What this presentation tries to convey:
• We need to understand all the roles and actors involved when developing/deploying/using a synchrophasor application
• This can be done with an “Architecture Model” – here we use SGAM.
• To show how this approach allows to provide a “common view and language” for engineers from multiple smart grid domains, allowing them to understand their own role in the deployment/use/etc. of PMU applications.
Attaining Augmented Overhaul and Profit Maximization in Cognitive Wireless In...paperpublications3
Abstract: With the increase in wireless communication, the necessary resources needed are getting scarcer. One of the resources is a spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum is a natural resource that cannot be produced or destroyed. They should be used optimally. In older days, the spectrum is divided into portions and each portion is used by separate organizations. This is called static spectrum allocation. But, the organizations do not use the spectrum, fully both in case of time and in the case of bandwidth. The scarce resource spectrum is wasted. So, dynamic spectrum allocation is introduced. In this technique, the communication is done through the bandwidth which is free. So, wastage of bandwidth is reduced partially. In 2011, CWMN was introduced. In this type of network, there are two types of users. Primary licensed users, and secondary unlicensed users.
DESIGN OF ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK (WSN...cscpconf
Development of energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) routing protocol is nowadays main area of interest amongst researchers. This research is an effort in designing energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) routing protocol under certain parameters consideration. Research report discusses various existing WSN routing protocols and propose a new WSN energy efficient routing protocol. Results show a significant improvement in life cycle of the nodes and enhancement in energy efficiency of WSN. In this paper, an attempt has been made to design a wireless sensor network involving the extraction of Pascal Graph features. The standard task involves designing a suitable topology using Pascal Graph. As per the definition of interconnection network it is equivalent that a suitable graph can represent the different computer network topologies very efficiently. Different characteristics of Pascal Graph Topology has been discovered and used in network topology design. Since Pascal Graph gives
better result in terms of finding the dependable and reliable nodes in topology, it has been considered for network analysis. Moreover, we propose a methodology that involves the Pascal
Graph Topology for wireless sensor network which can analyse and represent the network and help in routing.
CONFIGURABLE TASK MAPPING FOR MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES IN MACRO-PROGRAMMING OF WIR...ijassn
Macro-programming is the new generation advanced method of using Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs), where application developers can extract data from sensor nodes through a high level abstraction of the system. Instead of developing the entire application, task graph representation of the WSN model presents simplified approach of data collection. However, mapping of tasks onto sensor nodes highlights several problems in energy consumption and routing delay. In this paper, we present an efficient hybrid approach of task mapping for WSN – Hybrid Genetic Algorithm, considering multiple objectives of optimization – energy consumption, routing delay and soft real time requirement. We also present a method to configure the algorithm as per user's need by changing the heuristics used for optimization. The trade-off analysis between energy consumption and delivery delay was performed and simulation results are presented. The algorithm is applicable during macro-programming enabling developers to choose a better mapping according to their application requirements.
AN OPTIMIZED WEIGHT BASED CLUSTERING ALGORITHM IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENS...cscpconf
The last few years have seen an increased interest in the potential use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various fields like disastermanagementbattle field surveillance, and border security surveillance. In such applications, a large number of sensor nodes are deployed, which are often unattended and work autonomously. The process of dividing the network into interconnected substructures is called clustering and the interconnected substructures are called clusters. The cluster head (CH) of each cluster act as a coordinator within the substructure. Each CH acts as a temporary base station within its zone or cluster. It also communicates with other CHs. Clustering is a key technique used to extend the lifetime of a sensor network by reducing energy consumption. It can also increase network scalability. Researchers in all fields of wireless sensor network believe that nodes are homogeneous, but
some nodes may be of different characteristics to prolong the lifetime of a WSN and its reliability. We have proposed an algorithm for better cluster head selection based on weights for different parameter that influence on energy consumption which includes distance from base station as a new parameter to reduce number of transmissions and reduce energy consumption by sensor nodes. Finally proposed algorithm compared with the WCA, IWCA algorithm in terms of number of clusters and energy consumption.
Energy Efficient Cluster Based Routing Protocol for Dynamic and Static Nodes ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Power consumption is considered one of the most significant challenges in the wireless network sensors (WSNs). In this paper, an investigation of the power consumption is done by making a comparison between static and dynamic WSNs. We have compared the results of the static network with the results of the dynamic network. Static and dynamic wireless Sensor networks have the same architecture (Homogenous) and proposed protocol. Depending on the suggested protocol, the simulation results show that the energy consumption in the static wireless sensor network was less than the dynamic wireless sensor network. However, moving the sensors in the dynamic WSN present real improvement in delivering packets to the base station. In the proposed routing protocol, transmitting data process is done in a hierarchal way. Cheap sensors are introduced and deploy them intensively to improve the QoS in the network. The final results and the conclusion are reported.
Attaining Augmented Overhaul and Profit Maximization in Cognitive Wireless In...paperpublications3
Abstract: With the increase in wireless communication, the necessary resources needed are getting scarcer. One of the resources is a spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum is a natural resource that cannot be produced or destroyed. They should be used optimally. In older days, the spectrum is divided into portions and each portion is used by separate organizations. This is called static spectrum allocation. But, the organizations do not use the spectrum, fully both in case of time and in the case of bandwidth. The scarce resource spectrum is wasted. So, dynamic spectrum allocation is introduced. In this technique, the communication is done through the bandwidth which is free. So, wastage of bandwidth is reduced partially. In 2011, CWMN was introduced. In this type of network, there are two types of users. Primary licensed users, and secondary unlicensed users.
DESIGN OF ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK (WSN...cscpconf
Development of energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) routing protocol is nowadays main area of interest amongst researchers. This research is an effort in designing energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) routing protocol under certain parameters consideration. Research report discusses various existing WSN routing protocols and propose a new WSN energy efficient routing protocol. Results show a significant improvement in life cycle of the nodes and enhancement in energy efficiency of WSN. In this paper, an attempt has been made to design a wireless sensor network involving the extraction of Pascal Graph features. The standard task involves designing a suitable topology using Pascal Graph. As per the definition of interconnection network it is equivalent that a suitable graph can represent the different computer network topologies very efficiently. Different characteristics of Pascal Graph Topology has been discovered and used in network topology design. Since Pascal Graph gives
better result in terms of finding the dependable and reliable nodes in topology, it has been considered for network analysis. Moreover, we propose a methodology that involves the Pascal
Graph Topology for wireless sensor network which can analyse and represent the network and help in routing.
CONFIGURABLE TASK MAPPING FOR MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES IN MACRO-PROGRAMMING OF WIR...ijassn
Macro-programming is the new generation advanced method of using Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs), where application developers can extract data from sensor nodes through a high level abstraction of the system. Instead of developing the entire application, task graph representation of the WSN model presents simplified approach of data collection. However, mapping of tasks onto sensor nodes highlights several problems in energy consumption and routing delay. In this paper, we present an efficient hybrid approach of task mapping for WSN – Hybrid Genetic Algorithm, considering multiple objectives of optimization – energy consumption, routing delay and soft real time requirement. We also present a method to configure the algorithm as per user's need by changing the heuristics used for optimization. The trade-off analysis between energy consumption and delivery delay was performed and simulation results are presented. The algorithm is applicable during macro-programming enabling developers to choose a better mapping according to their application requirements.
AN OPTIMIZED WEIGHT BASED CLUSTERING ALGORITHM IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENS...cscpconf
The last few years have seen an increased interest in the potential use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various fields like disastermanagementbattle field surveillance, and border security surveillance. In such applications, a large number of sensor nodes are deployed, which are often unattended and work autonomously. The process of dividing the network into interconnected substructures is called clustering and the interconnected substructures are called clusters. The cluster head (CH) of each cluster act as a coordinator within the substructure. Each CH acts as a temporary base station within its zone or cluster. It also communicates with other CHs. Clustering is a key technique used to extend the lifetime of a sensor network by reducing energy consumption. It can also increase network scalability. Researchers in all fields of wireless sensor network believe that nodes are homogeneous, but
some nodes may be of different characteristics to prolong the lifetime of a WSN and its reliability. We have proposed an algorithm for better cluster head selection based on weights for different parameter that influence on energy consumption which includes distance from base station as a new parameter to reduce number of transmissions and reduce energy consumption by sensor nodes. Finally proposed algorithm compared with the WCA, IWCA algorithm in terms of number of clusters and energy consumption.
Energy Efficient Cluster Based Routing Protocol for Dynamic and Static Nodes ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Power consumption is considered one of the most significant challenges in the wireless network sensors (WSNs). In this paper, an investigation of the power consumption is done by making a comparison between static and dynamic WSNs. We have compared the results of the static network with the results of the dynamic network. Static and dynamic wireless Sensor networks have the same architecture (Homogenous) and proposed protocol. Depending on the suggested protocol, the simulation results show that the energy consumption in the static wireless sensor network was less than the dynamic wireless sensor network. However, moving the sensors in the dynamic WSN present real improvement in delivering packets to the base station. In the proposed routing protocol, transmitting data process is done in a hierarchal way. Cheap sensors are introduced and deploy them intensively to improve the QoS in the network. The final results and the conclusion are reported.
Nexgen Technology Address:
Nexgen Technology
No :66,4th cross,Venkata nagar,
Near SBI ATM,
Puducherry.
Email Id: praveen@nexgenproject.com.
www.nexgenproject.com
Mobile: 9751442511,9791938249
Telephone: 0413-2211159.
NEXGEN TECHNOLOGY as an efficient Software Training Center located at Pondicherry with IT Training on IEEE Projects in Android,IEEE IT B.Tech Student Projects, Android Projects Training with Placements Pondicherry, IEEE projects in pondicherry, final IEEE Projects in Pondicherry , MCA, BTech, BCA Projects in Pondicherry, Bulk IEEE PROJECTS IN Pondicherry.So far we have reached almost all engineering colleges located in Pondicherry and around 90km
Nexgen Technology Address:
Nexgen Technology
No :66,4th cross,Venkata nagar,
Near SBI ATM,
Puducherry.
Email Id: praveen@nexgenproject.com.
www.nexgenproject.com
Mobile: 9751442511,9791938249
Telephone: 0413-2211159.
NEXGEN TECHNOLOGY as an efficient Software Training Center located at Pondicherry with IT Training on IEEE Projects in Android,IEEE IT B.Tech Student Projects, Android Projects Training with Placements Pondicherry, IEEE projects in pondicherry, final IEEE Projects in Pondicherry , MCA, BTech, BCA Projects in Pondicherry, Bulk IEEE PROJECTS IN Pondicherry.So far we have reached almost all engineering colleges located in Pondicherry and around 90km
Benefiting wireless power transfer scheme in power domain based multiple acce...journalBEEI
Power domain based multiple access scheme is introduced in this paper, namely Non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA). We deploy a wireless network using NOMA together with a wireless power transfer (WPT) scheme for dedicated user over Nakagami-$m$ fading channel. When combined, these promising techniques (NOMA and WPT) improve the system performance in term of ergodic performance at reasonable coefficient of harvested power. However, fixed power allocation factors for each NOMA user can be adjusted at the base station and it further provide performance improvement. We design a new signal frame to deploy a NOMA scheme in WPT which adopts a linear energy harvesting model. The ergodic capacity in such a NOMA network and power allocation factors can be updated frequently in order to achieve a fair distribution among NOMA users. The exact expressions of ergodic capacity for each user is derived. The simulation results show that an agreement between analytic performance and Monte-Carlo simulation can be achieved.
The Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consisting of a large number of sensors that are effective for gathering data
in a variety of environments, as the sensor operate on battery which is of limited power. To support high scalability and better data aggregation in fixed base station communication, sensor nodes are often grouped into disjoint, non overlapping subsets called clusters. Clusters create hierarchical WSN which incorporate efficient utilization of limited resources of sensor nodes. These clusters are formed by specialized cells. Each cluster is managed by a special node called cluster head and advanced node. An algorithm for better cluster head selection
based on the node energy and the distance from base station to the cluster head for the efficient transmission and to reduce energy consumption by the sensor nodes is proposed in this paper. And the same algorithm is compared with the LEACH algorithm in terms of energy consumption.
Ns 2 based simulation environment for performance evaluation of umts architec...Makhdoom Waseem Hashmi
Ns 2 based simulation environment for performance evaluation of umts architecture.
NS2, UMTS, 3G, EURANE, scheduling, architecture and umts simultation and NS2 simulation and EURANE SIMULATION
A CROSS LAYER PROTOCOL BASED ON MAC AND ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR HEALTHCARE APPL...ijassn
Using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in healthcare systems has had a lot of attention in recent years. In much of this research tasks like sensor data processing, health states decision making and emergency message sending are done by a remote server. Many patients with lots of sensor data consume a great deal of communication resources, bring a burden to the remote server and delay the decision time and notification time. A healthcare application for elderly people using WSN has been simulated in this paper. A WSN designed for the proposed healthcare application needs efficient MAC and routing protocols to provide a guarantee for the reliability of the data delivered from the patients to the medical centre. Based on these requirements, A cross layer based on the modified versions of APTEEN and GinMAC has been
designed and implemented, with new features, such as a mobility module and routes discovery algorithms have been added. Simulation results show that the proposed cross layer based protocol can conserve energy for nodes and provide the required performance such as life time of the network, delay and reliability for the proposed healthcare application.
AN OPTIMUM ENERGY CONSUMPTION HYBRID ALGORITHM FOR XLN STRATEGIC DESIGN IN WSN’SIJCNCJournal
In this paper, X-Layer protocol is originated which executes mobility error prediction (MEP) algorithm to calculate the remaining energy level of each node. This X-Layer protocol structure employs the mobility aware protocol that senses the mobility concerned to each node with the utilization of Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), which shares the information or data specific to the distance among individual nodes. With the help of this theory, the neighbour list will be updated only to those nodes which are mobile resulting in less energy consumption when compared to all (static/mobile) other nodes in the network. Apart from the MEP algorithm, clustering head (CH) election algorithm has also been specified to identify the relevant clusters whether they exists within the network region or not. Also clustering multi-hop routing (CMHR) algorithm was implemented in which the node can identify the cluster to which it belongs depending upon the distance from each cluster surrounding the node. Finally comprising the AODV routing protocol with the Two-Ray Ground method, we implement X-Layer protocol structure by considering MAC protocol in accordance to IEEE 802.15.4 to obtain the best results in energy consumption and also by reducing the energy wastage with respect to each node. The effective results had been illustrated through Network Simulator-II platform.
Design and implementation of grid based clustering in WSN using dynamic sink ...journalBEEI
A wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a significant application, especially in the monitored remoting environmental, which enables by the availability of sensors which are cheaper, smaller, and intelligent. The equipment of such sensors be with wireless interfaces, which a communication with other sensors occurs for creating a network, that contains many distributed nodes. The closest nodes to the sink are exploited at an enormous traffic load while the data from the whole regions are forwarded between them to reach the sink. This result in exhausting their energy quickly and partitioning the network. This is solved by changing the sink node position in Grid based clustering technique, which considers the optimal method for this purpose. A simulation with MATLAB can be applied for grid based clustering technique to evaluate the performance of WSN. The expected results deal with outperforms in throughput, reducing energy consumption and increasing residual energy, in addition to prolong the network lifetime of the sensor network.
"Performance Analysis of In-Network Caching in Content-Centric Advanced Meter...Khaled Ben Driss
"Performance Analysis of In-Network Caching in Content-Centric Advanced Metering Infrastructure" The International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications(IJACSA), Volume 7 Issue 11, 2016.
Final Year Project Report. (Management of Smart Electricity Grids)Jatin Pherwani
The report of my progress with the final year Design Project in one half of the semester. Design process and research findings with a few crude concepts.
Nexgen Technology Address:
Nexgen Technology
No :66,4th cross,Venkata nagar,
Near SBI ATM,
Puducherry.
Email Id: praveen@nexgenproject.com.
www.nexgenproject.com
Mobile: 9751442511,9791938249
Telephone: 0413-2211159.
NEXGEN TECHNOLOGY as an efficient Software Training Center located at Pondicherry with IT Training on IEEE Projects in Android,IEEE IT B.Tech Student Projects, Android Projects Training with Placements Pondicherry, IEEE projects in pondicherry, final IEEE Projects in Pondicherry , MCA, BTech, BCA Projects in Pondicherry, Bulk IEEE PROJECTS IN Pondicherry.So far we have reached almost all engineering colleges located in Pondicherry and around 90km
Nexgen Technology Address:
Nexgen Technology
No :66,4th cross,Venkata nagar,
Near SBI ATM,
Puducherry.
Email Id: praveen@nexgenproject.com.
www.nexgenproject.com
Mobile: 9751442511,9791938249
Telephone: 0413-2211159.
NEXGEN TECHNOLOGY as an efficient Software Training Center located at Pondicherry with IT Training on IEEE Projects in Android,IEEE IT B.Tech Student Projects, Android Projects Training with Placements Pondicherry, IEEE projects in pondicherry, final IEEE Projects in Pondicherry , MCA, BTech, BCA Projects in Pondicherry, Bulk IEEE PROJECTS IN Pondicherry.So far we have reached almost all engineering colleges located in Pondicherry and around 90km
Benefiting wireless power transfer scheme in power domain based multiple acce...journalBEEI
Power domain based multiple access scheme is introduced in this paper, namely Non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA). We deploy a wireless network using NOMA together with a wireless power transfer (WPT) scheme for dedicated user over Nakagami-$m$ fading channel. When combined, these promising techniques (NOMA and WPT) improve the system performance in term of ergodic performance at reasonable coefficient of harvested power. However, fixed power allocation factors for each NOMA user can be adjusted at the base station and it further provide performance improvement. We design a new signal frame to deploy a NOMA scheme in WPT which adopts a linear energy harvesting model. The ergodic capacity in such a NOMA network and power allocation factors can be updated frequently in order to achieve a fair distribution among NOMA users. The exact expressions of ergodic capacity for each user is derived. The simulation results show that an agreement between analytic performance and Monte-Carlo simulation can be achieved.
The Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consisting of a large number of sensors that are effective for gathering data
in a variety of environments, as the sensor operate on battery which is of limited power. To support high scalability and better data aggregation in fixed base station communication, sensor nodes are often grouped into disjoint, non overlapping subsets called clusters. Clusters create hierarchical WSN which incorporate efficient utilization of limited resources of sensor nodes. These clusters are formed by specialized cells. Each cluster is managed by a special node called cluster head and advanced node. An algorithm for better cluster head selection
based on the node energy and the distance from base station to the cluster head for the efficient transmission and to reduce energy consumption by the sensor nodes is proposed in this paper. And the same algorithm is compared with the LEACH algorithm in terms of energy consumption.
Ns 2 based simulation environment for performance evaluation of umts architec...Makhdoom Waseem Hashmi
Ns 2 based simulation environment for performance evaluation of umts architecture.
NS2, UMTS, 3G, EURANE, scheduling, architecture and umts simultation and NS2 simulation and EURANE SIMULATION
A CROSS LAYER PROTOCOL BASED ON MAC AND ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR HEALTHCARE APPL...ijassn
Using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in healthcare systems has had a lot of attention in recent years. In much of this research tasks like sensor data processing, health states decision making and emergency message sending are done by a remote server. Many patients with lots of sensor data consume a great deal of communication resources, bring a burden to the remote server and delay the decision time and notification time. A healthcare application for elderly people using WSN has been simulated in this paper. A WSN designed for the proposed healthcare application needs efficient MAC and routing protocols to provide a guarantee for the reliability of the data delivered from the patients to the medical centre. Based on these requirements, A cross layer based on the modified versions of APTEEN and GinMAC has been
designed and implemented, with new features, such as a mobility module and routes discovery algorithms have been added. Simulation results show that the proposed cross layer based protocol can conserve energy for nodes and provide the required performance such as life time of the network, delay and reliability for the proposed healthcare application.
AN OPTIMUM ENERGY CONSUMPTION HYBRID ALGORITHM FOR XLN STRATEGIC DESIGN IN WSN’SIJCNCJournal
In this paper, X-Layer protocol is originated which executes mobility error prediction (MEP) algorithm to calculate the remaining energy level of each node. This X-Layer protocol structure employs the mobility aware protocol that senses the mobility concerned to each node with the utilization of Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), which shares the information or data specific to the distance among individual nodes. With the help of this theory, the neighbour list will be updated only to those nodes which are mobile resulting in less energy consumption when compared to all (static/mobile) other nodes in the network. Apart from the MEP algorithm, clustering head (CH) election algorithm has also been specified to identify the relevant clusters whether they exists within the network region or not. Also clustering multi-hop routing (CMHR) algorithm was implemented in which the node can identify the cluster to which it belongs depending upon the distance from each cluster surrounding the node. Finally comprising the AODV routing protocol with the Two-Ray Ground method, we implement X-Layer protocol structure by considering MAC protocol in accordance to IEEE 802.15.4 to obtain the best results in energy consumption and also by reducing the energy wastage with respect to each node. The effective results had been illustrated through Network Simulator-II platform.
Design and implementation of grid based clustering in WSN using dynamic sink ...journalBEEI
A wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a significant application, especially in the monitored remoting environmental, which enables by the availability of sensors which are cheaper, smaller, and intelligent. The equipment of such sensors be with wireless interfaces, which a communication with other sensors occurs for creating a network, that contains many distributed nodes. The closest nodes to the sink are exploited at an enormous traffic load while the data from the whole regions are forwarded between them to reach the sink. This result in exhausting their energy quickly and partitioning the network. This is solved by changing the sink node position in Grid based clustering technique, which considers the optimal method for this purpose. A simulation with MATLAB can be applied for grid based clustering technique to evaluate the performance of WSN. The expected results deal with outperforms in throughput, reducing energy consumption and increasing residual energy, in addition to prolong the network lifetime of the sensor network.
"Performance Analysis of In-Network Caching in Content-Centric Advanced Meter...Khaled Ben Driss
"Performance Analysis of In-Network Caching in Content-Centric Advanced Metering Infrastructure" The International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications(IJACSA), Volume 7 Issue 11, 2016.
Final Year Project Report. (Management of Smart Electricity Grids)Jatin Pherwani
The report of my progress with the final year Design Project in one half of the semester. Design process and research findings with a few crude concepts.
This paper describes hardware and functional features of Hybrid Real Time Simulator (HRTSim) of electrical power systems, also its application for solution of Smart Grid (SG) tasks concerned with active adaptive networks (AAN) construction. As an example of such task solution the working results of HRTSim implementation and its application for testing and setting up of active-adaptive voltage and var control system (AAVVCS) of regional Smart Grid are presented.
JAVA 2013 IEEE MOBILECOMPUTING PROJECT Mobile relay configuration in data int...IEEEGLOBALSOFTTECHNOLOGIES
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.com-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
Mobile relay configuration in data intensive wireless sensor networksIEEEFINALYEARPROJECTS
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.co¬m-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
DOTNET 2013 IEEE MOBILECOMPUTING PROJECT Mobile relay configuration in data i...IEEEGLOBALSOFTTECHNOLOGIES
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.com-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
The report gives the complete in view of smart grid technology. This document is about the smart grids and its infrastructure. It describes the smart grid’s vision and the framework. It also briefs about the smart grids initiatives and platforms. It presents the current standards and how well are they implemented in the real system.
From Simulation to Online Gaming: the need for adaptive solutions Gabriele D'Angelo
In many fields such as distributed simulation and online gaming the missing piece is adaptivity. There is a strong need for dynamic and adaptive solutions that can improve performances and react to problems.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ENERGY EFFICIENT SCALABLE HEIRARCHIAL PROTOCOL FOR HO...IAEME Publication
Wireless Sensor nodes connect the physical world to the digital world using smart,
tiny and self configured stand alone devices. These small devices offer pack of
brilliant opportunities to the digital world by capturing and revealing real time events
which later used as data cloud in numerous applications. With impressive
improvements in protocols, node level programming, simulation platforms and
middleware developments sensor nodes have become promising options in the
development of smart cities, gas and chemical industry, precision agriculture etc.
However, these industrial application demands more lifetime and faster-secure data
transmissions. In many applications it is recorded that with increase in network size
LEACH routing protocol functioning degenerate. Further, designing of a promising
routing protocol that can maintain less energy consumption during data gathering
and propagation leads to use of variety of approaches. This work is based on the
abstraction of equal distribution of energy among nodes with scalability.
Experimental results show commendable improvement in network lifespan with
residual energy of nodes to last for longer period. Throughput is also monitored
considering scalability.
Hopf Bifurcation Control of Power Systems Nonlinear Dynamics Via a Dynamic St...Luigi Vanfretti
This is the second part of a two-part paper presenting a dynamic state feedback control law that guarantees the elimination of Hopf bifurcations before the occurrence of a saddle-node bifurcation. In Part I, the mathematical representation of the system's dynamics, Hopf, and Saddle-Node bifurcation theorems, and the state feedback controller design were presented. In this part, to illustrate the system analysis methodology, control design, and to carry out performance evaluation of the controller, both single-machine and multimachine power systems are analyzed. To highlight the effect of saturation phenomena, bifurcation analyses are performed before and after detailed modeling of synchronous generator saturation, for the single-machine power system case. The multimachine case is used to illustrate the scalability and applicability of the method to generic power networks.
Hopf Bifurcation Control of Power System Nonlinear Dynamics via a Dynamic Sta...Luigi Vanfretti
This two-part paper introduces a dynamic state feedback control law that guarantees the elimination of Hopf bifurcations (HB) before reaching the saddle-node bifurcations (SNB). Part I is devoted to the mathematical representation of the detailed system dynamics, investigation of HB and SNB theorems, and state feedback controller design. For purposes of dynamical analysis, the stable equilibria of the system is obtained. Then the control system is designed with the objective of preventing the voltage collapse before the SNB, such that the structural stability of the system is preserved in the stationary branch of the solutions. The controller aims to relocate Hopf bifurcations to the stationary branch of solutions located after SNB, eliminating the HB from normal operating region of the system. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed controller, bifurcation analysis has been performed in Part II using single-machine and multi-machine test systems.
Vulnerability of Synchrophasor-based WAMPAC Applications’ to Time-Synchroniza...Luigi Vanfretti
This paper experimentally assesses the impact of time synchronization spoofing attacks (TSSA) on synchrophasor-based Wide-Area Monitoring, Protection and Control applications. Phase Angle Monitoring (PAM), anti-islanding protection and power oscillation damping applications are investigated. TSSA are created using a real-time IRIG-B signal generator and power system models are executed using a real-time simulator with commercial phasor measurement units (PMUs) coupled to them as hardware-in-the-loop. Because PMUs utilize time synchronization signals to compute synchrophasors, an error in the PMUs’ time input introduces a proportional phase error in the voltage or current phase measurements provided by the PMU. The experiments conclude that a phase angle monitoring application will show erroneous power transfers, whereas the anti-islanding protection mal-operates and the damping controller introduces negative damping in the system as a result of the time synchronization error incurred in the PMUs due to TSSA. The proposed test-bench and TSSA approach can be used to investigate the impact of TSSA on any WAMPAC application and to determine the time synchronization error threshold that can be tolerated by these WAMPAC applications.
Model-Simulation-and-Measurement-Based Systems Engineering of Power System Sy...Luigi Vanfretti
This talk starts by exploring how electrical power systems are increasingly becoming digitalized, leading to their transformation into a class of cyber-physical systems (a system of systems) where the electrical grid merges with ubiquitous information and communication technologies (ICT).
This type of complex systems present unprecedented challenges in their operation and control, and due to unknown interactions with ICT, require new concepts, methods and tools to facilitate their operational design, manufacturing (of components), and testing/verification/validation of their performance.
Inspired by the tremendous advantages of the model-based system engineering (MBSE) framework developed by the aerospace and military communities, this talk will highlight the challenges to adopt MBSE for electrical power grids. MBSE is not only a framework to deal with all the phases of putting in place complex systems-of-systems, but also provides a foundation for the democratization of technology - both software and hardware.
The talk will illustrate the foundations that have been built by the presenter's research over the last 7 years, placed within the context of MBSE, with focus on areas of power engineering. Some of these foundations and contributions include the OpenIPSL, RaPId, SD3K, BableFish and Khorjin open source software developed and distributed online by the research group, and available at: https://github.com/ALSETLab
Monitoring of Transmission and Distribution Grids using PMUsLuigi Vanfretti
My presentation on "Monitoring of Transmission and Distribution Grids using PMUs" for the Workshop on Energy Business Opportunities in NY State.
The Center for Integrated Electrical Energy Systems (CIEES) at Stony Brook University and the Center for Future Energy Systems (CFES) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute will be holding a one day Workshop on Energy Business Opportunities in NY State.
Title:
Hands-on-OpenIPSL.org using OpenModelica!
Instructor:
Luigi Vanfretti, PhD - RPI
luigi.vanfretti@gmail.com
Abstract:
The Modelica language, being standardized and equation-based, has proven valuable for the for model exchange, simulation and even for model validation applications in actual power systems. These important features have been now recognized by the European Network of Transmission System Operators, which have adopted the Modelica language for dynamic model exchange in the Common Grid Model Exchange Standard (v2.5, Annex F).
Following previous FP7 project results, within the ITEA 3 openCPS project, the presenters have continued the efforts of using the Modelica language for power system modeling and simulation, by developing and maintaining the OpenIPSL library: http://openipsl.org
This tutorial will follow the seminar introducing OpenIPSL.org and give you hands-on-experience on using the library using the OpenModelica modeling and simulation environment.
It is assumed that you have very little experience with OpenModelica and the Modelica language, so detailed instructions are provided.
You will need to bring your computer with OpenModelica installed, see the following link for a .pdf information on installation: https://goo.gl/oLAFv4
You will be working with three examples. In the first example, you will work setting up a power system from scratch and performing simulations using OpenModelica and the OpenIPSL. The second example consists on performing linear analysis using OMNotebook, and implementing a power system stabilizer for the model of example one. Finally, in the third example, you will perform simulations of a typical IEEE 9-Bus power systems and perform a simple analysis of results.
Bio:
Luigi Vanfretti (SMIEEE’14) obtained the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electric power engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA, in 2007 and 2009, respectively.
He was with KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, as Assistant 2010-2013), and Associate Professor (Tenured) and Docent (2013-2017/August); where he lead the SmarTS Lab and research group. He also worked at Statnett SF, the Norwegian electric power transmission system operator, as consultant (2011 - 2012), and Special Advisor in R&D (2013 - 2016).
He joined Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in August 2017, to continue to develop his research at ALSETLab: http://alsetlab.com
His research interests are in the area of synchrophasor technology applications; and cyber-physical power system modeling, simulation, stability and control.
Modeling and Simulation of Electrical Power Systems using OpenIPSL.org and Gr...Luigi Vanfretti
Title:
Modeling and Simulation of Electrical Power Systems using OpenIPSL.org and GridDyn
Presenters:
Luigi Vanfretti (RPI) & Philip Top (LNLL)
luigi.vanfretti@gmail.com, top1@llnl.gov
Abstract:
The Modelica language, being standardized and equation-based, has proven valuable for the for model exchange, simulation and even for model validation applications in actual power systems. These important features have been now recognized by the European Network of Transmission System Operators, which have adopted the Modelica language for dynamic model exchange in the Common Grid Model Exchange Standard (v2.5, Annex F).
Following previous FP7 project results, within the ITEA 3 openCPS project, the presenters have continued the efforts of using the Modelica language for power system modeling and simulation, by developing and maintaining the OpenIPSL library: https://github.com/SmarTS-Lab/OpenIPSL
This seminar first gives an overview of the origins of the OpenIPSL and it’s models, it contrasts it against typical power system tools, and gives an introduction the OpenIPSL library. The new project features that help in the OpenIPSL maintenance (use of continuous integration, regression testing, documentation, etc.) are also described.
Finally, the seminar will present current work at LNLL that exploits OpenIPSL in coordination with other tools including ongoing work integrating openIPSL models into GridDyn an open-source power system simulation tool, as well as a demos of the use of openIPSL libraries in GridDyn.
Bios:
Luigi Vanfretti (SMIEEE’14) obtained the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electric power engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA, in 2007 and 2009, respectively.
He was with KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, as Assistant 2010-2013), and Associate Professor (Tenured) and Docent (2013-2017/August); where he lead the SmarTS Lab and research group. He also worked at Statnett SF, the Norwegian electric power transmission system operator, as consultant (2011 - 2012), and Special Advisor in R&D (2013 - 2016).
He joined Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in August 2017, to continue to develop his research at ALSETLab: http://alsetlab.com
His research interests are in the area of synchrophasor technology applications; and cyber-physical power system modeling, simulation, stability and control.
Philp Top (Lawrence Livermore National Lab)
PhD 2007 Purdue University. Currently a Research Engineer at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, CA. Philip has been involved in several projects connected with the DOE effort on Grid Modernization including projects on modeling and simulation, co-simulation and smart grid data analytics. He is the principle developer on the open source power system simulation tool GridDyn, and a key contributor to the HELICS open source co-simulation framework.
Phasor State Estimation Weighting Coefficients for AC and Hybrid Networks wit...Luigi Vanfretti
Power electronics-based devices (e.g., flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) and voltage source converter (VSC)-based HVDC links) installations continues increasing worldwide. Their real-time performance during dynamic responses that need to be monitored
A large potential to develop suitable SE algorithms and models to monitor their dynamical behavior. However, most of the so-called dynamic SEs or forecasting-aided SEs are computationally demanding
We focus on a pseudo-dynamic PMU-only SE that is capable of addressing system dynamics with low computational demands. And this SE uses WLS algorithm.
WLS SEs use weights to take into account inaccuracies in measurements and modeling
This work focuses on how to quantify measurement weights for PMU-only SEs, mainly for the AC network measurements
Real-Time Testing of a Decentralized PMU Data-Based Power Systems Mode Estim...Luigi Vanfretti
Results from a laboratory based decentralized mode-estimator application to show that decentralized architecture is more effective in detecting local, low-damped oscillations.
Comparison between decentralized and centralized mode-estimator in the context of monitoring local forced oscillations.
A Three-Phase VSC-HVDC Average Value Model Implementation using Modelica and ...Luigi Vanfretti
This presentation shows the implementation of a three-phase VSC-HVDC model using the Modelica language. The model is suitable for power system simulation where the power electronic circuitry can be represented using equivalent voltage and current sources to model the high fre- quency switching process. Differently from the authors previous work, this model is built using as much compo- nents as possible from the MSL (Modelica Standard Library) to represent the three-phase electrical circuit, while implementing the de facto control system models used within typical power system simulation tools. To show the applicability of Modelica for modeling a VSC-HVDC, a software-to-software validation is performed using the EMTP-RV power system simulator.
Impact of GPS Signal Loss and Spoofing on Power System Synchrophasor Applicat...Luigi Vanfretti
This presentation shows an experimental assessesment of the impact of time synchronization spoofing attacks (TSSA) on synchrophasor-based Wide-Area Monitoring, Protection and Control applications. Phase Angle Monitoring (PAM), anti-islanding protection and power oscillation damping applications are investigated. TSSA are created using a real-time IRIG-B signal generator and power system models are executed using a real-time simulator with commercial phasor measurement units (PMUs) coupled to them as hardware-in-the-loop. Because PMUs utilize time synchronization signals to compute synchrophasors, an error in the PMUs’ time input introduces a proportional phase error in the voltage or current phase measurements provided by the PMU. The experiments conclude that a phase angle monitoring application will show erroneous power transfers, whereas the anti-islanding protection mal-operates and the damping controller introduces negative damping in the system as a result of the time synchronization error incurred in the PMUs due to TSSA.
The proposed test-bench and TSSA approach can be used to investigate the impact of TSSA on any WAMPAC application and to determine the time synchronization error threshold that can be tolerated by these WAMPAC applications.
Synchrophasor Applications Facilitating Interactions between Transmission and...Luigi Vanfretti
Distribution grid dynamics will become increasingly complex due to the transition from passive to active networks arising from the increase of renewable energy sources at medium and voltage level. A successful transition requires to increase the observability and awareness of the interactions between Transmission and Distribution (T&D) grids, particularly to guarantee adequate operational security.
This presentation explores how different technical means can facilitate interactions between TSOs and DSOs with the utilization of GPS-time-synchronized phasor measurements (aka Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)) with millisecond resolution. If made available in actual T&D networks, such high-sampled data across operational boundaries allows an opportunity to extract information related to different time-scales.
As part of the work carried out in the EU-funded FP7 IDE4L project (http://ide4l.eu/), a specific use case, containing PMU-based monitoring functions, has been defined to support the architecture design of future distribution grid automation systems. As a result, the architecture can accommodate for key dynamic information extraction and exchange between DSO and TSO.
This presentation presents the use case and focuses on the technical aspects related to the development and implementation of the PMU-based monitoring functionalities that can provide means to facilitate technical co-operation between transmission and distribution operations.
Optimal Multisine Probing Signal Design for Power System Electromechanical Mo...Luigi Vanfretti
This talk presents a methodology for the design of a probing signal used for power system electromechanical mode estimation. Firstly, it is shown that probing mode estimation accuracy depends solely on the probing signal’s power spectrum and not on a specific time-domain realization. A relationship between the probing power spectrum and the accuracy of the mode estimation is used to determine a multisine probing signal by solving an optimization problem. The objective function is defined as a weighting sum of the probing signal variance and the level of the system disturbance caused by the probing. A desired level of the mode estimation accuracy is set as a constraint. The proposed methodology is demonstrated through simulations using the KTH Nordic 32 power system model.
Real-Time Simulation for MBSE of Synchrophasor SystemsLuigi Vanfretti
This talk starts by exploring how electrical power systems are increasingly becoming digitalized, leading to their transformation into a class of cyber-physical systems (a system of systems) where the electrical grid merges with ubiquitous information and communication technologies (ICT).
This type of complex systems present unprecedented challenges in their operation and control, and due to unknown interactions with ICT, require new concepts, methods and tools to facilitate their operational design, manufacturing (of components), and testing/verification/validation of their performance.
Inspired by the tremendous advantages of the model-based system engineering (MBSE) framework developed by the aerospace and military communities, this talk will highlight the challenges to adopt MBSE for electrical power grids. MBSE is not only a framework to deal with all the phases of putting in place complex systems-of-systems, but also provides a foundation for the democratization of technology - both software and hardware.
The talk will illustrate the foundations that have been built by the presenter's research over the last 7 years, placed within the context of MBSE, with focus on areas of power engineering. Some of these foundations and contributions include the OpenIPSL, RaPId, SD3K, BableFish and Khorjin open source software developed and distributed online by the research group, and available at: https://github.com/ALSETLab
Vedran Peric's PhD Defense Presentation: Non-intrusive Methods for Mode Estimation in Power Systems using Synchrophasors
Thesis available at:
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-182134
Abstract [en]
Real-time monitoring of electromechanical oscillations is of great significance for power system operators; to this aim, software solutions (algorithms) that use synchrophasor measurements have been developed for this purpose. This thesis investigates different approaches for improving mode estimation process by offering new methods and deepening the understanding of different stages in the mode estimation process.
One of the problems tackled in this thesis is the selection of synchrophasor signals used as the input for mode estimation. The proposed selection is performed using a quantitative criterion that is based on the variance of the critical mode estimate. The proposed criterion and associated selection method, offer a systematic and quantitative approach for PMU signal selection. The thesis also analyzes methods for model order selection used in mode estimation. Further, negative effects of forced oscillations and non-white noise load random changes on mode estimation results have been addressed by exploiting the intrinsic power system property that the characteristics of electromechanical modes are predominately determined by the power generation and transmission network.
An improved accuracy of the mode estimation process can be obtained by intentionally injecting a probing disturbance. The thesis presents an optimization method that finds the optimal spectrum of the probing signals. In addition, the probing signal with the optimal spectrum is generated considering arbitrary time domain signal constraints that can be imposed by various probing signal generating devices.
Finally, the thesis provides a comprehensive description of a practical implementation of a real-time mode estimation tool. This includes description of the hardware, software architecture, graphical user interface, as well as details of the most important components such as the Statnett’s SDK that allows easy access to synchrophasor data streams.
Workshop on Synchrophasors and Control Applications for Power SystemsLuigi Vanfretti
Wednesday, March 16, 2016
9:00 – 9:10
Coffee and Refreshments
9:10 - 9:20
Welcome and introduction
Vedran Perić, KTH
9:20 - 10:10
SmartTS Lab: Overview and Major Projects
Luigi Vanfretti, KTH
10:10 - 11:00
Near On-line Estimation of hydro power plant transfer functions from phasor measurements
Kjetil Uhlen, NTNU
11:00 - 11:10
Coffee break
11:10 - 12:00
PMU-based protection for grid operation applications – Wide Area Monitoring platform and controlled islanding
Marjan Popov, TU Delft
12:00 - 13:40 Lunch break
13:40 - 14:30
Real-time Oscillation Monitoring with Large-Scale PMU data
Mani Venkatasubramanian, Washington State University
14:30 - 15:20
Without tailored modeling data, no satisfactory control at a reasonable cost
Xavier Bombois, Laboratoire Ampère UMR CNRS 5005
15:20 – 15:30
Coffee break
15:40 – 16:30
Ultracapacitor Based Supplementary Excitation Module for Improvement of Synchronous Generator Transient Stability
Luis Rouco, Universidad Pontificia Comillas
16:30 – 17:20
The l1 heuristic for the estimation of piecewise constant/linear signals
Cristian Rojas, KTH
Wanted!: Open M&S Standards and Technologies for the Smart Grid - Introducing...Luigi Vanfretti
Title:
Wanted! - Open M&S Standards and Technologies for the Smart Grid
Subtitle:
Introducing the Open Source iTesla Power Systems Modelica Library and the RaPId Toolbox for Model Identification and Validation
Abstract:
Modeling and Simulation (M&S) technologies have a broad set of applications in power systems, from infrastructure planning, through real-time testing of components, and even for training operators to use decision support systems. However, power system M&S technologies face a great challenge to meet when designing, testing, operating and controlling cyber-physical and sustainable electrical energy systems and components, a.k.a “Smart Grids”.
The speaker claims that open M&S standards can have a large role to play in the development of Smart Grids. This claim will be justified with three examples.
The first example describes the experience gained during the EU FP7 iTesla project where the iTesla Power Systems Modelica Library (iPSL) was designed using the Modelica language. The Modelica language, being standardized and equation-based, has proven valuable for the project for model exchange, and even simulation of actual power networks.
Within the iTesla project, the KTH SmarTS Lab research group has been also applying the FMI standard for model exchange in order to develop a software prototype called RaPId. The RaPId Toolbox aims to provide a “virtual laboratory” to solve parameter identification and model validation problems for any kind of model represented in an FMU, but specifically, for power systems.
The third example comes from a collaboration with Xogeny. It will be shown how it is possible to exploit the FMI to decouple the model from the simulator tool, and thus, exploit the model in unforeseen ways. This shows that is possible develop customized and stand-alone analysis tools using web technologies, giving analyst more time for “analysis”. This approach has an enormous potential for typical analysis applications, but even more, for education.
Binding CIM and Modelica for Consistent Power System Dynamic Model Exchange a...Luigi Vanfretti
Poster Presentation at the IEEE PES General Meeting.
The Common Information Model (CIM) is considered the most prominent data model for power systems information exchange between Transmission System Operators (TSO), facilitating coordination of TSO for steady-state operation. However, information exchange should also consider power systems dynamic models required to perform dynamic simulations so to coordinate TSOs operations under emergency conditions. This work describes the design and implementation of a mapping between CIM and Modelica. The Modelica models provide a strict mathematical representation of power system dynamic models using a standardized modeling language. The proposed solution combines both modeling languages, thus providing a CIM-compliant unambiguous power system model exchange and simulation solution considering both steady-state and dynamic models.
Real-Time Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing of an Excitation Control System for Os...Luigi Vanfretti
Poster Presentation at the IEEE PES General Meeting.
A feature of an Excitation Control System (ECS) for synchronous generators is to enable power system stabilization by providing an additional input to the Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) for external stabilization signals. This paper explores this feature by externally generating stabilization signals which are fed as an analog input to a commercial ECS. This allows bypassing the built-in PSS function in the ECS and gives more freedom to the end-user to utilize custom stabilizer models. ABB’s Unitrol 1020 Excitation Control System is coupled with Opal-RT’s eMEGAsim Real-Time simulator to perform Hardware-in-the-Loop simulation of the ECS. The output of several stabilizer models is fed to the ABB’s Unitrol 1020 ECS as external power system stabilization signals to analyze their performance for small signal stability enhancement.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
A SGAM-Based Architecture for Synchrophasor Applications Facilitating TSO/DSO Interactions
1. KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGYA SGAM-Based Architecture for
Synchrophasor Applications
Facilitating TSO/DSO Interactions
Hossein Hooshyar and Luigi Vanfretti
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
hosseinh@kth.se, luigiv@kth.se
2. Outline
• Background
• Use Case Definition
• The Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM)
• An Architecture for Synchrophasor Applications
• Conclusions
• What this presentation tries to convey:
• We need to understand all the roles and actors involved when
developing/deploying/using a synchrophasor application
• This can be done with an “Architecture Model” – here we use SGAM.
• To show how this approach allows to provide a “common view and
language” for engineers from multiple smart grid domains, allowing
them to understand their own role in the deployment/use/etc. of PMU
applications.
3. Background – Understanding the “boundary”
• Distribution grid dynamics are becoming increasingly complex.
• To guarantee operational security of the overall electric power system, DSOs and
TSOs need to interact tightly.
• As of today, DSOs and TSOs share very little (or non) measurement data in hard
real-time with high sampling resolution and time-synchronization.
• This means that the measurement data available is too limited in “quantity” and
also in “observability”.
• A short-term solution to
enhance TSO-DSO
“information exchange”
would be to make use of
PMU data across
operational boundaries
from which information
can be extracted.
4. Background – PMU Apps help extracting info.
• We have implemented a family of PMU Apps for distribution networks,
which can extract information about the system:
• How to exchange the information extracted using the PMU Apps?
• To who? How? etc.? We use SGAM to try to answer this questions.
• Answering these questions allows to build an ICT architecture that spans multiple smart
grid domains and involves multiple smart grid actors.
• The implementation of such PMU-based “information exchange” has to go through a
properly designed and implemented architecture.
Steady state model synthesis of active
distribution grids
Oscillatory mode estimator
for active distribution grids
Dynamic feeder rating in active
distribution grids
F. Mahmood, H. Hooshyar, J. Lavenius, P. Lund and L. Vanfretti, “Real-Time Reduced Steady State Model Synthesis of Active Distribution
Networks using PMU Measurements,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2016.
N. Singh, H. Hooshyar and L. Vanfretti, “Feeder Dynamic Rating Application for Active Distribution Networks using Synchrophasors,”
Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, Available online 22 February 2017, ISSN 2352-4677,
R.S. Singh, M. Baudette, H. Hooshyar, M.S. Almas, Stig Løvlund, L. Vanfretti, “‘In Silico’ Testing of a Decentralized PMU Data-Based Power
Systems Mode Estimator,” IEEE PES General Meeting 2016, Boston, MA, USA.
5. Background – Beyond functionality?
A. Bidadfar, H. Hooshyar, M. Monadi, L. Vanfretti, Decoupled Voltage Stability Assessment of Distribution
Networks using Synchrophasors,” IEEE PES General Meeting 2016, Boston, MA, USA.
Info!
PMU Apps are usually only thought about with “Functionality” in mind,
e.g. information (voltage stability margins) are extracted by the PMU application.
Functionality alone does not answer all the questions to deploy and exploit
the information extracted by PMU apps.
• Beyond functionality – we need an approach that can help answer:
• Where should the information go if located? (Who are the actors?)
• What components are involved through the data acquisition chain?
• What data and information exchange standards can be used?
• What communication technologies will be used?
• What is the impact on the business process?
6. The Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM)
• The IDE4L architecture is built upon the 5-layer Smart Grid Architecture
Model (SGAM) framework that has been developed by the CEN-
CENELEC-ETSI Smart Grid Coordination Group.
• SGAM helps to
analyze and visualize
the use cases in a
technology-neutral
manner.
• SGAM framework is
established by
merging the concept
of the interoperability
layers with the Smart
Grid Plane.
7. The Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM)
• In addition to the relations between objects on the same layer,
interrelations exist between different layers:
• Business processes are realized
by functions.
• Functions are in turn executed
by components.
• Execution of the functions
requires the components to
support data models and
communication protocols.
• Use cases should be mapped
onto the SGAM to visualize the
architecture.
8. Use Case Definition
• The horizontal dimension covers the complete
electrical energy conversion chain.
• The vertical dimension spans the hierarchical
levels of power system management.
• The data flow can be tracked through the
diagram.
• The architecture should support both
centralized and decentralized
implementations.
• Both actors and functions involved can be
listed from the diagram. DistributionTrans.
ProcessFieldStationOperation
PMU
(PS/SS/distributed)
Transducer
(PS/SS/distributed)
Electrical
conversion
(PS/SS/distributed)
Synchrophasor
calculation
(PS/SS/distributed)
Measurement
acquisition
(PS/SS)
Communication
interface
(PS/SS)
Data
concentration
(PS/SS)
PDC
(PS/SS)
DMS
at
DSO
Data curation
and extraction
of components
Partial
derivation of
key information
Data transfer
EMS
at
TSO
Computation unit
(PS/SS)
Measurement
acquisition
Communication
interface
Data curation
and extraction
of components
Derivation of
key information
Data export
Gen. DER Cost.
Prem.
Diagram of the “grid dynamic monitoring”
use case mapped on the Smart Grid Plane.
Applications of the ”Use Case”
• Describe the architecture requirements,
actors and functionalities for all PMU
monitoring applications for DSO/TSO
interaction.
9. Component Layer
DistributionTrans.
ProcessFieldStationOperation
PMU
(PS)
Gen. DER Cost.
Prem.
HV MV LV
Transducer
PMU
(SS)
PMU
(distributed)
Modem+
Switch
(SS)
Modem+
Switch
(PS)
Computation
Unit
(SS)
Computation
Unit
(PS)
PDC
(SS)
PDC
(PS)
Modem+
Switch
DMS
Computer
Modem+
Switch
EMS
Computer
Transducer
Component Layer
• “Distribution grid dynamic
monitoring” use case was
mapped onto the 5 layers
of the SGAM framework.
• Component Layer:
Depicts the use case
actors in form of
hardware necessary to
provide the intended use
case functionalities.
• The component layer is
beneficial on evaluating
the cost of the
components that are to
be utilized.
Example: mode meter application
PMUs
provide data
PDCs pass
data to the
Station
computers
Station
computers
estimate
local modes
DMS computers
collects all
modes
10. Function Layer (1/2)
Function Layer
• Function Layer: Intended to represent
the functions, realizing the use case,
and their interrelations with respect to
domains and zones.
• The position of the functions is inferred
from the use case diagram mapped to
the Smart Grid Plane.
• The function layer provides a function-
to-component mapping which in turn
helps in the definition of software and
hardware requirements of the
components.
DistributionTrans.
ProcessFieldStationOperation
PMU
(PS)
Gen. DER Cost.
Prem.
HV MV LV
Transducer
Transducer
Transducer
PMU
(SS)
PMU
(distributed)
Modem+
Switch
(SS)
Modem+
Switch
(PS)
Computation
Unit
(SS)
Computation
Unit
(PS)
PDC
(SS)
PDC
(PS)
Modem+
Switch
DMS
Computer
Modem+
Switch
EMS
Computer
Electrical conversion
Synchrophasor calculation
Measurement acquisition
Data concentration
Data curation and extraction of components
Partial derivation of key information
Data transfer
Measurement acquisition
Data curation and extraction of components
Derivation of key information
Data export
11. Function Layer (2/2)
Function Layer
• Some of the functions we have
developed:
• PMU data curation and extraction of
components based on an enhanced
Kalman Filter. See Ref. 1 and 2.
• Derivation of Key Information:
• A family of functions (mentioned before)
whose
inputs are curated voltage and current
synchrophasors whereas
their outputs consist of number sets in
floating point format,
often having lower reporting rate
compared to that of the synchrophasors.
See Ref. 2 to 11. DistributionTrans.
ProcessFieldStationOperation
PMU
(PS)
Gen. DER Cost.
Prem.
HV MV LV
Transducer
Transducer
Transducer
PMU
(SS)
PMU
(distributed)
Modem+
Switch
(SS)
Modem+
Switch
(PS)
Computation
Unit
(SS)
Computation
Unit
(PS)
PDC
(SS)
PDC
(PS)
Modem+
Switch
DMS
Computer
Modem+
Switch
EMS
Computer
Electrical conversion
Synchrophasor calculation
Measurement acquisition
Data concentration
Data curation and extraction of components
Partial derivation of key information
Data transfer
Measurement acquisition
Data curation and extraction of components
Derivation of key information
Data export
Example: mode meter application
mode
meter
mode
meter
12. Information Layer (1/2)
Information Layer
• Information Layer is depicted in two
views of Business Context and
Canonical Data Model.
• Business Context view describes the
information being exchanged between
the components.
• Canonical Data Model view is intended
to show underlying canonical data model
standards which are able to provide
information objects needed.
• This helps in the selection of the proper
software to be installed on the
components of the architecture.
Modem+
Switch
(PS)
Computation
Unit
(SS)
Computation
Unit
(PS)
PDC
(PS)
Modem+
Switch
(SS)
PDC
(SS)
DistributionTrans.
ProcessFieldStationOperation
PMU
(PS)
Gen. DER Cost.
Prem.
HV MV LV
Transducer
Transducer
Transducer
PMU
(SS)
PMU
(distributed)
Modem+
Switch
DMS
Computer
Modem+
Switch
EMS
Computer
IEC
61850-7-4
Voltage and Current
Synchrophasor
Analogue
Analogue
Voltage and Current
Synchrophasor
Voltage and Current
Synchrophasor
Voltage and Current
Synchrophasor
Dynamic
Information
Dynamic
Information
Key Dynamic
Information
13. Information Layer (2/2)
Information Layer
• The exchanged information, shown in
the figure, is consistent with the
specification of the inputs/outputs of the
functions.
• IEC 61850-7-4 is used for the data
modeling of the PMU measurements
that are mapped to the logical node
MMXU data objects of the IEC 61850
standard.
• This is consistent with the
communication protocol, used to
transfer the synchrophasors (explained
in the next slide).
Modem+
Switch
(PS)
Computation
Unit
(SS)
Computation
Unit
(PS)
PDC
(PS)
Modem+
Switch
(SS)
PDC
(SS)
DistributionTrans.
ProcessFieldStationOperation
PMU
(PS)
Gen. DER Cost.
Prem.
HV MV LV
Transducer
Transducer
Transducer
PMU
(SS)
PMU
(distributed)
Modem+
Switch
DMS
Computer
Modem+
Switch
EMS
Computer
IEC
61850-7-4
Voltage and Current
Synchrophasor
Analogue
Analogue
Voltage and Current
Synchrophasor
Voltage and Current
Synchrophasor
Voltage and Current
Synchrophasor
Dynamic
Information
Dynamic
Information
Key Dynamic
Information
Example: mode meter application
local
modes
grid modes
14. Communication Layer (1/2)
Communication Layer
• Communication Layer describes
communication protocols and
technologies for the interoperable
exchange of information between the
components.
• This layer can be used for cost
assessment in the construction and the
management of the required
communication infrastructure.
• Synchrophasors are transmitted on IEC
61850-90-5 protocol.
• Derived dynamic information are
communicated on an arbitrary Web
Service which can be any protocol
using the TCP/IP or UDP/IP client-
server mechanism.
DistributionTrans.
ProcessFieldStationOperation
PMU
(PS)
Gen. DER Cost.
Prem.
HV MV LV
Transducer
Transducer
Transducer
PMU
(SS)
PMU
(distributed)
Modem+
Switch
(SS)
Modem+
Switch
(PS)
Computation
Unit
(SS)
Computation
Unit
(PS)
PDC
(SS)
PDC
(PS)
Modem+
Switch
DMS
Computer
Modem+
Switch
EMS
Computer
IEC 61850-90-5
IEC 61850-90-5
IEC61850-90-5
Web Service
Web Service
Web Service
15. Communication Layer (2/2)
Communication Layer
• Communication technologies are
determined based on the
requirements set by the information
exchanges. e.g.:
• Fiber-optic communication is
recommended for PDC-to-PDC and
PDC-to-computer links (due to the high
transfer rate and transfer time
requirements)
• LTE and point-to-point HiperLAN
technologies may also be used for
PMU-to-PDC and computer-to-
computer links (due to the lower
requirement on transfer rate)
• It is important to consider some sort of
redundancy to guarantee high level of
communication link availability. DistributionTrans.
ProcessFieldStationOperation
PMU
(PS)
Gen. DER Cost.
Prem.
HV MV LV
Transducer
Transducer
Transducer
PMU
(SS)
PMU
(distributed)
Modem+
Switch
(SS)
Modem+
Switch
(PS)
Computation
Unit
(SS)
Computation
Unit
(PS)
PDC
(SS)
PDC
(PS)
Modem+
Switch
DMS
Computer
Modem+
Switch
EMS
Computer
IEC 61850-90-5
IEC 61850-90-5
IEC61850-90-5
Web Service
Web Service
Web Service
16. DistributionTrans.
ProcessFieldStationOperation
PMU
(PS)
Gen. DER Cost.
Prem.
HV MV LV
Transducer
Transducer
PMU
(SS)
PMU
(distributed)
Modem+
Switch
(SS)
Modem+
Switch
(PS)
Computation
Unit
(SS)
Computation
Unit
(PS)
PDC
(SS)
PDC
(PS)
Modem+
Switch
DMS
Computer
Modem+
Switch
EMS
Computer
long-term sustainability
Business Layer
Business Layer
• Business Layer: Intends to host the
business processes, the business
objectives, economic and regulatory
constraints underlying the use case.
• The business layer shows the area
which is affected by the use case
and consequently influenced by its
underlying business objective.
• Multiple business objectives can be
exploited with this use case (no
single one-to-one mapping).
• The main business objective is to
support “long-term sustainability” of
the entire system.
17. Conclusions
• This work included the definition of the use case
“Distribution grid dynamic monitoring” which
• defines PMU-based monitoring functions that can provide key dynamic
information for both the DMS of DSOs and the EMS of TSOs.
• This work led to the design of that portion of the IDE4L architecture that
accommodates for the PMU-based “information exchange”.
• SGAM provides a “common view and language” between engineers of different
domains involved in the deployment/use/etc of PMU applications.
• This approach helps with going beyond functionality!
SGAM can help in identifying the actors and roles in TSO/DSO interaction,
and in particular for PMU applications; and help you answer:
• Where should the information go if located? (Who are the actors?)
• What components are involved through the data acquisition chain?
• What data and information exchange standards can be used?
• What communication technologies will be used?
• What is the impact on the business process?
18. References
1. F. Mahmood, H. Hooshyar, L. Vanfretti, “Extracting steady state components
from synchrophasor data using Kalman filters”, MDPI Journal of Energies,
vol. 9, no. 315, 2016.
2. F. Mahmood, H. Hooshyar, J. Lavenius, P. Lund, L. Vanfretti, "Real-time
reduced steady state model synthesis of active distribution networks using
PMU measurements," in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 32, no.
1, pp. 546-555, February 2017.
3. R. S. Singh, M. Baudette, H. Hooshyar, L. Vanfretti, M. S. Almas, S. Løvlund,
“‘In Silico’ testing of a decentralized PMU data-based power systems mode
estimator,” in Proc. IEEE PES GM, Boston, US, 2016.
4. A. Bidadfar, H. Hooshyar, M. Monadi, L. Vanfretti, “Decoupled voltage
stability assessment of distribution networks using synchrophasors,” in Proc.
IEEE PES GM, Boston, US, July 2016.
5. L. Vanfretti, M. Baudette, I. Al-Khatib, M. S. Almas and J. O. Gjerde, “Testing
and validation of a fast real-time oscillation detection PMU-based application
for wind-farm monitoring,” in Proc. First International Black Sea Conference
on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom), Batumi, Georgia,
2013.
6. N. Singh, H. Hooshyar, L. Vanfretti, “Feeder dynamic rating application for
active distribution network using synchrophasors”, Elsevier Journal of
Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks (SEGAN), vol. 10, pp. 35-45, June
2017.
19. References
7. R. S. Singh, H. Hooshyar, L. Vanfretti, “Experimental real-time testing of a
decentralized PMU data-based power systems mode estimator,” accepted
for presentation at IEEE PES General Meeting, Chicago, IL, US, July 16-20,
2017.
8. L. Vanfretti, H. Hooshyar, R. S. Singh, A. Bidadfar, F. Mahmood,
“Synchrophasor applications for distribution networks, supporting the IDE4L
use case,” accepted for presentation at IEEE PES General Meeting,
Chicago, IL, US, July 16-20, 2017.
9. F. Mahmood, H. Hooshyar, L. Vanfretti, “Sensitivity analysis of a PMU-fed
steady state model synthesis method for active distribution networks,”
accepted for presentation at IEEE PES General Meeting, Chicago, IL, US,
July 16-20, 2017.
10. H. Hooshyar, L. Vanfretti, F. Mahmood, R. S. Singh, N. Singh, A. Bidadfar, S.
R. Firouzi, “Synchrophasor applications facilitating interactions in
transmission and distribution operations,” accepted for presentation at IEEE
PowerTech Conference, Manchester, UK, June 18-22, 2017. [Invited Paper
for Special Session on Industry Perspective on Synchrophasor Technology]
11. R. S. Singh, H. Hooshyar, L. Vanfretti, “Testing and analysis of centralized
and decentralized mode estimation architectures for active distribution
network monitoring,” accepted for presentation at IEEE PowerTech
Conference, Manchester, UK, June 18-22, 2017.
20. KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Thanks!
Questions?
https://www.kth.se/profile/luigiv
Dinosaurs died.
What came next was smaller. [D. Ernst]
Editor's Notes
“quantity” : locations and signals
“observability”: the content of the frequency spectrum from their sampling resolution
“The implementation of such ….”: The architecture should be able to satisfy all application-dependent technical requirements, while at the same time considering the different actors and operational boundaries involved.
At KTH SmarTS lab., a family of applications including Steady State Model Synthesizer, Oscillatory Mode Meter, Voltage Stability Analyzer, Sub-synchronous Oscillation Detector, and Feeder Dynamic Rating, are developed which utilize PMU data at the distribution level and provides key dynamic information for both the DMS of DSOs and the EMS of TSOs.
“quantity” : locations and signals
“observability”: the content of the frequency spectrum from their sampling resolution
“The IDE4L architecture is built upon ….”: The SGAM is the main response to the EU Mandate M/490 for the development of a framework to support European smart grid deployment.
“SGAM helps to analyze and ….”: The use of SGAM aids in developing a common understanding between power grid domain experts and IT experts.
“SGAM framework is established …”: The SGAM consists of five interoperability layers representing business objectives and processes, functions, information exchange and models, communication protocols, and components.
“In addition to the relations between objects on the same layer …”: e.g. physical connection of components on the component layer
Business processes, as objects of the business layer, are realized by functions, as objects of the function layer
Functions, as objects of the function layer, are in turn executed by components, as objects of the component layer.
The execution of the functions requires the components to support data models, as objects of the information layer, and communication protocols, as objects of the communication layer
Explanation of the Smart Grid Plane:
The Smart Grid Plane spans in horizontal dimension the complete electrical energy conversion chain, partitioned into five domains of Generation, Transmission, Distribution, DER and Customer Premises.
In the vertical dimension, it spans the hierarchical levels of power system management, partitioned into six zones of Process, Field, Station, Operation, Enterprise (not shown) and Market (not shown). The plane enables the representation of the zones in which power system management interactions between domains or inside a single domain take place.
“The data flow can be tracked … “: As shown in the figure, synchrophasors are provided by PMUs distributed on the feeders, installed at the Primary Substation (PS) or at the Secondary Substation (SS). The synchrophasors are then collected by the PS-level and the SS-level Phasor Data Concentrators (PDC) which, in turn, stream the data through a Wide Area Network (WAN). The data is transferred either over TCP/IP on IEEE C37.118.2 protocol or over UDP/IP on IEC 61850-90-5 protocol to a higher level in the architecture hierarchy. The data is finally delivered to DMS computers at the DSO for real-time processing and extraction of dynamic information, performed by newly developed monitoring applications. The outputs of the applications are to be used by other DMS functions; however, some key dynamic information is selected to be sent to TSO to support the EMS functions.
“The architecture should support …”: because some of the synchrophasor applications can be implemented in distributed fashion within the architecture, data processing and information derivation is performed at both the Station and the Operation zones.
“Both actors and functions …”: The actors involved in this use case are transducer (i.e. instrumentation chain including CTs and VTs), PMU, PDC, communication interface, DMS, and EMS [8]. The functions involved in this use case are electrical conversion, synchrophasor calculation, data acquisition, data concentration and time-alignment, data exporting, data curation, extraction of different time-scale components from the PMU data, and derivation of key information out of the data. Note that the functions run regularly, i.e. no triggering event is considered in this use case.
“Component Layer: Depicts the use case …”: The computers at the Station and the Operation zones host the PMU-based monitoring functions. The computers are fed by the PMUs at the Field zone through the PDCs at the Station zone. In addition, the Modem+Switch components represent the connection between the Local Area Networks (LAN) and WANs.
“Function Layer: Intended to represent …”: The interrelations can be derived from the list of exchanged information that will be further explained in the next slides.
“Data curation and extraction …”: This function is based on an enhanced Kalman Filtering technique that performs both bad data removal (i.e. eliminating noise, outliers, and missing data) and signal feature extraction (e.g. steady state components, dynamic components with different time scales, etc.) from the PMU measurements in real-time. Hence, both input and output of this function are synchrophasors.
“Information Layer is depicted …”: Note that the two views of Business Context and Canonical Data Model are usually shown in two separate figures; however, due to the space limitations, they are merged into one figure in this paper.
“Synchrophasors are transmitted on …”: It is worth noting that a gateway has been developed in the IDE4L project to transmit the PMU data on IEC 61850-90-5 protocol [14,15]. The gateway allows to transfer the PMU data by mapping and encapsulating the synchrophasors (that are already mapped to the MMXU data objects) in GOOSE or Sampled Value messages and sending them over UDP/IP. The gateway sits at the server side (i.e. PMU or PDC) to generate IEC 61850-90-5 messages and at the client side (i.e. PDC or computation unit) to parse IEC 61850-90-5 messages, acting as a data mediator for user applications.
“Communication technologies are determined …”: As mentioned before, another aspect of the communication layer is to assign appropriate technologies for communication links between the components. Each information exchange sets specific requirements in terms of transfer time, transfer rate, synchronization accuracy, and availability on the communication link through which it’s transmitted. Hence, proper technologies should be assigned to the links to satisfy the requirements imposed by the information exchanges.
“It is important to consider some sort of redundancy …”: Assuming that the information exchanges within the use case require a high level of communication link availability, it is important to consider some sort of redundancy by for example constructing communication infrastructure in parallel or utilizing other communication links to implement a parallel path.
“It is suggested to move apart …”: This is because a technical use case might be exploited to achieve multiple business objectives, i.e. there’s no one-to-one mapping between the technical use cases and the business objectives. Although the IDE4L project has adopted the same viewport, the business layer is derived in this figure for the sake of illustration.