website. It found:
1 alert for security misconfiguration as the site has a web application firewall; 3 alerts for sensitive data exposure due to missing X-Frame-Options header and possible virtual hosting; and 1 alert for missing access controls also due to the missing X-Frame-Options header. The report analyzed the site for 10 common compliance categories and OWASP top vulnerabilities.
The document is a penetration testing report that was conducted on <Company>'s systems and networks. It found several security vulnerabilities including: insufficient authentication that allowed login with any username and password, improper input filtration that enabled SQL injection and cross-site scripting attacks, and administrator login and username enumeration. The report provides tactical recommendations to address the immediate issues like filtering user input and strategic recommendations around access controls and security best practices.
Using Multiple Antivirus Engine Scanning to Protect Critical InfrastructureOPSWAT
Tony Berning, Senior Product Manager at OPSWAT, gave a talk on Securing Critical Infrastructure, using multiple anti-malware engines and other methods, to an audience of academic researchers, operators of power plants and other workers in critical infrastructure. The presentation introduced the basics of multi-scanning and the benefits of utilizing multiple anti-malware engines to scan files. The presentation also covered topics related to defining and setting appropriate security policies for various user groups and outlining common security architectures.
Web Application Penetration Tests - ReportingNetsparker
These slides look into what is most probably the most overlooked stage of the website security assessment; reporting. The reporting stage is the ultimate deliverable from your security engagement.
The document introduces Metascan, a multi-scanning solution that simultaneously scans files with multiple anti-malware engines. This increases malware detection rates and reduces detection times. Metascan is used by security analysts, IT managers, and software companies to incorporate multi-scanning into their systems and identify threats. It has standard preconfigured packages but can also be customized.
Risk oriented testing of web-based applicationssarikagrov
The document discusses risk-oriented testing of web-based applications. It outlines some key risks like security and performance that should be addressed. It provides a checklist of test parameters for web-based testing like browser compatibility, functionality, integration, usability and security. The document also describes a workbench approach for web-based testing that involves defining inputs, identifying risks, selecting appropriate tests, using test tools, and producing outputs.
Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing Report Rishabh Upadhyay
This document is Rishabh Upadhyay's bachelor's project on ethical hacking and penetration testing. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking those who provided guidance. The project aims to penetration test the local area network of the University of Allahabad, map the network, identify important hosts and services, and demonstrate some attacks. It also includes developing a simple network scanner program. The document is divided into multiple parts covering introductions to topics like hackers vs ethical hackers and penetration testing methodology, as well as a vulnerability assessment report from testing the university's network.
Malware Detection Using Data Mining Techniques Akash Karwande
This document discusses techniques for malware detection using data mining. It begins by defining the problem of malware as one of the most serious issues faced on the internet. It then discusses types of malware like viruses, worms, trojans, and rootkits. It describes how rootkits can hide themselves and their activities. The document outlines static and dynamic analysis methods for malware detection and describes signature-based and behavior-based detection techniques. It shows results from using the Weka tool achieving over 97% success in rootkit detection. Advanced techniques discussed include n-grams and analyzing API/system calls.
This document discusses a tool called ALTERDROID that analyzes Android applications to detect malware. ALTERDROID uses static and dynamic analysis techniques to detect obfuscated malware hidden in applications. It analyzes applications that are installed on a device to identify any malicious components. If malware is found, it asks the user for permission to uninstall the application. For unauthorized users attempting to access the device, it captures their image and sends it by email. The document compares this approach to existing static-only malware analysis techniques, which can miss hidden malicious components.
Taxonomy mobile malware threats and detection techniquescsandit
Since last-decade, smart-phones have gained widespr
ead usage. Mobile devices store personal
details such as contacts and text messages. Due to
this extensive growth, smart-phones are
attracted towards cyber-criminals. In this research
work, we have done a systematic review of
the terms related to malware detection algorithms
and have also summarized behavioral
description of some known mobile malwares in tabula
r form. After careful solicitation of all the
possible methods and algorithms for detection of m
obile-based malwares, we give some
recommendations for designing future malware detect
ion algorithm by considering
computational complexity and detection ration of m
obile malwares.
This document provides a vulnerability assessment report for a network called the Grey Network. It analyzes vulnerabilities found on 3 machines with IP addresses 172.31.106.13, 172.31.106.90, and 172.31.106.196. The report found critical vulnerabilities on all machines from outdated operating systems and software. Specific issues included an unencrypted Telnet server, outdated Apache and OpenSSL versions, and Windows XP past its end of life. Scanning tools like Nmap, Nikto, and Nessus were used to detect these vulnerabilities. The report recommends patching all systems, updating to current versions, and disabling insecure services.
website vulnerability scanner and reporter research paperBhagyashri Chalakh
This document discusses developing a website analysis tool to improve vulnerability scanning and reporting. It proposes using deep neural networks to enhance the accuracy of vulnerability scanners. It first reviews existing vulnerability scanners like Nessus, Acunetix, and OWASP ZAP and their capabilities. It then discusses how vulnerability scanners use techniques like crawling, fuzzing, and machine learning algorithms to detect vulnerabilities. The proposed tool aims to reduce false positives, allow simultaneous scans, and provide clear reports with countermeasure recommendations to better secure websites.
Basic survey on malware analysis, tools and techniquesijcsa
The term malware stands for malicious software. It is a program installed on a system without the
knowledge of owner of the system. It is basically installed by the third party with the intention to steal some
private data from the system or simply just to play pranks. This in turn threatens the computer’s security,
wherein computer are used by one’s in day-to-day life as to deal with various necessities like education,
communication, hospitals, banking, entertainment etc. Different traditional techniques are used to detect
and defend these malwares like Antivirus Scanner (AVS), firewalls, etc. But today malware writers are one
step forward towards then Malware detectors. Day-by-day they write new malwares, which become a great
challenge for malware detectors. This paper focuses on basis study of malwares and various detection
techniques which can be used to detect malwares.
This document provides information about Malwarebytes Anti-Malware Crack software. It discusses how the software can detect and remove malware, viruses, and infected websites from computers. It protects against ransomware and phishing scams. The software has real-time scanning and background scanning capabilities. It also provides protection for Windows, Mac, iOS, and Android operating systems. The document discusses the features of the premium version like advanced threat protection, faster scanning, and protection from fake websites. It also provides a Malwarebytes license key to activate the full premium version.
Malwarebytes Anti-Malware Crack is anti-malware software that detects and removes viruses, malware, and other threats from computers. It provides real-time protection, scans files and downloads to quarantine threats, and protects against ransomware and infected websites. The software is available for Windows, Mac, Android, and iOS devices. It has a simple interface and advanced features like scheduled scanning. The premium version provides additional protection layers and detection capabilities.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an inline patch proxy solution for the Xen hypervisor to help address vulnerabilities more quickly. The proposed solution uses a FastPatch module to analyze incoming traffic, detect vulnerabilities based on signature matching, generate patches, and pass them to virtual machines via PF_Ring to patch vulnerabilities in seconds rather than hours. The paper outlines the design of the solution and components like Xen, PF_Ring, and an update server. It also discusses implementation of handling some SQL injection attacks and future work to address more attacks.
This summary provides the key details about a generic virus scanner in C++ described in the document:
The document describes a generic virus scanner implemented in C++ that can scan files for viruses across different file systems, file types, and operating systems. It defines an abstract class called VirInfo that encapsulates common virus features, and subclasses can be used to define viruses that infect different systems. The scanner's general design allows it to potentially scan for other types of threats beyond just viruses. Signature scanning is identified as the most common and effective method for detecting known viruses described in the document.
Vulnerability Analysis of 802.11 Authentications and Encryption Protocols: CV...AM Publications
This paper analysis vulnerability of known attacks on WLAN cipher suite, authentication mechanisms and credentials using common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS).
This document outlines the methodology for performing a penetration test in three phases: planning and preparation, assessment, and reporting. The planning phase involves setting scope and contacts. The assessment phase consists of information gathering, network mapping, vulnerability identification, penetration testing, privilege escalation, and maintaining access. The final phase covers reporting findings, cleanup, and destroying artifacts. The goal is to find security vulnerabilities before attackers do.
This document presents SAVI (Static Analysis Vulnerability Indicator), a method for ranking the vulnerability of web applications using static analysis of source code. SAVI combines results from several static analysis tools and vulnerability databases to calculate a metric called Static Analysis Vulnerability Density (SAVD) for each application. The authors tested SAVI on several open source PHP applications and found SAVD correlated significantly with future vulnerability reports, indicating static analysis can help identify post-release vulnerabilities.
Behavior Analysis Of Malicious Web Pages Through Client Honeypot For Detectio...IJERA Editor
Malwares which is also known as malicious software’s is spreading through the exploiting the client side applications such as browsers, plug-ins etc. Attackers implant the malware codes in the user’s computer through web pages; thereby they are also known malicious web pages. Here in the paper, we present the usefulness of controlled environment in the form of client honeypots in detection of malicious web pages through collections of malicious intent in web pages and then perform detailed analysis for validation and confirmation of malicious web pages. First phase is collection of malicious infections through high interaction client honeypot, second phase is validations of the malicious infections embedded into web pages through behavior based analysis. Malwares which infect the client side applications and drop the malwares into user’s computers sometimes overrides the signature based detection techniques; thereby there is a need to study the behavior of the complete malicious web pages.
IRJET- Zombie - Venomous File: Analysis using Legitimate Signature for Securi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a proposed method for detecting viruses and malware that evade existing antivirus software. It uses a combination of analyzing files with VirusTotal's database of known threats and applying natural language processing techniques like suffix trees and TF-IDF to identify malicious patterns in files. An evaluation shows the proposed method can detect viruses that existing antivirus and VirusTotal miss, achieving a 97% accuracy rate in testing.
The document proposes new methods for automatically generating malware invariants from binary code to detect and identify malware. Current signature-based malware detectors can be evaded through obfuscation, but malware invariants capture semantic properties that are more difficult to obfuscate. The method involves using formal methods and static analysis to extract invariants from binary code and represent them as semantic signatures, called malware invariants, that can be matched against suspicious code to detect malware families. Combining multiple static and dynamic analysis tools can help generate strong malware invariants that circumvent common obfuscation techniques used by malware writers.
Vulnerability scanners a proactive approach to assess web application securityijcsa
With the increasing concern for security in the network, many approaches are laid out that try to protect
the network from unauthorised access. New methods have been adopted in order to find the potential
discrepancies that may damage the network. Most commonly used approach is the vulnerability
assessment. By vulnerability, we mean, the potential flaws in the system that make it prone to the attack.
Assessment of these system vulnerabilities provide a means to identify and develop new strategies so as to
protect the system from the risk of being damaged. This paper focuses on the usage of various vulnerability
scanners and their related methodology to detect the various vulnerabilities available in the web
applications or the remote host across the network and tries to identify new mechanisms that can be
deployed to secure the network.
Script based malware detection in online bankingJakub Kałużny
Online banking applications are particularly exposed to malware attacks. In order to prevent stealing from customer accounts, banks have invested in malware detection mechanisms. These programs are not installed on clients’ computers but rather implemented server-side or by including some JavaScript code on protected websites. We have tested such solutions which are using different detection methods. To name a few:
behavioral patterns,
web injects signatures,
user input analysis.
Our research points out clearly that even products sold as a „100% malware proof solutions” have serious implementation errors and it is only a matter of time when malware creators start targeting their guns against these vulnerabilities, effectively bypassing or abusing these countermeasures. Is it a road to failure or is there still time to improve these solutions? In this document we present security analysis of those solutions from attacker point of view and recommendations for improvement.
See also our presentation from Black Hat Asia and Confidence: „Bypassing malware detection mechanisms in online banking„
Malware Risk Analysis on the Campus Network with Bayesian Belief NetworkIJNSA Journal
This document discusses using a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) to analyze malware risk on a university campus network. It begins by introducing the campus network monitoring tools and SIR epidemiological model used to model malware propagation. It then provides background on BBN principles, including defining nodes, conditional probabilities, and using the network to compute joint probabilities. The document proposes applying a BBN to assess malware prevalence risk by relating threat, vulnerability, and cost impact on network assets. It aims to provide understandable risk assessments to inform decision making.
This document discusses a potential type of malicious software called a "semantic virus" that could undermine the utility of semantic search engines by generating and submitting random, syntactically valid but semantically incorrect RDF data. The virus would take existing RDF triples as input and generate new, related triples that are fake, such as claiming "Galway is part of England". It could submit this noisy data at scale using services like Ping The Semantic Web. While digital signatures can address authentication, there is an open challenge to validate the quality and accuracy of semantic data at internet scale.
Anti-virus Mechanisms and Various Ways to Bypass Antivirus detectionNeel Pathak
The document provides an overview of how anti-virus software works and techniques used to bypass antivirus detection. It discusses how antiviruses use signature-based, heuristic-based, behavioral, and sandboxing techniques to detect malware. It also explains common techniques used to evade detection like packers, splitters, code obfuscation, and injection. The document concludes that while antivirus has improved, virus creators continually develop new methods to bypass protections and that additional security measures are still needed.
Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing Report Rishabh Upadhyay
This document is Rishabh Upadhyay's bachelor's project on ethical hacking and penetration testing. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking those who provided guidance. The project aims to penetration test the local area network of the University of Allahabad, map the network, identify important hosts and services, and demonstrate some attacks. It also includes developing a simple network scanner program. The document is divided into multiple parts covering introductions to topics like hackers vs ethical hackers and penetration testing methodology, as well as a vulnerability assessment report from testing the university's network.
Malware Detection Using Data Mining Techniques Akash Karwande
This document discusses techniques for malware detection using data mining. It begins by defining the problem of malware as one of the most serious issues faced on the internet. It then discusses types of malware like viruses, worms, trojans, and rootkits. It describes how rootkits can hide themselves and their activities. The document outlines static and dynamic analysis methods for malware detection and describes signature-based and behavior-based detection techniques. It shows results from using the Weka tool achieving over 97% success in rootkit detection. Advanced techniques discussed include n-grams and analyzing API/system calls.
This document discusses a tool called ALTERDROID that analyzes Android applications to detect malware. ALTERDROID uses static and dynamic analysis techniques to detect obfuscated malware hidden in applications. It analyzes applications that are installed on a device to identify any malicious components. If malware is found, it asks the user for permission to uninstall the application. For unauthorized users attempting to access the device, it captures their image and sends it by email. The document compares this approach to existing static-only malware analysis techniques, which can miss hidden malicious components.
Taxonomy mobile malware threats and detection techniquescsandit
Since last-decade, smart-phones have gained widespr
ead usage. Mobile devices store personal
details such as contacts and text messages. Due to
this extensive growth, smart-phones are
attracted towards cyber-criminals. In this research
work, we have done a systematic review of
the terms related to malware detection algorithms
and have also summarized behavioral
description of some known mobile malwares in tabula
r form. After careful solicitation of all the
possible methods and algorithms for detection of m
obile-based malwares, we give some
recommendations for designing future malware detect
ion algorithm by considering
computational complexity and detection ration of m
obile malwares.
This document provides a vulnerability assessment report for a network called the Grey Network. It analyzes vulnerabilities found on 3 machines with IP addresses 172.31.106.13, 172.31.106.90, and 172.31.106.196. The report found critical vulnerabilities on all machines from outdated operating systems and software. Specific issues included an unencrypted Telnet server, outdated Apache and OpenSSL versions, and Windows XP past its end of life. Scanning tools like Nmap, Nikto, and Nessus were used to detect these vulnerabilities. The report recommends patching all systems, updating to current versions, and disabling insecure services.
website vulnerability scanner and reporter research paperBhagyashri Chalakh
This document discusses developing a website analysis tool to improve vulnerability scanning and reporting. It proposes using deep neural networks to enhance the accuracy of vulnerability scanners. It first reviews existing vulnerability scanners like Nessus, Acunetix, and OWASP ZAP and their capabilities. It then discusses how vulnerability scanners use techniques like crawling, fuzzing, and machine learning algorithms to detect vulnerabilities. The proposed tool aims to reduce false positives, allow simultaneous scans, and provide clear reports with countermeasure recommendations to better secure websites.
Basic survey on malware analysis, tools and techniquesijcsa
The term malware stands for malicious software. It is a program installed on a system without the
knowledge of owner of the system. It is basically installed by the third party with the intention to steal some
private data from the system or simply just to play pranks. This in turn threatens the computer’s security,
wherein computer are used by one’s in day-to-day life as to deal with various necessities like education,
communication, hospitals, banking, entertainment etc. Different traditional techniques are used to detect
and defend these malwares like Antivirus Scanner (AVS), firewalls, etc. But today malware writers are one
step forward towards then Malware detectors. Day-by-day they write new malwares, which become a great
challenge for malware detectors. This paper focuses on basis study of malwares and various detection
techniques which can be used to detect malwares.
This document provides information about Malwarebytes Anti-Malware Crack software. It discusses how the software can detect and remove malware, viruses, and infected websites from computers. It protects against ransomware and phishing scams. The software has real-time scanning and background scanning capabilities. It also provides protection for Windows, Mac, iOS, and Android operating systems. The document discusses the features of the premium version like advanced threat protection, faster scanning, and protection from fake websites. It also provides a Malwarebytes license key to activate the full premium version.
Malwarebytes Anti-Malware Crack is anti-malware software that detects and removes viruses, malware, and other threats from computers. It provides real-time protection, scans files and downloads to quarantine threats, and protects against ransomware and infected websites. The software is available for Windows, Mac, Android, and iOS devices. It has a simple interface and advanced features like scheduled scanning. The premium version provides additional protection layers and detection capabilities.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an inline patch proxy solution for the Xen hypervisor to help address vulnerabilities more quickly. The proposed solution uses a FastPatch module to analyze incoming traffic, detect vulnerabilities based on signature matching, generate patches, and pass them to virtual machines via PF_Ring to patch vulnerabilities in seconds rather than hours. The paper outlines the design of the solution and components like Xen, PF_Ring, and an update server. It also discusses implementation of handling some SQL injection attacks and future work to address more attacks.
This summary provides the key details about a generic virus scanner in C++ described in the document:
The document describes a generic virus scanner implemented in C++ that can scan files for viruses across different file systems, file types, and operating systems. It defines an abstract class called VirInfo that encapsulates common virus features, and subclasses can be used to define viruses that infect different systems. The scanner's general design allows it to potentially scan for other types of threats beyond just viruses. Signature scanning is identified as the most common and effective method for detecting known viruses described in the document.
Vulnerability Analysis of 802.11 Authentications and Encryption Protocols: CV...AM Publications
This paper analysis vulnerability of known attacks on WLAN cipher suite, authentication mechanisms and credentials using common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS).
This document outlines the methodology for performing a penetration test in three phases: planning and preparation, assessment, and reporting. The planning phase involves setting scope and contacts. The assessment phase consists of information gathering, network mapping, vulnerability identification, penetration testing, privilege escalation, and maintaining access. The final phase covers reporting findings, cleanup, and destroying artifacts. The goal is to find security vulnerabilities before attackers do.
This document presents SAVI (Static Analysis Vulnerability Indicator), a method for ranking the vulnerability of web applications using static analysis of source code. SAVI combines results from several static analysis tools and vulnerability databases to calculate a metric called Static Analysis Vulnerability Density (SAVD) for each application. The authors tested SAVI on several open source PHP applications and found SAVD correlated significantly with future vulnerability reports, indicating static analysis can help identify post-release vulnerabilities.
Behavior Analysis Of Malicious Web Pages Through Client Honeypot For Detectio...IJERA Editor
Malwares which is also known as malicious software’s is spreading through the exploiting the client side applications such as browsers, plug-ins etc. Attackers implant the malware codes in the user’s computer through web pages; thereby they are also known malicious web pages. Here in the paper, we present the usefulness of controlled environment in the form of client honeypots in detection of malicious web pages through collections of malicious intent in web pages and then perform detailed analysis for validation and confirmation of malicious web pages. First phase is collection of malicious infections through high interaction client honeypot, second phase is validations of the malicious infections embedded into web pages through behavior based analysis. Malwares which infect the client side applications and drop the malwares into user’s computers sometimes overrides the signature based detection techniques; thereby there is a need to study the behavior of the complete malicious web pages.
IRJET- Zombie - Venomous File: Analysis using Legitimate Signature for Securi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a proposed method for detecting viruses and malware that evade existing antivirus software. It uses a combination of analyzing files with VirusTotal's database of known threats and applying natural language processing techniques like suffix trees and TF-IDF to identify malicious patterns in files. An evaluation shows the proposed method can detect viruses that existing antivirus and VirusTotal miss, achieving a 97% accuracy rate in testing.
The document proposes new methods for automatically generating malware invariants from binary code to detect and identify malware. Current signature-based malware detectors can be evaded through obfuscation, but malware invariants capture semantic properties that are more difficult to obfuscate. The method involves using formal methods and static analysis to extract invariants from binary code and represent them as semantic signatures, called malware invariants, that can be matched against suspicious code to detect malware families. Combining multiple static and dynamic analysis tools can help generate strong malware invariants that circumvent common obfuscation techniques used by malware writers.
Vulnerability scanners a proactive approach to assess web application securityijcsa
With the increasing concern for security in the network, many approaches are laid out that try to protect
the network from unauthorised access. New methods have been adopted in order to find the potential
discrepancies that may damage the network. Most commonly used approach is the vulnerability
assessment. By vulnerability, we mean, the potential flaws in the system that make it prone to the attack.
Assessment of these system vulnerabilities provide a means to identify and develop new strategies so as to
protect the system from the risk of being damaged. This paper focuses on the usage of various vulnerability
scanners and their related methodology to detect the various vulnerabilities available in the web
applications or the remote host across the network and tries to identify new mechanisms that can be
deployed to secure the network.
Script based malware detection in online bankingJakub Kałużny
Online banking applications are particularly exposed to malware attacks. In order to prevent stealing from customer accounts, banks have invested in malware detection mechanisms. These programs are not installed on clients’ computers but rather implemented server-side or by including some JavaScript code on protected websites. We have tested such solutions which are using different detection methods. To name a few:
behavioral patterns,
web injects signatures,
user input analysis.
Our research points out clearly that even products sold as a „100% malware proof solutions” have serious implementation errors and it is only a matter of time when malware creators start targeting their guns against these vulnerabilities, effectively bypassing or abusing these countermeasures. Is it a road to failure or is there still time to improve these solutions? In this document we present security analysis of those solutions from attacker point of view and recommendations for improvement.
See also our presentation from Black Hat Asia and Confidence: „Bypassing malware detection mechanisms in online banking„
Malware Risk Analysis on the Campus Network with Bayesian Belief NetworkIJNSA Journal
This document discusses using a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) to analyze malware risk on a university campus network. It begins by introducing the campus network monitoring tools and SIR epidemiological model used to model malware propagation. It then provides background on BBN principles, including defining nodes, conditional probabilities, and using the network to compute joint probabilities. The document proposes applying a BBN to assess malware prevalence risk by relating threat, vulnerability, and cost impact on network assets. It aims to provide understandable risk assessments to inform decision making.
This document discusses a potential type of malicious software called a "semantic virus" that could undermine the utility of semantic search engines by generating and submitting random, syntactically valid but semantically incorrect RDF data. The virus would take existing RDF triples as input and generate new, related triples that are fake, such as claiming "Galway is part of England". It could submit this noisy data at scale using services like Ping The Semantic Web. While digital signatures can address authentication, there is an open challenge to validate the quality and accuracy of semantic data at internet scale.
Anti-virus Mechanisms and Various Ways to Bypass Antivirus detectionNeel Pathak
The document provides an overview of how anti-virus software works and techniques used to bypass antivirus detection. It discusses how antiviruses use signature-based, heuristic-based, behavioral, and sandboxing techniques to detect malware. It also explains common techniques used to evade detection like packers, splitters, code obfuscation, and injection. The document concludes that while antivirus has improved, virus creators continually develop new methods to bypass protections and that additional security measures are still needed.
This document discusses viruses and antivirus software. It defines a computer virus as a program that can infect other programs. It then discusses various sources of viruses, types of viruses, and what antivirus software is. The document outlines two main methods that antivirus uses to identify viruses: signature-based detection, which compares files to known virus signatures; and heuristic-based detection, which uses general patterns to detect unknown viruses. It provides details on how each method works and their respective advantages and limitations.
Businesses of all sizes face risks in the everyday acts of using digital technology and the Internet for legitimate purposes. This presentation outlines eight common threats that traditional antivirus alone won't stop, and explains how to protect your organization using endpoint security. For more, visit: http://bit.ly/8Threats_wp
This document provides an overview of the history, classifications, and structure of computer viruses. It discusses how viruses can replicate and spread from one computer to another by modifying other programs to include a copy of themselves. Viruses are typically 200-4000 bytes and are classified based on their structure and infection method, such as shell, add-on, and intrusive viruses. The document also outlines the key components of viruses, including search, copy, anti-detection, and payload. It describes the evolution of viruses from early generations that were simple and easy to detect to more advanced generations that are stealthy, armored, and polymorphic.
This document discusses cryptography and its role in information security. It describes different types of security attacks like interception, modification, and fabrication. It also summarizes common security services like confidentiality, authentication, integrity, and different encryption techniques like symmetric key cryptography, public key cryptography, Caesar cipher and RSA algorithm. The document concludes with explanations of firewalls and their technical working as a security measure to monitor and control access between networks.
Malicious software, also known as malware, refers to programs that are intentionally designed to cause damage to a computer, server, client, or computer network. There are several types of malware including viruses, worms, Trojan horses, backdoors, and spyware. Viruses attach themselves to other programs and replicate when the host program is executed, while worms can replicate independently and propagate across networks. Trojan horses masquerade as legitimate programs to trick users into installing them. Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks aim to make networked services unavailable by flooding them with traffic from compromised systems.
Utility software helps maintain, manage, and protect computer resources. It includes programs like disk utilities, backup utilities, security software, and diagnostic tools. Disk utilities maintain files on disks, backup utilities safeguard files by creating copies, security software searches for and removes viruses, and diagnostic tools monitor system performance. Other utility software includes file management and transfer tools, CD/DVD burners, synchronization programs, and desktop customization options that make computing easier.
The document discusses several key aspects of virus structure and replication. It describes the basic components of viral structure, including the capsid, nucleocapsid, and presence or absence of an envelope. The summary also notes that enveloped viruses are sensitive to drying and detergents, while naked capsid viruses can survive harsher conditions. It then provides brief overviews of the replication cycles and host interactions of paramyxoviruses, rabies virus, rotavirus, and how these viruses cause disease.
Computer and network security aims to preserve the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information systems. It involves protecting computer hardware, software, data and networks from unauthorized access and modification. Common security threats include passive attacks like eavesdropping and traffic analysis, as well as active attacks that can modify communications like message forgery. Effective security controls include encryption, access controls, authentication and availability measures.
The document provides information about computer viruses, including what they are, how they spread, notable early viruses, types of viruses, signs of infection, and how to detect and prevent viruses. It begins with acknowledging those who helped with the project. It defines a computer virus and explains how they replicate and cause harm. It discusses how viruses spread through various means like email attachments, networks, infected disks, and more. It notes that the first virus was Brain in 1986. It outlines different types of viruses like Trojans, spyware, worms, and more. It lists signs of infection like slow performance, apps not starting, and security programs being disabled. It concludes with tips for preventing viruses like using antivirus software, avoiding suspicious
A computer virus is a type of malicious software program that can copy itself and spread from one computer to another. Viruses often disguise themselves as legitimate programs or documents to infect users' computers without their knowledge. Once installed, viruses can damage programs, delete files, display unwanted messages, or slow computers by clogging memory. To avoid detection, viruses may kill antivirus tasks before scanning can occur. Antivirus software works by scanning files for known virus signatures and behaviors. It is important to keep antivirus software up to date, avoid opening suspicious email attachments, only download files from trusted sources, and back up files regularly to prevent virus damage.
This document provides an introduction to information security. It outlines the objectives of understanding information security concepts and terms. The document discusses the history of information security beginning with early mainframe computers. It defines information security and explains the critical characteristics of information, including availability, accuracy, authenticity, confidentiality and integrity. The document also outlines approaches to implementing information security and the phases of the security systems development life cycle.
Computer viruses are programs that spread from one computer to another and can damage computers. They are often spread through email attachments which run programs that then infect the computer. It's important to have antivirus software installed and to avoid opening suspicious attachments. Once infected, viruses need to be removed as soon as possible using antivirus scanners to prevent further damage.
This document provides an overview of computer viruses and anti-virus software. It defines what viruses are and how they spread, describes common types of viruses. It then explains what anti-virus software is, how it works to detect and remove viruses, and lists some popular anti-virus programs. It concludes with a brief history of anti-virus software development from the late 1980s onward.
The document discusses the structure, classification, and replication of viruses. It begins by describing different viral structural components, including the capsid, envelope, and nucleic acid core. Viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid composition and structure, focusing on whether they have DNA or RNA genomes and whether they are enveloped or not. The document also examines different capsid structures like icosahedral, helical, and complex shapes. It provides examples of representative virus families and discusses how viruses are named.
Information security involves protecting information systems, hardware, and data from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction. The primary goals of information security, known as the CIA triad, are confidentiality, integrity and availability. Information is classified into different types like public, private, confidential and secret depending on who can access it and the potential damage of unauthorized access. Security also involves protecting physical items, individuals, operations, communications, networks and information assets.
This document provides an overview of information security. It defines information and discusses its lifecycle and types. It then defines information security and its key components - people, processes, and technology. It discusses threats to information security and introduces ISO 27001, the international standard for information security management. The document outlines ISO 27001's history, features, PDCA process, domains, and some key control clauses around information security policy, organization of information security, asset management, and human resources security.
Recent studies have shown that 90% of security breaches involve a software vulnerability caused by a missing patch – even if the patch is made available to public.
Most organisations do not realise that a vulnerable system connected to the enterprise network potentially puts the entire organisation to risk by being easy targets of cyber-attacks. Many service providers scan the network and provide a comprehensive report of the vulnerabilities existing in the end point systems. However, they do not take the next step of removing these vulnerabilities.
Read this whitepaper to know how Saner ensures enterprise security by remediating vulnerabilities in the endpoints.
Recent studies have shown that 90% of security breaches involve a software vulnerability caused by a missing patch – even if the patch is made available to the public.
Many organizations do not realize that a vulnerable system connected to the enterprise network potentially puts the entire organization to risk by being an easy target for cyber-attacks. Many service providers scan the network and provide a comprehensive report of the vulnerabilities existing in endpoint systems. However, they do not take the next step to remove the vulnerabilities.
Read this whitepaper to know how SecPod's Saner ensures enterprise security by remediating vulnerabilities in the endpoints. Saner is a light-weight, enterprise grade, scalable solution that hardens your systems; providing protection from malware & security threats
This document discusses and compares signature-based and behavior-based anti-malware approaches. Signature-based detection identifies malware by matching patterns in software to known malware signatures but is susceptible to evasion and cannot detect new malware. Behavior-based detection monitors program behaviors and flags anomalous behaviors as potentially malicious, but it can produce false positives and be evaded through mimicry attacks. The document also describes specification-based monitoring, a behavior-based technique that mediates program events according to security policies.
This document discusses and compares signature-based and behavior-based anti-malware approaches. Signature-based detection identifies malware by matching patterns in software to known malware signatures but is susceptible to evasion and cannot detect new malware. Behavior-based detection monitors program behaviors and flags anomalous behaviors as potentially malicious, but it can produce false positives and be evaded through mimicry attacks. The document also describes specification-based monitoring, a behavior-based technique that mediates program events according to security policies.
This document discusses the importance of vulnerability management programs for organizations. It explains that connecting to the global internet exposes networks to threats from cybercriminals who can exploit vulnerabilities to break into networks and steal proprietary information. An effective vulnerability management program involves continuously monitoring networks to identify vulnerabilities and address them. The document outlines some key aspects of vulnerability management programs such as defining vulnerabilities, setting the scope, identifying options for management, and best practices.
Bitdefender - Solution Paper - Active Threat ControlJose Lopez
This Solution Paper describes how Bitdefender's Active Threat Control can protect Windows Endpoints both desktops and servers from Advanced and 0-day threats like Cryptomalware thanks to a proactive-by-design, dynamic detection technology, based on monitoring processes’ behavior, along with tagging and correlating suspect activities with minimal footprint
Symantec propone un'analisi approfondita sui Rogue Security Software. I RSS sono applicazioni fasulle che fingono di fornire servizi di tutela della sicurezza informatica ma che, al contrario, hanno come obiettivo quello di installare dei codici maligni che compromettono la sicurezza generale della macchina.
Panoramica - Rischi - Principali modalità di diffusione e distribuzione.
Il periodo di osservazione va da luglio 2008 a giugno 2009.
The document is an issue of the (IN)SECURE Magazine. It includes the following articles:
- A summary of key findings from a Trustwave report analyzing 450 data breaches.
- Details of a breach at Bit9 where attackers stole certificates and used them to sign malware.
- An announcement of new features in QualysGuard WAS 3.0 including malware detection and attack proxy support.
Zero-Day Vulnerability and Heuristic AnalysisAhmed Banafa
A zero day vulnerability refers to a hole in software that is unknown to the vendor. This security hole is then exploited by hackers before the vendor becomes aware and fix it. Uses of zero day attacks can include infiltrating malware, spyware or allowing unwanted access to user information.
The term “zero day” refers to the unknown nature of the hole to those outside of the hackers, specifically, the developers. Once the vulnerability becomes known, a race begins for the developer, who must protect users.
Viruses & Malware: Effects On Enterprise NetworksDiane M. Metcalf
The document discusses viruses and malware, focusing on three key areas: detection, disinfection, and related costs for enterprise networks. It describes popular methods of malware infection like exploits, social engineering, rogue infections, peer-to-peer file sharing, emails, and USB devices. It also discusses different types of malware like metamorphic and polymorphic malware, and how they avoid detection through techniques like obfuscation. Current detection methods include signature-based analysis, file emulation, and file analysis, as well as emerging approaches like traffic analysis and vulnerability scanning. Disinfection includes removing malware through specific tools, real-time scanners, and cloud-based technologies. The document outlines how to quantify direct and indirect costs of
Malware Protection
Week5Part4-IS
Revision Fall2013
Malware Protection
Malware protection use to be known simply as virus protection. We have learned that
viruses are one form of malicious software and that a broader term to describe the
multitude of threats and the protection mechanism is needed. This is why the term
Malware is broader categorization of the threat and also the protection. Malware is a
portmanteau of the terms Malicious Software. Different malware protection packages
can cover a range of threats including viruses, worms, Trojans, spyware, adware, rootkits
to name a few.
As malware has evolved so has malware protection. Malware protection packages (MPP)
have evolved to provide more comprehensive protection mechanisms; including
firewalls, Intrusion Detection/Protection Systems (IDS/IPS), remote and central
management of system clusters, heterogeneous system protection and management,
signature and heuristic scanning, sandboxing to name just a few features.
It is important to understand that no one Malware Protection Package will find all pieces
of malware. Each package has its strengths and weaknesses. It is a good idea to always
have some form of malware protection running on your system in real time. However,
should you become infected it is useful to have an alternative strategy making use of
other scanners that you can run manually.
Free or Paid for Scanners
There is an adage that “you get what you pay for”. Generally this is true, but over time I
have found that there are some excellent free malware scanners that for single user
systems do a nice job. Some major requirements I have for a malware scanner are: it is
easy to run; does not require a lot of user interaction, uses little system resources, does a
good job finding and removing threats and automatically updates its signature database.
The following is not an endorsement for paid versus free scanners. It represents my
experiences for what they are worth.
I use to have a paid for Norton subscription. I found that over time the system footprint
for Norton grew which meant Norton required more CPU and overall system resources
for its real-time scanning processes. I think Norton has got better based on recent
experience I have with Windows 8 however at the time I had several performance
problems related to Norton. This got me to switch to free AVG. I used AVG for a while
and had real good luck, until AVG’s advertising got obnoxious. I decided to remove
AVG and found that process very difficult. I finally succeeded and then moved to using
free Avast. I have been using Avast for several years having very good luck.
I then started testing various malware scanners on virtual machines. This got me familiar
with Microsoft Security Essentials. This is a free product offered by Microsoft that nicely
integrates with Windows Vista and Windows 7 systems. I like the simplicity of its
inte ...
HCA 530, Week2, Psa i-091516-ransomware notice from fbiMatthew J McMahon
The FBI is urging victims of ransomware attacks to report the incidents to help law enforcement gain a more comprehensive understanding of the ransomware threat. Ransomware encrypts files until a ransom is paid, and new variants are emerging regularly. While ransomware infections are widely reported, many go unreported to law enforcement due to various reasons like privacy concerns or embarrassment. The FBI requests victims provide details of ransomware infections to help determine who is behind the attacks and how victims are targeted. While the FBI does not support paying ransoms, it recognizes this is a decision executives may take to limit business impact. Regular backups, software updates, and security best practices can help reduce ransomware risks.
Malware is malicious software that can compromise computer functions, steal data, bypass access controls, or otherwise cause harm. It includes viruses, trojans, rootkits, worms, spyware, adware, and spam. Viruses infect files while worms self-replicate and spread. Antivirus software uses signature scanning, heuristic analysis, and integrity checking to detect malware, but must constantly update signatures to address new threats. Effective prevention requires keeping software and security updates current, using caution when clicking links or entering information online, and avoiding unsecured networks.
Select a networking and/or security software tool, install it on our class laptops or elsewhere if suitable and does not threaten any other users, and provide a demonstration to the class. Includes a report detailing the tool, and its purpose and functionality.
• describe the tool and its functionality,
• demonstrates and displays its output,
• give your opinion of the value and importance of both the function the product (claims to) provide, and the product itself.
Malware refers to malicious software such as viruses, Trojan horses, rootkits, worms, and spyware. Viruses can infect files and boot sectors, while worms self-replicate clogging systems. Anti-virus software uses signature scanning to detect known viruses, heuristic scanning to find unknown viruses, and integrity checking to compare file hashes. However, signature databases require frequent updates as new viruses emerge daily.
The digital world is plagued by cyber threats that have the potential to cause widespread damage to businesses, organizations, and individuals. One of the most common types of cyber attacks is the buffer overflow attack. This article will explore the concept of remote buffer overflow attacks, their consequences, and prevention measures.
Cybersecurity has become a primary concern in today’s digital age. The increasing number of cyber-attacks highlights the importance of understanding the vulnerabilities that exist in computer systems and how to protect against them. One such vulnerability is a remote buffer overflow exploit. In this article, we will explore what a remote buffer overflow exploit is and how to use Python to create one.The digital world is plagued by cyber threats that have the potential to cause widespread damage to businesses, organizations, and individuals. One of the most common types of cyber attacks is the buffer overflow attack. This article will explore the concept of remote buffer overflow attacks, their consequences, and prevention measures.
Cybersecurity has become a primary concern in today’s digital age. The increasing number of cyber-attacks highlights the importance of understanding the vulnerabilities that exist in computer systems and how to protect against them. One such vulnerability is a remote buffer overflow exploit. In this article, we will explore what a remote buffer overflow exploit is and how to use Python to create one.The digital world is plagued by cyber threats that have the potential to cause widespread damage to businesses, organizations, and individuals. One of the most common types of cyber attacks is the buffer overflow attack. This article will explore the concept of remote buffer overflow attacks, their consequences, and prevention measures.
Cybersecurity has become a primary concern in today’s digital age. The increasing number of cyber-attacks highlights the importance of understanding the vulnerabilities that exist in computer systems and how to protect against them. One such vulnerability is a remote buffer overflow exploit. In this article, we will explore what a remote buffer overflow exploit is and how to use Python to create one.The digital world is plagued by cyber threats that have the potential to cause widespread damage to businesses, organizations, and individuals. One of the most common types of cyber attacks is the buffer overflow attack. This article will explore the concept of remote buffer overflow attacks, their consequences, and prevention measures.
Cybersecurity has become a primary concern in today’s digital age. The increasing number of cyber-attacks highlights the importance of understanding the vulnerabilities that exist in computer systems and how to protect against them. One such vulnerability is a remote buffer overflow exploit. In this article, we will explore what a remote buffer overflow exploit is and how to use Python to create one.The digital world is plagued
Bug Bounty Guide | Tools and Resource
What is Bug Bounty?
A bug bounty is a program offered by organizations, typically websites, software developers, and technology companies, to incentivize ethical hackers and security researchers to identify and report security vulnerabilities or bugs in their systems or products.
These programs are designed to encourage responsible disclosure of security issues, and typically offer rewards or bounties to individuals who identify and report such issues. Rewards may range from monetary compensation to recognition, swag or even a job offer.
Bug bounties are a way for organizations to crowdsource security testing, identify and address security vulnerabilities in their systems and products, and ultimately enhance the security of their technology. Additionally, bug bounty programs provide a way for security researchers to earn money while helping to improve the security of online systems and applications.
How to Start Bug Bounty?
1. Learn the basics: Familiarize yourself with the fundamentals of web application security and the common vulnerabilities that exist. Some good resources for learning include the OWASP Top 10, web application security blogs, and online courses or tutorials.
2. Choose a bug bounty platform: There are many different bug bounty platforms available, such as HackerOne, Bugcrowd, and Synack. Choose a platform that aligns with your interests and skill level, and create an account.
3. Familiarize yourself with the platform’s rules and policies: Before you start testing, make sure you understand the rules and policies of the platform you’re using. This will help ensure that you don’t accidentally violate any terms and conditions.
4. Select a target: Choose a target that you’re interested in testing, such as a website or application. Make sure it’s within the scope of the bug bounty program you’re participating in.
5. Start testing: Use a combination of manual and automated testing techniques to identify potential vulnerabilities. Some common testing techniques include scanning for open ports, fuzzing parameters, and testing for injection vulnerabilities.
6. Submit vulnerabilities: Once you’ve identified a vulnerability, submit it to the bug bounty program for verification and reward. Make sure to follow the platform’s guidelines for submitting vulnerabilities, and provide clear and detailed information about the issue.
7. Stay engaged: Participate in the bug bounty community, ask questions, and learn from other researchers. This will help you improve your skills and stay up to date with the latest trends and techniques in bug bounty hunting.
Top 10 Vulnerabilities
1. Injection: Injection flaws occur when untrusted data is passed to an interpreter as part of a command or query. This can lead to a range of attacks, such as SQL injection, OS command injection, and LDAP injection.
2. Broken Authentication and Session Management: This vulnerability arises when authentication and session mana
Spyware refers to software that is installed on an user's computer without their consent and is used to collect information about their internet activity. Unlike viruses and worms, spyware does not self-replicate but exploits infected computers to display unsolicited ads, steal personal information, and monitor browsing activity. Users typically notice unwanted ads, reduced performance, and changes to browser settings due to multiple spyware infections. While anti-spyware software and safe computing practices can help detect and remove spyware, rogue anti-spyware programs also pose a threat by falsely claiming to find infections.
The document is a software license agreement for Windows 7 Starter. It outlines the terms of use for the software, including:
- The software is licensed on a per computer basis for use on one computer only.
- The software may be used on up to two processors on the licensed computer.
- The software includes operating system software but not Windows Live services.
- By using the software, the user consents to transmitting certain computer information for activation, validation, and internet-based services.
Similar to A software authentication system for the prevention of computer viruses (20)
This document is the manual for PHP, the PHP Documentation Group's copyright from 1997 to 2002. It contains information about installing and configuring PHP on various operating systems like Unix, Linux, Windows, etc. It also covers PHP syntax, functions, classes, and other features. The manual is distributed under the GNU General Public License and parts of it are also distributed under the Open Publication License. It was translated into Italian with contributions from multiple people.
Broadband network virus detection system based on bypass monitorUltraUploader
The document describes a Broadband Network Virus Detection System (VDS) based on bypass monitoring that can detect viruses on high-speed networks. The VDS uses four detection engines to analyze network traffic for viruses based on binary content, URLs, emails, and scripts. It accurately logs statistical information on detected viruses like name, source/target IPs, and spread frequency. The VDS mirrors network traffic to a detection engine in real-time without needing to reassemble packets into files. This allows it to efficiently detect viruses directly in network packets or data streams on gigabit-speed networks.
This document discusses botnets and their applications. It begins with an overview of botnets, how they are controlled through command and control servers, and how rootkits can help conceal botnet activity. It then explores how botnets can be used for spam, phishing, click fraud, identity theft, and distributed denial-of-service attacks. Detection and mitigation techniques are also summarized, including network intrusion detection, honeynets, DNS monitoring, and modeling botnet propagation across timezones. Recent botnets like AgoBot, PhatBot, and Bobax are also examined in the context of spam distribution. Open research questions around botnet membership detection, click fraud detection, and phishing detection are presented.
Bot software spreads, causes new worriesUltraUploader
Bot software infects millions of computers worldwide without the owners' knowledge and turns them into zombies that perform malicious tasks as part of a bot network. These bot networks, which can include thousands of infected computers, are used to spread viruses and worms, send spam emails, install spyware, and launch denial-of-service attacks. While initially just an automated way to spread malware, bot networks are now also used for criminal activities like identity theft due to their ability to stealthily command a large number of compromised computers. Security experts warn that the proliferation of bot networks poses serious risks and is very difficult to stop given their automation and scale.
Blended attacks exploits, vulnerabilities and buffer overflow techniques in c...UltraUploader
The document discusses blended threats that combine exploits and vulnerabilities with computer viruses. It begins with definitions of blended attacks and buffer overflows. It then describes three generations of buffer overflow techniques as well as other vulnerabilities exploited by blended threats, such as URL encoding and MIME header parsing. The document also discusses past threats like the Morris worm and CodeRed that blended exploits with viruses, and techniques used to combat future blended threats through defense in depth.
Win32/Blaster was a worm that exploited a vulnerability in Windows RPC to infect systems running Windows 2000 and Windows XP. It installed itself to automatically run on startup and then attempted to infect other systems on the local network and randomly selected IP addresses. The infection process involved exploiting the RPC vulnerability to execute a remote shell, downloading the worm binary, and executing it. It also launched a SYN flooding DDoS attack against Windows Update sites each month after the 16th. The worm spread quickly after the vulnerability was disclosed and highlighted the increasing automation and harm of worms.
Bird binary interpretation using runtime disassemblyUltraUploader
The document describes BIRD (Binary Interpretation using Runtime Disassembly), a binary analysis and instrumentation infrastructure for the Windows/x86 platform. BIRD combines static and dynamic disassembly to guarantee that every instruction in a binary is analyzed before execution. It provides services to convert binary code to assembly and insert instrumentation code without affecting program semantics. The prototype took 12 student months to develop and can successfully analyze applications like Microsoft Office, Internet Explorer, and IIS with low overhead of below 4%.
Biologically inspired defenses against computer virusesUltraUploader
This document discusses two biologically inspired approaches to computer virus detection and removal: a neural network virus detector that learns to identify infected and uninfected programs, and a computer immune system that can automatically identify, analyze, and remove new viruses from a system. The neural network technique has been incorporated into an IBM commercial antivirus product, while the computer immune system is still in prototype form. Both aim to replace human analysis of viruses to allow faster response times needed to address increasing rates of new virus creation and spread.
1. The document discusses biological viruses and computer viruses, providing background on how biological viruses work by hijacking cellular mechanisms of DNA replication, transcription and translation. It defines a computer virus as a piece of code with self-replicating ability that relies on other programs to exist, similar to biological viruses. 2. Computer viruses can cause damage by infecting programs which then infect other programs, potentially spreading like an epidemic across connected computers. 3. The document argues that a better understanding of biological and computer mechanisms can help improve defenses against viruses.
Biological aspects of computer virologyUltraUploader
This document discusses biological aspects of computer viruses and how factors that influence the spread of biological pathogens can also affect the propagation of computer malware. It analyzes three major factors that influence the spread of a computer worm: the infection propagator, which examines characteristics of exploited vulnerabilities like prevalence and age; the target locator, which focuses on how worms find new targets; and the worm's virulence, which looks at aspects that increase its infectiousness. The document suggests studying computer virus propagation through the lens of epidemiology models used for infectious diseases.
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This document discusses how biological models of disease propagation and defense mechanisms in living organisms can inspire new approaches to computer network security and virus detection. Specifically, it describes how genetic regulatory networks that turn off harmful genes, protein interaction networks that model cellular processes, and epidemiological models of disease spread can provide models for automatically detecting and containing computer viruses without relying solely on pre-defined virus signatures. The authors propose several new security models drawing on these biological analogies, such as using surrogate code to maintain system functionality when parts are shut off, modeling network interactions to determine how viruses propagate, and evolving network services in real-time to reconstitute functionality after attacks.
Biological models of security for virus propagation in computer networks
A software authentication system for the prevention of computer viruses
1. A Software Authentication System for the Prevention of Computer Viruses
Lein Ham* Hung-Yu Lin* Shoubrto Yan~*
* Computer Science Telecommunications Program
University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA
E-mail: harn@cstp.umkc.edu
** ~p~ent of Computer Science
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 PRC
Abstract
In the absence of systematic techniques to detect the
existence of computer viruses, preventing suspicious
software from entering the system at the initial point of
entry appears to be the best method to protect computing
resources against attacks of computer viruses. Currently,
software is distributed primarily by diskettes instead of on-
line transmission. Diskettes are more susceptible to
moditlcation and masquerading while on-line transmission
usually follows proper user/message authentication. A
software authentication system is proposed which does not
require a mutually trusted center of both soflware vendors
and users, or users’ interaction with any key center. Vendors
assume responsibility by signing released software and
users verify the authenticity of received software before
using it. Through such an authentication process, users
eliminate the risk of running “unlicensed” or modified
programs, thus eliminating the possibility of virus
infections.
1, Introduction
In recent years, computer viruses have become major
threats to the computing environment. Many anti-viral
products to protect systems from infections are available on
the market. These products do help users protect their
computers from viral attacks to some extent by either
monitoring running programs or by identifying certain
pauerns in infected programs.
However, a satisfactory solution to prevent virus attack
has not yet been reached. Formal secure models [1, 2, 3]
mayhelpto reduce the possibility of a virus infection by
logically isolating or limiting access to computing
resources. However these methods are usually too
complicated and expensive to implement. Also, they
unnecessarily limit the sharing of computing resources.
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title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given
that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing
Machinary. To copy otherwise, or to republish, raquires a fae
and/or spacific permission.
Currently, the prevention of virus infection relies on
the users’ experiences. Vendors are not taking active roles in
preventing their released programs from virus infections.
Without vendor involvement, virus problem cannot be
solved in any acceptable manner.
In this paper, we will review three different anti-viral
approaches and their associated problems. Then, a software
authentication system, which requires a software vendor to
sign his released programs and provides users an easy way
to verify the authenticity of the programs, is pro~sed
along with the discussion of several practical
considerations.
II. Review of Anti-viral Approaches
Recently, three different anti-viral approaches are well
discussed in literatures. Here we review each of them
together with their associated problems.
1. Pattern-matching
This is the most straightforward method and widely
used in many commercial anti-viralproducts.It searchesfor
code sequences (virus signatures, which may be those used
by the virus itself to avoid reinfection) that are known to
exist in programs infected by a specific strain of virus.
Once a code pattern is matched, a certain virus is detected.
However, it cannot detect arty new/unknown virus.
Whenever there is a new virus, the anti-viral products also
need to be upgraded. Such upgrades result in the increase of
programsize and the downgrade of its performance.When
the number of viruses increases beyond some point, this
approachwill become impractical.
2. Software integrity-checking
Based on the fact that detecting a virus (especially an
unknown one) is difficult [4], and a program will always be
modifkd after being infected by a virus, software integrity
checks (more spec~lcally, the checksum method [5]) turns
out to be a promising and cost-effective approach in
detecting potential virus.
e 1992 ACM 089791 -472-4/92/0002/0447 $1.50
447
2. The checksum algorithm is carried out by executing a
checksum generator utility over the program resulting in a
checksum value which is then stored along with the
program for latex reference. Any change in program content
will be reflected in a change of the checksum value
regenerated later. By comparing this regenerated checksum
value with the pre-stored one, we can detect any
mcxification of the program. However, one implicit but
dangerous assumption has been made in the realization of
this method. It assumes that all counteqmrts -- original
program, checksum value and the checksum utility itself --
are virus-free. This dangerous assumption usually comes
from our common belief that software purchased from well
known vendors is trustworthy. Is this common belief
justified?
Consider the case of software counterfeiting, where one
sells a fake program claimed to be the one from a famous
vendor with its checksum vahe computed according to the
publicly known checksum generating algorithm of the
vendor. The user will falsely believe that this program is
“clearI” after checksum verification, even when this fake
program contains a Trojan horse or is already virus-infected,
Another possible situation is that the virus-infected
program is indeed written by a malicious employee of the
vendor who carelessly distributes it. How can one make a
clear distinction between these two cases, and who should
be responsible for the damages caused to the user?
Unfortunately, most solutions in tiis approach cannot
answer this question because the released software contains
insufficient information for the user to verify the
authenticity of the software. Without proper authentication
one can never be sure that a received program is indeed fmm
the original licensed vendor and therefore it has no way to
resolve the dispute, if any, between a software vendor and a
user.
3. Software authentication
In order to overcome the problems associated with the
previous approach, the software authentication method
nx@es software vendors to sign their released programs and
users to accept only genuine programs by verifying the
signatures of received software.
Although a public-key cryptosystem can provide digital
signatures for the released software of vendors, its
implementation is not so simple and straightforward as
mentioned in a recent paper [61,In that paper, a medmd was
also proposed to realize software authentication in which it
assumes the existence of a mutually trusted center of both
software vendors and users. This assumption is hardly
acceptable when there are many participants in a large
commercial group [7].
Besides, if a mutually trusted center does exist, any
software vendor needs to go through a registration process
of this center to become a “licensed” vendor. In order to
preserve the overall security, this mutually trusted center
should be completely destroyed after issuing all secret keys
tosoftware vendors. Thus, any new sofhvare vendor cannot
be registered after the center is destroyed. This situation is
also totally unacceptable. Vendors are established on an
almost daily basis. Therefore, this center can never be
destroyed, and it leads to the risk that once the registration
center is compromised, one can pretend to be a licensed
software vendor to distribute virus-infected programs or
Trojan horse. Under this situation, should software vendors
be responsible for the darnages caused by these programs?
Thus, no vendor wants to risk their reputation by “trusting”
someone who cannot be really trusted.
III. The Proposed Software Authentication
System
In order to alleviate the worry of software vendors, the
software authentication system should allow vendors to
sign programs with their own secret keys. In order to make
the verification of an acquired program as convenient as
possible, the verification process should be performed
locally by the user only without interacting with any
registration or key center. With these considerations in
mind, a software authentication system is proposed here.
1. System Components
a.
b.
c.
d.
In this system, there are four major components:
software vendors Who se~ software.
users who irnpmt software from software vendors.
the secret-generating machine@GM) which generates
one pair of public and secret keys and breaks the secret
key up into pieces to be held by several certification
centers.
certification centem(CC’s) which are accredited
organizations select&l by the users and each provides a
partial certiilcate for the signature system of a vendor.
The SGM and the certification centers do not have to
be trusted by vendors and the SGM can be destroyed after
distributing secret keys to certification centers.
2. System Initialization
a.
b.
Based on RSA cryptosystem [8], the SGM generates a
small public key e, the corresponding secret key d, and
the modulus n. Then it breaks d up into t ShadOWS, dj,
j=ltot, suchthat
dl + d2 +...+ dt = d
~d dishibutes dj to certilleation center CCj WCRMy.
The SGM publishes e and n, and is then destroyed.
E~h vendor i chooses a signature system and a pair of
public ~d secret keys (ai, hi), ad then M his {IDi, S,
ai) registered with the proper authorities. IDi, S ~d ai
am the identification, signature function and public key
of vendor i, respectively. ‘l%eregistered information
will serve for the purpose of jurisdiction to resolve
disputes, if any, between vendors and users. For
convenience, we will say a vendor is licensed if he has
448
3. done this registration, otherwise, the vendor is
unlicensed.
The vendor b sends (IDi, S, ai} to ~til~tion
centers for certificating. After verifying that vendor i is
licensed, each certitlcation center will return back a
partial certificate
Cj = <IDi II S IIai>dJ mod n
to vendor i, where IIdenotes concatenation and c > k
used as an integer value derived from the ASCII sting.
Now vendor i can compress all the partial certificates
and results in a single certifkate of his signature
system, certi, by computing
CeIti = Cl* CZ* .....*Ct = <IDj IIS IIaj>d mod n.
Note that such cetilcate can be easily verified by
using the public key e.
3. Distribution of software
Now if a program P is to be released by vendor i, it
will consist of four parts:
{IDi, P, signi(p), certi),
with
signi(p) = S~(h(P))
where signi(p) is vendor i’s signature of P, Sbi is the
signature function S using vendor i’s swret key bi, and h is
a publicly known one-way hash function, which maps
programs to a smaller domain to speed up signature
generation and verification.
4.Authentication of software
When a user acquires [IDj,P, Sign’, Certj) from
vendori,he can derivevendoris identification,signature
functionidentifier,and publickey throughthesystem’s
publickey e by computing
<IDiIIs IIai>= certiemod n.
Iftheresultdoes not contain IDi and a meaningful signature
function identifier, the program P’ should be discarded. If it
does, the user will obtain the signature function, S, and the
correct public key of vendor i, ai. ‘I%is process is called
key certification. If certi passes this process, the user can
continue to compute the hash value of P, hp) and verify
the signature sign’. If signj’(p”) has been verified ( i.e.
h(P’)=Sai(signi’@”)) ), program P is indeed from vendor i
without being modified. Otherwise, either P or signi(P’)
has been modified. Again, this process is called signature
verification.
IV. Discussion
We would like to discuss this software authentication
method bm three different aspects.
1. security
Fmm the properties of public-key cryptosystems, only
the vendor himself can either generate the signature or
modify a program without being detected. Therefore, w one
else can forge a licensed vendor’s progmm and no vendor can
evade the responsibility for his released progmrns.
From a vendor’s viewpoint, he trusts’’his own signature
system and nothing else. In other words, a licensed vendor
does not have to be responsible for programs which are not
released by himself, even when atl of the certification
centers are compromised, since one can never pretend to be
a licensed vendor to sign programs without knowing the
secret key bi, which is only known to the vendor.
Although an unlicensed vendor may create a consistent
pair of P’ and signk’(p”) with a chosen signature system and
related public and secret keys, he still cannot pass the key
certification process because he won’t get the proper
certificates from certification centers. By employing
multiple certification centers instead of only one, it is
impossible for any unlicensed vendor to generate a valid
certificate, even when only one cetilcation center remains
confidential and the other t-1 ones are compromised. From
the user’s viewpoint, the system is secure unless all of the
ccxtillcation centers are compromised.
Even though all certification centers could be
compromised, nevertheless, users can still choose anew set
of certification centers with newly generated shadows of the
system’s secret key d before such disaster really happens.
This work can be done by constructing a simple circuit
which accepts old dj’s from each certification center and
outputs a new set of shadows to the newly chosen
cert.iilcation centers.
2. Flexibility
By separating key certification and signature
vetilcation in the authentication process, software vendors
can change their signature systems for security
considerations without introducing any change in current
key certification process. The only thing vendors need to do
is to get new certificates fhm the certifkatiort centers.
For the same reason, users can choose artother set of
certification centers if necessary without changing the
vendors’ current certificates as mentioned in the above
subsection.
3. Performance
In this proposed system, software authentication
consists of two processes: key certification and signature
449
4. verification. No third party is involved in these two mutually trusted party, Proc. of Eurocrypt ’90, May
processes and the interaction with certification centers 21-24, 1990.
happens only when the certificate is requested by a new [8] R.L. RivesL A. Shamir, and L. Addleman, A Method
V*. for Obtaining DigitaI Signatures and Public Key
Cryptosystem, Communication of ACIU, Vol. 21,
For any vendor, before releasing any program, all he No. 2, Feb. 1978, pp. 120-126.
needs to do is to sign this program without having to
recompute his certificate. For users, the time required for
the key certification will not be long because the system’s
public key can be made as small as possible (e.g. -3).
Again, if vendors’ own signature systems are RSA-based,
their public keys can also be made as small as possible to
reduce the time required for signature verification. Therefore,
the authentication of software in this system is quite
efficient. In fact, software authentication is required only
when a new software is acquired from foreign sources, so
the speed of verification will not become a critical issue.
V. Conclusion
A software authentication system is proposed in this
paper, in which users can verify the signatures of a program
when fwst acquired from a software vendor. Through such
authentication, suspicious programs can be filtered out and
the risk of virus infections can be reduced. For software
vendors, this system is secure because they can choose their
own signature schemes and keys without having to trust
any third party. For users, this system is secure, since one
can be deceived with programs distributed by unlicensed
vendors unless all certification centers are compromised.
For both software vendors and users, this system is
acceptable because it provides a mechanism to resolve
disputes, if any, between the two parties.
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[a
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